RP-HPLC法同时测定复方酮康唑乳膏中二组分的含量及有关物质检查

目的采用反相高效液相色谱法测定酮康唑乳膏中酮康唑和丙酸氯倍他索的含量及有关物质。方法色谱柱为Diamonsil C18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相为甲醇-水(74∶26);检测波长为239nm;柱温为35℃。结果酮康唑、丙酸氯倍他索和有关物质能获得基线分离。酮康唑在0.16~1.44g·L-1,丙酸氯倍他索在4·0~36mg·L-1范围内峰面积与质量浓度呈良好的线性关系,相关系数分别为0.9999和0.9995(n=5),平均回收率分别为101.4%和101.5%,RSD分别为0.7%和1.4%(n=9)。结论本法快速,准确,专属性好,可用于酮康唑乳膏中酮康唑和丙酸氯倍他索的含量测定及有关物质检查。     

流通池法测定复方酮康唑乳膏释放度的方法研究

目的:建立适用于复方酮康唑乳膏的释放度检查方法。方法:采用流通池法测定复方酮康唑乳膏的释放度,释放介质为0.01 mol·L~(-1)盐酸溶液,流速为8 mL·min~(-1);以 HPLC 测定释放量,使用 Symmetry C_(18)柱(3.9 mm×150 mm,5 μm),流动相0.02 mol·L~(-1)磷酸氢二钠溶液-甲醇(25:75,用磷酸调节 pH 至6.9±0.1),流速1 mL·min~(-1);检测波长为225 nm。结果:酮康唑在0.3～18μg·mL~(-1)浓度范围内线性良好(r=0.9999);平均回收率(n=9)为99.8%,RSD 为0.67%。同一厂家的复方酮康唑乳膏释放曲线稳定,在24 h 内释放药物超过65%;不同厂家的复方酮康唑乳膏释放曲线不同。结论:本方法可用于复方酮康唑乳膏的释放度检查,对于药物乳膏的质量控制具有指导意义。     

HPLC测定注射用复方甘草甜素中的甘草甜素

目的 测定注射用复方甘草甜素的主药和有关物质.方法 采用HPLC法,用DiamonsilTM C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm);流动相为乙腈-2%冰醋酸(35:65);流速1.0 ml·min-1;检测波长254 nm;柱温30℃;进样量10 μl.结果 甘草甜素与其相邻杂质峰能完全分离,40.4～808.0 μg·ml-1线性关系良好(r＝0.9999).结论 所用方法简便、准确、专属性好,可用于注射用复方甘草甜素的含量测定及有关物质的检查.     

高效液相色谱法测定皮肤透过液中酮康唑浓度

目的建立测定Franz实验制得的皮肤透过液中酮康唑浓度的高效液相色谱法,为研究酮康唑经皮给药后药动学奠定基础。方法采用高效液相色谱法测定皮肤透过液中酮康唑浓度,ECOSIL C18色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相：甲醇 0.02 mol•L－1 磷酸二氢钾溶液（70：30,用0.01 mol•L－1氢氧化钠溶液调节pH至6.8）,流速：1.0 mL•min－1,柱温35 ℃,紫外检测波长235 nm。结果酮康唑线性范围0.05～25.00 μg•mL－1（r＝0.999 3）。高、中、低浓度平均回收率98.109%,RSD＝2.956%（n＝9）,日内精密度和日间精密度RSD均＜3.30%。结论该方法测定酮康唑乳膏皮肤透过液中的酮康唑含量快速、简捷,可用于酮康唑乳膏剂的质量控制和酮康唑经皮吸收研究。     

高效液相色谱法测定酮康唑尿素乳膏中酮康唑的含量

建立酮康唑尿素乳膏中酮康唑含量的HPLC测定方法.色谱柱为SUNTEK Kromasil C18;流动相为甲醇-水(74:26),流速为1.0ml·min-1,检测波长为239nm,线性范围: 5～40μg·ml-1 ,r=0.9999 ,平均回收率为98.22%,RSD为0.9%.方法准确可靠,简单可行,可用于酮康唑尿素乳膏中酮康唑的含量测定.     

