股骨转子间粉碎骨折:小转子必须固定吗?

目的 讨论股骨转子问骨折伴小转子骨折是否需要固定。方法 回顾分析67例股骨转子间骨折，使用动力髋螺钉(DHS)内固定，其中股骨小转子固定仅2例，其余未行小转子骨折块固定。结果 术后至少随访1年以上，所有的病例骨折均愈合，无骨不连、髋内翻和内固定失效。结论如果DHS固定牢靠，不用螺钉固定股骨小转子，但强调在骨折愈合之前限制负重行走。     

动力髋螺钉＋防旋螺钉治疗股骨转子间骨折

股骨转子间骨折是老年人常见骨折之一,动力髋螺钉（DHS）固定不能防止术中、术后股骨颈旋转.2005年6月～2007年10月,我院采用DHS结合防旋螺钉治疗老年股骨转子间骨折患者26例,取得满意效果.     

闭合复位加髋动力螺钉治疗老年股骨转子间骨折

2002年至2006年本院对37例老年股骨转子间骨折行闭合复位加髋动力螺钉（DHS）内固定，取得较满意疗效.     

闭合复位DHS内固定治疗老年股骨转子间骨折61例

目的探讨老年股骨转子间骨折的治疗方法。方法采取闭合复位动力髋螺钉(DHS)内固定治疗老年股骨转子间骨折61例。结果随访1～3.3年,术后1年死亡4例,其余骨折在12～14个月内骨愈合,无髋内翻畸形、内固定断裂及松脱发生,患肢轻度外旋畸形2例,7例偶见髋关节行走痛、屈髋活动稍受限。结论闭合复位DHS内固定是治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的可靠方法。     

4种手术方法治疗股骨转子间骨折疗效分析

目的分析使用4种手术方法治疗股骨转子间骨折的疗效，探讨最佳手术治疗方法.方法143例股骨转子间骨折患者中，采用中空加压螺钉治疗21例，角钢板25例，动力髋螺钉（DHS）62例，股骨近端无锁定解剖钢饭35例.结果DHS优良率90．3％，股骨近端无锁定解剖钢板优良率80％．角钢板优良率76％，中空加压螺钉优良率为66．7％.结论股骨转子间骨折能耐受手术者推荐首选动力髋螺钉DHS，慎用股骨近端无锁定解剖钢板，不适合应用中空加压螺钉和角钢板内固定.     

DHS内固定治疗80岁以上高龄患者股骨转子间骨折

目的报告应用动力加压髋螺钉(DHS)内固定治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折的效果。方法对80岁以上高龄转子间骨折患者41例,施行DHS内固定术。结果34例随访1~2年,平均随访16个月,疗效满意。结论DHS内固定是治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折的有效方法,强调术前术后对伴随疾病的治疗及术后并发症预防的重要性。     

老年股骨转子间骨折临床疗效分析

目的:比较全髋关节置换术、动力髋螺钉(DHS)及Gamma钉三种治疗方式对老年股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效,探讨合理手术方式的选择标准.方法:对我院2003年12月至2010年12月收治的符合Evars分型Ⅲ、Ⅳ型的118例老年股骨转子间骨折患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.全髋关节置换术47例,动力髋螺钉(DHS)19例,Gamma钉42例.结果:EvansⅢ、Ⅳ型老年股骨转子间骨折患者行全髋置换术,术后髋关节功能恢复明显优于内固定组,术后并发症少,术后卧床时间短.结论:老年股骨转子间骨折治疗方式的选择与骨折粉碎程度、稳定性及骨质疏松程度有一定相关性;对于粉碎性、不稳定性患者Gamma钉疗效明显优于DHS,不应首选DHS.同时粉碎性老年股骨转子间骨折合并严重骨质疏松患者选择全髋置换术可获得满意疗效.     

中老年人股骨转子间骨折动力髋螺钉内固定术疗效分析

目的探讨中老年人股骨转子间骨折经动力髋螺钉内固定的方法及临床疗效。方法在C型臂X线机透视下闭合复位，应用动力髋螺钉（DHS）内固定治疗中老年人股骨转子间骨折31例，其中男23例，女8例；年龄49～65岁，平均57.3岁。结果术后随访9～17个月，平均13．1个月。骨折均达到满意复位并愈合，无髋内翻，髋螺钉切割、拔出或穿透股骨头现象。结论中老年人多存在不同程度的骨质疏松，应用DHS内固定治疗股骨转子间骨折，固定牢，创伤小，术后并发症少，疗效满意。     

