原发性肺恶性黑色素瘤的外科诊治

目的探讨原发性肺恶性黑色素瘤的临床病理特征、诊断和鉴别诊断以及外科治疗。方法分析我院1980至2008年间5例原发性肺恶性黑色素瘤患者的相关临床治疗,并结合文献复习。结果5例患者中男2例,女3例;年龄41-72岁,平均51.6岁;左上叶2例,右上、中和下叶各1例;症状包括咳嗽、咳痰、胸痛和胸闷不适。术后病理诊断为原发性肺恶性黑色素瘤。无手术和术后住院期死亡。结论原发性肺恶性黑色素瘤临床罕见,诊断主要依据影像学检查和病理检查,治疗首选外科手术完整切除。     

上消化道恶性黑色素瘤1例报道

原发性食管合外十二指肠球邸恶性黑色素瘤临床较为罕见,为探讨其病理特征、临床诊断及治疗而避免误诊误治,报道1例上消化道恶性黑色素瘤。上消化道黑色素瘤恶性程度高,预后不良,治疗以根治手术切除为主,辅以放疗。     

异位支气管囊肿的诊断和外科治疗

目的探讨异位支气管囊肿的临床病理特征和诊断,提高外科治疗水平。方法回顾分析我院1990年1月至2008年10月收治的4例异位支气管囊肿的相关临床资料,并进行文献复习。结果4例异位支气管囊肿中1例为腹膜后支气管囊肿伴慢性炎症,右额叶支气管囊肿1例,前胸壁皮下支气管囊肿1例和1例椎管内支气管囊肿,术前全部误诊,4例通过手术完整切除,病理检查确诊为支气管囊肿,术后无复发。结论异位支气管囊肿临床罕见,诊断主要依据影像学检查和病理检查,治疗首选外科手术切除,完整切除后无复发。     

食管结核的诊断和外科治疗

目的探讨食管结核的临床病理特征、诊断及外科治疗方法。方法分析11例患者的相关临床资料,并分析临床文献。结果男性4例,女性7例;年龄14~62岁,平均47.2岁。症状有吞咽困难和胸骨后疼痛,术前诊断为食管结核2例。误诊9例,分别诊为食管癌7例、食管平滑肌瘤2例。药物治疗2例,手术治疗9例,手术方式包括病灶段食管切除+胃食管吻合术5例、淋巴结切除术2例和胃造瘘术1例,1例术中冰冻切片证实结核而未切除食管,术后无严重并发症发生。11例患者均经病理证实为食管结核,全部治愈,随访1~27年症状均消失,结核无复发。结论食管结核属罕见良性疾病,临床无特异征象,与食管癌和食管良性肿瘤鉴别困难。术前明确诊断后采用药物保守治疗有效,如出现并发症则需外科干预,术后需抗结核治疗12~18月,预后好。     

消化道黏膜恶性黑色素瘤的临床与病理学分析

[目的]观察消化道黏膜恶性黑色素瘤的临床表现和病理学变化特点,探讨早期诊断及鉴别诊断依据,寻找最佳治疗方案.[方法]对已经手术切除、病理确诊的消化道恶性黑色素瘤15例进行临床回顾性分析、病理组织学复查及免疫组织化学检查.[结果]15例中发生在食管1例,肛管直肠14例.男10例,女5例;年龄57～79岁.以下腹部不适、肛门刺激症状、便血或脓血便为主.内镜可见黏膜隆起、息肉样、明显的肿块、或肿块伴溃疡.影像学检查可发现有明显肿块.病理表现为肿瘤细胞以梭型和上皮型为主,或两者混合存在,出现变异为多种多样.肿瘤组织结构表现:弥漫性、片巢状、梁索状、乳头状或腺泡样.部分细胞内有黑色素颗粒.免疫组织化学检查12例肿瘤组织HMB-45呈阳性表达,全部病例Malen-A,S-100呈阳性表达.[结论]消化道恶性黑色素瘤的临床表现无特异性.术前以内镜检查的特异性较高,病理检查是必须的,由于组织学上具有细胞和结构的多样性和变异性表现,会给诊断带来一定困难,免疫组织化学HMB-45,Malen-A,S-100肿瘤标记有助于诊断和鉴别诊断.治疗以根治性手术为主,术后辅以化疗或放疗.     

原发性肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤诊断与治疗

目的总结探讨原发性肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤的临床特点。方法回顾分析我院收治的3例及文献报告131例肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤临床资料，并复习文献。结果134例原发性肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤中，术前诊断46例，占34．3％。结论肝管直肠恶性黑色素省表现为便血，肛门扪及肿物或肿物脱出，大便习惯改变或肛门不适，坠胀感等。与肛管直肠癌类似，极易误诊。病理活检是确诊的主要手段。     