复方酮康唑发用洗剂中酮康唑和丙酸氯倍他索的含量测定

目的 建立测定复方酮康唑发用洗剂中酮康唑和丙酸氯倍他索含量的高效液相色谱(HPLC)法.方法采用Agilent C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm);流动相:甲醇-0.01 mol.L^-1磷酸二氢钾溶液(用40%氢氧化钠调pH至7.2)(70:30);流速为1 mL.min^-1;检测波长239 nm.结果酮康唑和丙酸氯倍他索分别在3.949～19.745 μg、0.051 1～0.613 2 μg范围内呈良好的线性关系,r分别为0.999 6,0.999 9;加样回收率分别为99.31%,99.24%,RSD分别为0.80%,0.35%(n＝6);仪器精密度和样品稳定性良好.结论该方法操作简便,结果准确,可以同时检测复方酮康唑发用洗剂中丙酸氯倍他索和酮康唑的含量,适用于该制剂的质量控制.     

HPLC测定伸舒活乳膏剂中总阿魏酸的含量

目的 建立测定伸舒活乳膏剂中总阿魏酸含量的方法.方法 采用HPLC法,用C18柱(150 mm ×4.6 mm,5 μm);流动相为甲醇-2%冰醋酸(32:68);检测波长320 nm;柱温30℃;流速l ml·min-1.结果 阿魏酸在4.55～91.00 μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好(r2=0.9998),方法回收率为98.78%,RSD=2.67%(n=9).结论 所建方法快速、准确、重复性好,适用于制剂的质量控制.     

1%盐酸林可霉素乳膏的制备及质量控制

目的:制备盐酸林可霉素乳膏并建立其质量控制方法.方法:以水包油基质制备乳膏;采用高效液相色谱法测定盐酸林可霉素的含量;色谱柱:Hypersil C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm);流动相:磷酸缓冲液(pH=6.8)-甲醇(40:60);流速0.8ml·min-1;检测波长:214 nm;柱温:30℃.结果:制剂各项检查均符合<中国药典>2005年版相关规定;盐酸林可霉素的线性范围为0.240 2～0.560 6 mg·ml-1(r=0.999 8),平均回收率为99.7%.结论:本制剂制备工艺简便,控制方法快速、准确.     

HPLC法测定酮康唑乳膏中酮康唑的含量

目的　建立酮康唑乳膏的含量测定方法。方法　采用高效液相色谱法 ,以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶柱 (Hypersil ODS柱 ,5 μm,4 .6 mm× 15 0 mm)为色谱柱 ,0 .5 %的乙酸铵溶液 - 0 .2 %二异丙胺的甲醇溶液(18∶ 82 )为流动相 ,流速 1.5 ml/ min,检测波长 2 4 0 nm。结果　在 0 .10 2 8～ 0 .92 5 6 mg/ ml范围内 ,酮康唑与内标物的峰面积比值与浓度线性关系良好 ,r=0 .9999;平均回收率为 99.6 % (n=6 )。结论　该方法测定乳膏剂中的酮康唑含量快速、简捷、准确度高 ,可不受辅料干扰。     

HPLC法测定氟曲马唑乳膏的含量及其有关物质

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定氟曲马唑乳膏的含量及其有关物质,为氟曲马唑乳膏制定质量控制标准.方法:采用Diamonsil C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),乙腈-0.05 mol·L“磷酸盐缓冲溶液(用20％磷酸调节pH =7.2)(70:30)为流动相,柱温25℃,检测波长为220 nm,流速为1.0 ml·min-1.结果:氟曲马唑在20～200 μg·ml -1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999),平均回收率99.6％,3批样品测定结果平均标示百分含量为98.52％,97.71％,99.08％.结论:该方法简便、快速、准确、灵敏度高、重复性好,可用于氟曲马唑乳膏的含量及有关物质的测定.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.