自制心脏保存液保存离体兔心的研究

目的：初步探讨自制心脏保存液对离体兔心的保存效果。方法：取18只新西兰白兔，随机成分3组，建立非循环式Langendorff灌注模型，分别用晶体停搏液、uⅣ液和我院自制的心脏保存液在低温下保存4h；复灌后检测左心室压力、心肌酶学指标及心肌含水量。结果：自制心脏保存液组左心室压力、心肌酶学指标及心肌含水量与晶体停搏液组有显著差异，与UW液组无显著差异。结论：实验证实我院自制的心脏保存液与uⅣ液心肌保护效果相近，其配方设计基本可行。     

常温不停跳保存供心的超微结构和动力学变化

背景：心脏移植供心保护方法有向心脏正常生理状态改进的趋势,以期延长供心保存时间,改善供心的保存质量。理论上供心常温不停跳灌注保存是一种最接近生理状态的保存方法,有良好的发展潜力。目的：观察连续灌注不停跳供心常温长时间保存心肌超微结构和左室血流动力学的变化。方法：广西巴马小型猪24只,按随机数字表法分为不停跳连续灌注组和冷保存组,每组各6对。不停跳连续灌注组供心在顺行连续灌注跳动状态下切取,应用氧合血37℃、保存8h后移植。冷保存组供心应用UW停搏液灌停后,0-4℃UW液保存8h后移植。移植主动脉开放3h观察供心左心室收缩压、左心室舒张压、左室平均压、左室舒张末压、左室内压最大上升和下降速率。记录移植后心律变化,需要除颤例数,以及主动脉开放3h后能否脱离体外循环。主动脉开放3h后取供心左心室前外侧壁心肌组织,观察线粒体及肌膜改变。结果与结论：不停跳连续灌注组供心移植后左心室收缩压、左室平均压、左室舒张末压、左室内压最大上升和下降速率均优于冷保存组（P〈0.05）;主动脉开放后不停跳连续灌注组均可保持窦性心律,冷保存组仅1例自主恢复窦性心律;主动脉开放后3h不停跳连续灌注组5例可顺利脱机,冷保存组1例可以脱机;不停跳连续灌注组心肌超微结构保存良好。提示供心常温灌注不停跳方法有良好的心肌保护效果,适于供心的长期保存。     

心脏移植供心16例的切除及保护经验

目的:报告连续16例同种异体心脏移植供心切除及保护经验,以期使供体得到有效的保护,提高手术的成功率。方法:回顾性分析16例同种异体心脏移植手术,供心缺血期间采用4℃改良ST.Thomas液顺行灌注使心脏快速停搏,供心取出后冷生理盐水冲洗心腔,继之用4℃UW(university of wisconsin solution)液1 000 mL经升主动脉根部单次灌注,然后用灌注后4℃UW液浸泡保存,与受体吻合前经主动脉根部再次灌注4℃UW液500mL 1次,移植手术过程不再行心肌保护液灌注。供心热缺血时间5～10 min,冷缺血时间120～350 min。结果:心脏移植完毕开放升主动脉后13例心脏自动复跳,3例心脏电击除颤后复跳,辅助循环时间35～85 min,术后心功能恢复良好,14例存活至今,2例术后死亡。结论:冷晶体停跳液灌注心脏快速停跳,继之用4℃UW液灌注,并放置于UW液中低温保存,此方法简便,效果良好,可使供心得到良好的心肌保护。     

四逆汤对供心冷保存和再灌注期间ATP的影响

目的：探讨四逆汤(SD)对供心冷保存和再灌注期间ATP的影响，以了解SD对供心的保护作用。方法：新西兰大白兔16只随机分成2组，1组为对照组，2组为实验组。取心前，取心肌测ATP。1组用4℃ UW液灌洗、2组用4℃ UW SD液灌洗；常规取心后，1组在4℃ UW液中，2组在4℃ UW SD液中保存6h。取心肌测ATP。然后在Langendorff模型上，1组用KHB液，2组用KHB SD液再灌注30min，再取心肌测ATP。结果：2组取心后各时点ATP均高于1组。结论：在灌洗液、保存液及再灌液中加入SD能使供心冷保存和再灌注期间ATP维持较高水平。SD对供心有保护作用。     