闭合复位加动力髋螺钉治疗老年股骨转子间骨折

2002～2006年，我院对37例老年股骨转子间骨折行闭合复位加动力髋螺钉（DHS）内固定，取得较满意疗效。     

AO动力髋螺钉治疗老年股骨转子间骨折

目的 评价AO动力髋螺钉(DHS)治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的疗效。方法 对35例老年股骨转子间骨折行牵引复位、DHS内固定，术后早期进行康复训练。结果 随访8个月～5年(平均30个月)，根据临床综合评定标准评定，优25例，良7例，可3例。结论 DHS系统是老年股骨转子间骨折的可靠内固定方法，可以早期行功能锻炼。     

Capture of the screw during percutaneous screw insertion

The simple technique to maintain the engagement of the screw and the screw driver during percutaneous locking screw insertion is presented. The method can capture the screw when the screw becomes disengaged. This will be helpful when percutaneous screw insertion is performed in the narrow and deep location of the bone such as a locking screw at the upper part of the femur during retrograde femoral nailing.     

Complications of the variable screw plate pedicle screw fixation

In this study, 124 consecutive cases of posterior spinal fusion with variable screw plate fixation were reviewed. In 33 patients (27%), 41 complications were identified. Urinary tract infection without sequelae developed in 13 patients. Dural tear occurred in seven patients and wound hematoma in five. Wound infection developed in three patients; one was subfascial requiring instrument and graft removal. Neurologic deficit developed in seven patients (6%), in five of whom the deficit was due to manipulation and reduction of neural elements. Two of the seven deficits were believed to be caused by misplaced pedicle screws. Variable screw plate fixation is a formidable procedure with a significant complications rate.     

Interference screw fixation using bioabsorbable screw as void filler

We evaluated interference screw fixation in a plug-tunnel construct using bioabsorbable screws as void fillers with different percentages of the screw removed. Nine-millimeter tunnels in a closed-cell foam block were filled with a 10-mm bioabsorbable screw, and 10-mm revision tunnels were placed in parallel with tunnel overlap resulting in removal of 10%, 25%, or 50% of the screw diameter. Synthetic bone plugs were fashioned to fit 10-mm tunnels. In all groups, the plugs were secured in standard interference fixation with a 9-mm metal screw between the void-filling bioabsorbable screw and plug. Failure loads for the control group (no revision tunnel) averaged 926 +/- 44 N, 10% (1024 +/- 129 N) and 25% (932 +/- 129 N) groups were not significantly different; failure load in the 50% diameter group (780 +/- 72 N) was significantly lower than all other groups (p < 0.001). Using a bioabsorbable screw as void filler provided mean load to failure not different from that of standard reconstruction when 10 and 25% of the diameter of the void-filling screw was removed. Load to failure was significantly lower when 50% of the void-filling screw diameter group was removed. This may be applicable in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction where a previous tunnel void has to be addressed.     

椎弓根螺钉内固定术中X线测量椎弓根螺钉横断面倾角

目的探讨术中利用C形臂X线机测量椎弓根螺钉横断面倾角(STA)的临床应用价值。方法选取胸腰椎椎弓根螺钉内固定术患者43例,术中利用C形臂X线机正位像测量椎体旋转度(VRD)、椎弓根螺钉空间旋转度(SSR),并计算STA(STA=SSR-VRD);术后利用CT横断面图像测量椎弓根螺钉实际STA。选取同一术者手术的20例患者的20枚椎弓根螺钉(每例1枚),分别在初始位(目标显像在图像中央)、球管高移位、球管低移位、球管左移位、球管右移位、球管头移位、球管尾移位、球管头倾斜照位及球管尾倾斜位照位9个不同透视机投照位置下测量VRD、SSR并计算STA,分析测量者测量结果的内部差异性。另选取20例患者的20枚椎弓根螺钉,由3名不同医生依上述方法测量VRD、SSR并计算STA,分析测量者间测量结果的差异性。结果椎弓根螺钉CT测量STA范围为-4.5°~27.3°(内倾为正角度),术中X线机测量值与术后CT测量值差距为-2.7°~3.2°,2组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。测量者测量结果的内部差异性分析结果显示,球管左移或右移时VRD、SSR及STA测量值与初始位置测量值差异存在统计学意义(P0.05),其他不同位置测量值与初始位置测量值差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。测量者间差异性分析显示,3名医生测量结果差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论术中利用C形臂X线机能较准确地评估STA。当术者遇到置钉困难时,可利用该方法测量STA并指导置钉,提高术者置钉信心及手术安全性。     

Iliosacral screw complications

Potential complications due to iliosacral screws are numerous. Problems occur as a result of poor preoperativeplanning, inadequate intraoperative fluoroscopic imaging, inaccurate posterior pelvic reductions, posterior pelvic anatomical variations, and other reasons. Local nerve or vascular structures are at risk during screw insertions, and fixation failures are associated with insufficient anterior and posterior pelvic stability. Inadequate fixation may result in screw failure and/or delayed or nonunions. Removal of intact or broken screws can also be difficult.     