原发性纵隔脂肪肉瘤的外科治疗

目的探讨原发性纵隔脂肪肉瘤的临床、病理特征、诊断、外科治疗及预后。方法分析1980至2008年我院手术切除并获病理诊断的13例纵隔脂肪肉瘤的相关临床病理资料,并复习文献。结果13例中男8例,女5例,年龄14～53岁,平均42岁。瘤体：直径最大4．5～22cm,前上纵隔7例,后纵隔6例。主要症状包括胸闷,呼吸困难,咳嗽,胸痛,吞咽困难,发热,咳痰,心悸和颈部肿块等。经包括影像学检查在内的综合检查确诊脂肪肉瘤2例,其余11例误诊。7例完整切除,5例姑息切除,1例放弃手术。结论综合运用影像学检查术前诊断纵隔脂肪肉瘤较困难;积极行手术切除肿瘤是纵隔脂肪肉瘤患者获得长期生存的惟一途径,而肿瘤的大小、对重要血管和邻近脏器的侵犯程度是影响肿瘤能否切除的重要因素。     

肝脏囊腺瘤的临床特征附8例临床分析

目的 探讨肝脏囊腺瘤的诊断及治疗方法,提高对本病的认识.方法 总结我院2006年1月～2009年8月收治的8例病理诊断为肝内胆管囊腺瘤病例的临床表现、影像学特点、外科手术治疗情况及术后病理结果,回顾性分析各诊断及治疗情况的优缺点. 结果 8例肝脏囊腺瘤患者均为女性,平均47.5岁,影像学肿瘤病灶4例位于左叶,4例位于右叶,7例表现为囊实性,1例表现为实性;8例患者均行手术切除治疗,其中2例行姑息性切除,6例完整切除,术后病理为肝内胆管囊腺瘤,2例行局部切除患者术后1年内复发.结论 肝脏囊腺瘤临床多好发于中年女性,临床表现不典型,术前易误诊,CT及MRI检查有助于术前评估,治疗上首选手术治疗,推荐囊肿全部切除加周围部分正常肝组织切除术,局部切除患者术后复发率100%.     

肺恶性黑色素瘤的诊断（附5例分析）

目的 总结出肺恶性黑色素瘤的有效诊断方法。方法 回顾性分析5例经病理证实的肺恶性黑色素瘤患者的临床表现、影像检查、病理检查资料。结果 5例肺恶性黑色素瘤患者中,4例为转移性肺恶性黑色素瘤,1例为原发性肺恶性黑色素瘤。临床表现上多为无症状或单纯发热,影像学表现为肺结节影及阻塞性肺炎和纵隔淋巴结肿大,肿瘤标志物中铁蛋白相对升高。病理检查结果：肿瘤细胞以梭形、卵圆形或上皮样为主,弥漫性或结节状及巢状分布,核分裂象易见,部分细胞可见明显核仁,胞质嗜酸性,多见黑色素沉积;组织病理切片免疫组化检测结果显示Viemntin、HMB45、Mela-A、S-100两种或以上阳性。结论 肺恶性黑色素瘤临床表现不典型,组织病理免疫组化检测出Viemntin、HMB45、Mela-A、S-100提示肺恶性黑色素瘤。     

小儿原发性胃肠道非霍奇金淋巴瘤（附12例报道及文献复习）

目的 探讨小儿原发性胃肠道非霍奇金淋巴瘤的临床特征及误诊因素。方法 回顾性分析12例小儿原发性胃肠道非霍奇金淋巴瘤的临床资料。结果 本组12例,其中男性9例,女性3例。年龄5-14岁。病期:一期4例,二期6例,三期2例。误诊11例。全组病人均行手术治疗,手术切除率100％(含姑息切除2例),部分病人进行了术后化疗。预后:一、二期优于第三期;低度恶性者优于中、高度恶性者。结论 本病缺乏特异的症状和体征,早期诊断困难,加上对该病缺乏认识是临床误诊的主要原因。本病的预后与其病期,病理生物学和治疗措施密切相关。     

Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus

A case of primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus is reported, followed by a review of the literature. The clinical presentation of this uncommon tumor is similar to esophageal carcinoma and the preoperative diagnosis may be difficult. A total esophagectomy is the treatment of choice. The prognosis remains poor despite aggressive treatment.     

Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus: a case report and review of the literature.

SUMMARY. The purpose of this report is to describe a new case of primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus (PMME) and to review the recent literature. A 75‐year‐old man underwent an esophagoscopy for a 3‐month history of dysphagia and weight loss. A pigmented polypoïd mass in the lower third of esophagus was discovered, identified by biopsy as a malignant melanoma. No pigmented lesions of the skin or eyes were observed and a diagnosis of PMME was made. A total transhiatal esophagectomy was carried out and 12 months after the operation the patient is disease‐free. PMME is a rare neoplasm, with only 238 cases having been reported in the literature. Although characterized by an aggressive biological behavior, esophagectomy can result in a 5‐year survival rate of up to 37% of cases, whereas chemotherapy, immunotherapy and radiation therapy currently have no major role in treatment.     