开放MitoKATP通道对缺血再灌注心肌内皮细胞保护作用的研究

【目的】观察线粒体内膜ATP敏感钾离子通道开放剂二氮嗪加入停搏液内对缺血再灌注大鼠心 肌内皮细胞的保护作用。【方法】50只大鼠随机分为5组,每组10只,取离体心脏,A组取正常心肌,其余制 备Langendorff灌注模型;B组停灌30min,复灌60min;其余3组分别灌注不同的停搏液:C组灌注停搏液,D 组灌注含二氮嗪的停搏液,E组灌注含二氮嗪停搏液之前10min给予格列苯脲。实验终了取冠状动脉流出液 4ml,放免法测定一氧化氮、内皮素含量;取心肌,制备冷冻切片,免疫组化检测细胞间粘附分子 1表达;制备 心肌组织匀浆液,测定肿瘤坏死因子 α、髓过氧化物酶,病理切片观察内皮细胞与心肌细胞损伤。【结果】缺血 再灌注心肌内皮细胞损伤,炎症介质表达增高(P<0.05),而二氮嗪处理组相应指标显著改善(P<0.01)。 【结论】含二氮嗪停搏液能够改善缺血再灌注心肌内皮细胞结构与功能。     

左旋精氨酸心肌保护作用初步研究

目的：探讨左旋精氨酸对离体鼠心的作用。方法：SD大白鼠15只,随机分成3组（每组5只）：基础组,实验组和对照组。建立改良Langendorff离体鼠心灌注模型。基础灌注10min后,基础组心脏取下,对照组和实验组分别以晶体停搏液和左旋精氨酸晶体停搏液各3ml停搏,两组在停掉期间保持20℃,停搏30min后再复灌10min。两组分别在停搏前,复灌10min时测量心率、血压、冠脉流量及收集漏出液。结果：心率实验组恢复到阻断前的92.4％,对照组为83．7％,但组间未见显著差异。血压10min时实验组和对照组收缩压均恢复到阻断前水平,但舒张压升高分别为5％和12.7％。实验组冠脉流量几乎恢复到阻断前水平,而对照组较阻断前下降11．5％,组间有显著差异（P＜0.05）。LDH在两组均较阻断前升高分别为538％和679％,无显著差异。CPK在两组均较阻断前升高分别为643％和1270％,组间存在显著差异（P＜0．05）。结论：左旋精氨酸具有减轻心肌／缺血再灌注损伤的作用。     

HTK液及Celsior液对长时间低温保存心肌保护作用的对比研究

目的比较不同种类心脏保存液对长时间低温保存心肌的保护作用。方法将36只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分成4组,即KH组、常规停搏液组（RCP组）、HTK组及Celsior组,每组9只,制作大鼠离体工作心脏模型。RCP组、HTK组及Celsior组分别采用常规心脏停搏液、HTK液及Celsior液低温保存心脏8h后,检测冠状动脉流出液中乳酸脱氢酶和肌酸激酶同功酶含量及心肌组织形态学改变;KH组即刻恢复做功。结果低温保存心脏8h后,Celsior组冠状动脉流出液中乳酸脱氢酶和肌酸激酶同功酶含量低于HTK组,HTK组明显低于RCP组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论细胞外液型心脏保存液Celsior液心脏保存效果优于HTK液及常规心脏停搏液。     

吗啡受体在腺苷预处理心肌保护效果中的作用

目的研究吗啡受体在心肌腺苷预处理心肌保护中的作用。方法以离体大白鼠工作心脏模型,比较经腺苷预处理和纳洛酮+腺苷预处理,在心肌缺血再灌前后,左室压(LVP)、左室舒张末期压(LVDEP)、左心室内压上升及下降最大速率(±dp/dtmax)、主动脉压(AP)、冠脉流量(CF)、主动脉流量(AF)和测定冠脉流出液乳酸脱氢酶(LDH),心肌三磷酸腺苷(ATP)含量、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)活性、脂质过氧化物(LPO)含量及自灌注停搏液至完全停搏的时间(AT)。结果复跳30 min后,除LVDEP外,Control组和Nal+APT组各项心功能指标均低于ATP组,均差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。复灌工作心30 min后,各组LPO、LDH均有提高,但APT组明显低于于Nal+APT组和Control组;各组ATP、SOD均有所下降。结论腺苷预处理的心肌保护作用需要阿片样受体介导,腺苷受体的心肌保护作用与阿片样受体可能存在交互作用。     