寰椎椎弓根螺钉技术和侧块螺钉技术的临床疗效比较

目的：探讨寰椎椎弓根螺钉和侧块螺钉固定技术的临床疗效。方法：2006年1月-2010年1月,行寰椎椎弓根螺钉固定技术32例（A组）,行寰椎侧块螺钉固定技术28例（B组）。通过术中失血量,手术时间,颈枕区疼痛缓解,JOA评分和术后植骨融合情况评定疗效。结果：两组患者在JOA评分,颈枕区疼痛缓解WAS评分）和植骨融合率方面无明显差异。A组术中失血量和手术时间明显低于B组,有统计学意义。B组中有3例术后出现颈枕区疼痛加重。结论：寰椎椎弓根螺钉固定技术显露范围小,简化了操作程序,减少了术中、术后的并发症。在设计手术方案时,应优先考虑椎弓根螺钉技术,而侧块螺钉技术可以作为一种补充。     

Transpedicular screw fixation

Spinal fixation employing transpedicular screws has recently been the focus of increased attention at various institutions throughout the world, but concerns about the safety and efficacy of transpedicular screws linger. This study was undertaken to address some of these concerns. The study included evaluation of the internal and external morphology of the vertebral pedicles, which revealed that adequate bone stock is generally available at T2, T7, T12, and L1-L5 spinal levels to accept screws in the 4-7-mm diameter range. The pedicle was observed to be composed of abundant cancellous bone internally with relatively thick cortical walls. The method of pilot hole preparation for pedicle screws was also examined. Screws inserted in pilot holes prepared with a 3.4-mm blunt probe (ganglion knife) resulted in higher pullout forces in eight of 10 trials as compared with those with pilot holes prepared using a 3.2-mm drill. Furthermore, the probes afford greater control of hole depth and alignment. Fatigue studies on three screw designs revealed a graduation of strength between a 7.0-mm pedicle screw, a 5.5-mm pedicle screw, and a modified 6.5-mm cancellous lag screw. The modified cancellous lag screw has an inherent stress riser that affected fatigue life. It was noted that extreme care must be exercised to prevent bending of the pedicle screws during implantation. If bending occurs one can expect a 50% reduction in the number of cycles to failure.     

Assessment of different screw augmentation techniques and screw designs in osteoporotic spines

This is an experimental study on human cadaver spines. The objective of this study is to compare the pullout forces between three screw augmentation methods and two different screw designs. Surgical interventions of patients with osteoporosis increase following the epidemiological development. Biomechanically the pedicle provides the strongest screw fixation in healthy bone, whereas in osteoporosis all areas of the vertebra are affected by the disease. This explains the high screw failure rates in those patients. Therefore PMMA augmentation of screws is often mandatory. This study involved investigation of the pullout forces of augmented transpedicular screws in five human lumbar spines (L1–L4). Each spine was treated with four different methods: non-augmented unperforated (solid) screw, perforated screw with vertebroplasty augmentation, solid screw with vertebroplasty augmentation and solid screw with balloon kyphoplasty augmentation. Screws were augmented with Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). The pullout forces were measured for each treatment with an Instron testing device. The bone mineral density was measured for each vertebra with Micro-CT. The statistical analysis was performed with a two-sided independent student t test. Forty screws (10 per group and level) were inserted. The vertebroplasty-augmented screws showed a significant higher pullout force (mean 918.5 N, P = 0.001) than control (mean 51 N), the balloon kyphoplasty group did not improve the pullout force significantly (mean 781 N, P > 0.05). However, leakage occurred in some cases treated with perforated screws. All spines showed osteoporosis on Micro-CT. Vertebroplasty-augmented screws, augmentation of perforated screws and balloon kyphoplasty augmented screws show higher pullout resistance than non-augmented screws. Significant higher pullout forces were only reached in the vertebroplasty augmented vertebra. The perforated screw design led to epidural leakage due to the position of the perforation in the screw. The position of the most proximal perforation is critical, depending on screw design and proper insertion depth. Nevertheless, using a properly designed perforated screw will facilitate augmentation and instrumentation in osteoporotic spines.