Pseudoachalasia: a case series and analysis of the literature

OBJECTIVE: Pseudoachalasia frequently cannot be distinguished from idiopathic achalasia by manometry, radiologic examination or endoscopy. Mechanisms proposed to explain the clinical features of pseudoachalasia include a circumferential mechanical obstruction of the distal esophagus or a malignant infiltration of inhibitory neurons within the myenteric plexus. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between January 1980 and December 2002, the clinical features of 5 patients with pseudoachalasia and 174 patients with primary achalasia, diagnosed in a single center, were compared. A literature analysis of the etiology of pseudoachalasia for the time period 1968 to December 2002 was performed. The search concentrated on the databases and online catalogues PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Current Contents Connect. RESULTS: In our case series, patients with pseudoachalasia reported a shorter duration of symptoms and tended to be older than patients with primary achalasia. Conventional manometry, endoscopy and radiologic examination of the esophagus proved to be of little value in distinguishing between the diseases. In the majority of cases only surgical exploration revealed the underlying cause. A coincidence of primary achalasia and disorders of the gastroesophageal junction was excluded by showing return of peristalsis following treatment. The analysis of the literature showed a total of 264 cases of pseudoachalasia in 122 publications. Most cases of were due to malignant disease (53.9% primary and 14.9% secondary malignancy), followed by benign lesions (12.6%) and sequelae of surgical procedures at the distal esophagus or proximal stomach (11.9%). In rare instances, the disease was an expression of a paraneoplastic process due to distant neuronal involvement rather than to local invasion with destruction of the myenteric plexus (2.6%). CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of pseudoachalasia is difficult to establish by conventional diagnostic measures. The main distinguishing feature of secondary versus primary achalasia is the complete reversal of pathologic motor phenomena following successful therapy of the underlying disorder.     

Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus successfully treated by an esophagectomy followed by systemic chemotherapy

Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus is a rare disease that tends to demonstrate an extremely poor prognosis. We herein describe a case of primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus that was successfully treated. The tumor was incidentally detected by a barium swallow examination performed during a routine medical checkup. The tumor was resected by a transhiatal radical esophagectomy. Histologically, the tumor metastasized to one of the perigastric lymph nodes, although tumor invasion was confined to the submucosa at the primary site. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were strongly positive for S100 protein and HMB-45. Postoperatively, systemic chemotherapy consisting of DTIC, ACNU, and VCR was administered. The patient has survived without recurrence for 12 months after these treatments. A transhiatal esophagectomy followed by systemic chemotherapy may therefore be an effective treatment for potentially curable primary melanoma of the esophagus.     

Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus

Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus is very rare, and only 139 cases have been described in all the world literature. We present one case of primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus in a 76-year-old woman who reported the symptoms of dysphagia and recent weight loss; the radiography showed a large polypoid mass filling the entire lower half of the esophagus, dark brown-black in the endoscopy. Histologic analysis demonstrated the existence of a malignant melanoma infiltrating the esophageal mucosa, composed of anaplastic cells with abundant brown pigment which had positive immunoreactivity for the S-100 protein.     

Amelanotic malignant melanoma of the esophagus: case report

We present the case of a primary malignant esophageal melanoma arising in a 75-year-old male, initially diagnosed as anaplastic squamous cell carcinoma. After resection of the tumor, histological work-up was indicative of a marked morphological heterogeneity, resembling a focally amelanotic primary malignant melanoma. Primary malignant melanomas of the esophagus are exceptionally rare. An exact preoperative diagnosis is critical with respect to the appropriate therapeutic strategy. Clinicopathological features of this entity with a brief review of the literature are presented.     

Early-stage primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus detected simultaneously with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus is a rare disease. The majority of patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, and only a few are detected at an early stage. We herein describe a case of early-stage primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus that was detected simultaneously with early-stage primary esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Both tumors were detected during esophagogastroduodenoscopy for heartburn. The malignant melanoma tumor was a nevus-like flat-type lesion in the upper thoracic esophagus, and the squamous cell carcinoma was a slightly depressed lesion in the abdominal esophagus. The tumor was resected by thoracoscopic esophagectomy. Histologically, the invasion of both tumors was limited to the mucosal layer, and no lymph node metastasis was detected. Immunohistochemically, the malignant melanoma cells were strongly positive for HMB-45, melan-A, and S-100 protein. The patient has survived without recurrence for 17?months after the operation.     

恶性淋巴瘤误诊结核病27例分析

目的　探讨误诊为结核病的淋巴瘤的临床特征和误诊原因。方法 回顾分析1990—2003年27例误诊为结核的恶性淋巴瘤病人的临床特征、影像学特点、病理结果、诊断和治疗。结果 其临床特征无特异性,约8例(29%)无症状,发热19例(70%),咳嗽8例(29%),咯血1例(0.4%),淋巴结肿大22例,其中单一部位6例,多部位16例,其影像学特点是肿块结节样病变10例,弥漫性病变5例,肺门增大11例,胸腔积液10例。误诊淋巴结核6例,误诊肺结核5例,误诊肺结核并淋巴结核10例,误诊肺结核并结核性多浆膜腔积液4例,误诊结核性多浆膜腔积液2例。确诊方式:淋巴结摘除病理活检22例,经纤支镜肺活检2例,经皮肺活检3例。病理结合免疫组化诊断霍奇金病7例,非霍奇金病20例。治疗以放化疗为主,预后差。结论 因二者临床特征相似,易误诊,及时早期获得组织病理标本是早期诊断的关键。