心肌缺血再灌注过程中氟烷、异氟醚和恩氟烷对心脏功能的影响

目的：研究氟烷、异氟烷和恩氟烷对缺血再灌注心肌功能、代谢自由基的影响。方法：SD大鼠104只，随机数字表法分为13小组，每组8只。采用Langendorff离体大鼠心脏模型。按给药方式又分为对照、氟烷、恩氟烷、异氟烷4大组。①对照组(含4小组)：平衡15min组，平衡后续灌15min组，平衡续灌后缺血10min组，平衡续灌缺血25min后复灌30min组。②氟烷组(含3小组)：平衡15min后，灌注含1．5肺泡气最低有效浓度(minimal alveolar concentration，MAC)氟烷灌注液15min组，平衡续灌后缺血10min组，平衡续灌缺血25min复灌含1．5MAC氟烷的灌注液30min组。③恩氟烷和异氟烷组，各包括3小组，情况同氟烷组。各组记录平衡后，给药(或续灌15min)复灌30min左心室收缩压、左心室舒张末期压(left venmtricular diastolic pressure，LVEDP)、左心室发展压、左心室压力升高或降低最大速率、心率、冠状动脉流量(comnary flow，CF)。实验结束后测定心肌超氧化物歧化酶(supemxide dismutase，SOD)活性、心肌丙二醛含量、高能磷酸盐(ATP)含量。结果：①恩氟烷、异氟烷具有明显扩张冠状动脉的作用。恩氟烷能促进缺血再灌注心肌冠脉流量的恢复。②各用药组明显降低左心室发展压、左心室压力升高速率，升高LVEDP(P均&;lt;0．05)；缺血再灌注后，氟烷、恩氟烷、异氟烷组的左心室发展压分别恢复到基础值的57％，62％，59％(P均&;lt;0．01)，左心室压力升高速率分别恢复到基础值的56％，67％，74％(P均&;lt;0．01)；与对照组恢复的左心室发展压(27％)、左心室压力升高速率(13％)相比，差异具有非常显著性意义(P均&;lt;0．01)。③各用药组均能提高心肌ATP含量，缺血后心肌ATP下降较慢，复灌后恢复较快。④复灌后用药组SOD活性较高；丙二醛生成量下降(P&;lt;0．05)。结论：3种挥发性麻醉药对心肌收缩功能具有一定的抑制作用。缺血再灌注后，能明显促进心肌功能与代谢的恢复，而且能提高冠脉流量、SOD酶活性。提示这些作用可能是挥发性麻醉药抗心肌缺血再灌注损伤机制之一。     

含二氮嗪的冷血停搏液心肌保护作用的实验研究

目的:探讨含二氮嗪的冷血停搏液对离体鼠心缺血再灌注损伤的心肌保护作用。方法:将24只SD大鼠随机分为对照组、冷血停搏液组、含二氮嗪的冷血停搏液组,每组8只。分别建立改良的Langendorff离体心逆灌注模型,测定左室收缩峰压和正负压力微分恢复率、冠状动脉流量、心肌含水量(MWC)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和肌酸激酶(CK)漏出量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、心肌三磷酸腺苷含量(ATP)、心肌梗死面积(MIS)。每组随机留取标本,电镜观察心肌超微结构。结果:含二氮嗪的冷血停搏液组的左心室功能恢复指标、ATP含量和SOD活性明显优于对照组和冷血停搏液组(P<0.01),而MWC,LDH、CK漏出率以及心肌梗死面积均低于对照组和冷血停搏液组(P<0.05),电镜超微结构明显优于对照组和冷血停搏液组。结论:含二氮嗪的冷血停搏液可明显减轻心肌缺血再灌注损伤,具有良好的心肌保护作用。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.