Management of the patient undergoing myocardial revascularization: percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.

In 1990 approximately 250,000 PTCAs were done in the United States. The procedure has developed into a technique heavily relied on for the management of coronary artery disease. PTCA has a high primary success rate; however, given the relatively high degree of restenosis, it should not be viewed as a panacea. Further research is needed to evaluate the future of PTCA, in conjunction with the use of newer therapeutic measures, including atherectomy, stents, and laser-assisted balloon dilatation. Nurses will continue to play an important role in the education and care given to patients undergoing these procedures.     

Use of the internal mammary artery for myocardial revascularization in a patient with radiation-induced coronary artery disease.

A 9-year-old boy with clinical stage IIA Hodgkin's disease underwent radiotherapy to the neck and mediastinum. Twenty-two years later, he sought medical attention because of angina pectoris. Cardiac catheterization revealed proximally located high-grade stenoses of the left main, left anterior descending, circumflex, and right coronary arteries. He underwent coronary artery bypass grafting with use of the left internal mammary artery to the left anterior descending coronary artery and reversed saphenous vein grafts to the circumflex and right coronary arteries. The postoperative course was uncomplicated. Previous radiotherapy to the mediastinum should be considered a risk factor for the development of premature coronary artery disease. Surgical revascularization is the preferred method of management. A combination of an internal mammary artery graft and a saphenous vein graft should be used in young patients.     

Psychosocial adjustment to coronary artery disease: current knowledge and future directions

Adjusting to the diagnosis of coronary artery disease can be a challenge to the coping abilities of patients and their families. To effectively support these clients' coping efforts, cardiovascular nurses must be knowledgeable about factors that affect the adjustment process. This article reviews recent findings regarding physiologic, psychologic, and sociodemographic influences on adjustment and presents a model that integrates these findings. Possible directions for further research are suggested.     

Diabetes and coronary artery disease: the role of stress myocardial perfusion imaging

Stress myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) has the potential not only to improve clinical outcomes in diabetic patients, but also to decrease unnecessary use of health care resources. However, before routine screening can be recommended, cost-effectiveness analyses are required to identify patients in whom such testing is appropriate. Nevertheless, MPI is clearly emerging as a valuable tool for improving management of coronary artery disease in all patients with diabetes mellitus.     

Management of a patient undergoing myocardial revascularization: coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

The contemporary patient undergoing CABG surgery has changed dramatically from patients undergoing the procedure a decade ago. Current patients are older and have more diffuse disease and left ventricular dysfunction. Many of the complications reflect the current characteristics of the CABG surgery patient. Despite these changes, patients can be expected to have good surgical outcomes. New indications for surgical treatment have many implications for a change in the approach to nursing management and nursing research.     

Options for percutaneous coronary and peripheral revascularization.

Angioplasty has become an established treatment for both coronary and peripheral atherosclerosis, and a number of new techniques and devices promise to improve the results of percutaneous intervention during the coming decades. It is likely that balloon angioplasty will remain the percutaneous treatment of choice for both coronary and peripheral intervention; however, we look with hope toward the development of new devices that will expand the role of percutaneous angioplasty and improve the long-term success of these procedures. As technical expertise grows with the new procedures, prospective randomized trials comparing them with standard PTCA will be required to enable physicians to judge their clinical utility.     

PCI血运重建程度对多支病变冠心病患者平板运动试验的影响

目的从平板运动试验（TET）的角度,探讨不同经皮冠状动脉介入术（PCI）血运重建策略对于多支病变冠心病患者运动耐量及心肌缺血的影响。 方法选取北京大学人民医院2014年8月至2016年6月经冠状动脉造影证实多支病变,行PCI并完成TET的116例冠心病患者,根据血运重建程度分为完全血运重建组（CR组,56例）及不完全血运重建组（ICR组,60例）。收集两组患者一般情况［年龄、性别、体质量指数（BMI）、吸烟情况］、合并疾病、服药情况、冠心病病史及病变情况、TET 1周内超声心动图所示射血分数以及TET结果等资料。对CR组和ICR组患者：对年龄,BMI,射血分数,TET中静息心率、静息收缩压、静息舒张压、峰值心率、峰值收缩压、峰值舒张压等数据采用独立样本t检验;对TET距离血运重建时间,血运重建前后Gensini评分,TET中Bruce分级、运动时间、最大代谢当量、ST段下降程度、ST段下降持续时间、最早出现ST段下降的Bruce分级、Duke评分等数据采用Mann-Whitney U检验;对患者中男性、吸烟者、合并疾病、用药情况、心肌梗死史、三支病变、左主干病变、前降支病变、回旋支病变、右冠状动脉病变、心肌桥等的分布情况,TET中ST段水平或下斜型下降≥0.1 mV、提前中止TET、ST段下降形态、胸痛、Duke评分分级等的分布情况采用χ²检验。 结果CR组和ICR组两组患者一般临床情况（包括性别、年龄、BMI、吸烟情况、合并疾病、用药情况以及射血分数等）比较差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。CR组与ICR组患者冠心病病史及冠状动脉病变情况：与CR组相比,ICR组患者三支病变比例、前降支病变比例、回旋支病变比例以及血运重建后Gensini评分均较高,差异具有统计学意义（51.8% vs 81.7%,χ²=11.741,P=0.001;90.2% vs 98.5%,χ²=4.436,P=0.035;78.6% vs 93.3%,χ²=5.308,P=0.021;［5（0,14）vs 23（12,36）,Z=-5.268,P<0.001];其余资料（包括心肌梗死史比例、TET距离血运重建的时间、左主干病变比例、右冠状动脉病变比例、心肌桥比例及血运重建前Gensini评分）两组间差异无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。CR组及ICR组患者TET结果：两组患者均可达到Bruce 3（2,3）级,两组患者运动时间、TET阳性率、Duke评分以及TET其他各项参数差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。 结论在多支病变接受PCI的冠心病患者,ICR患者的运动耐量、心肌缺血情况及Duke评分等均不逊于CR患者。     

Coronary revascularization of coronary artery disease in patients with diabetes

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing in the world wide and a risk factor for the progression of coronary artery disease (CAD). CAD is the major cause of mortality in patients with DM. In the case of combination CAD with DM becomes a great threatening of their lifes. In fact, diabetes patients have about 3-folds risk of mortality from CAD compared to non-diabetic subjects. Furthermore, patients with diabetes undergoing revascularization have worse mortality than non-diabetic patients. Optimal revascularization for CAD in the diabetic patients remains controversial, with availability of drug eluting stents and bypass surgery. Because of the worse prognosis in diabetic patients, making an effort toward an early diagnosis and aggressive medical treatment is necessary and a first step to improve their prognosis.     

New options for untreatable coronary artery disease: angiogenesis and laser revascularization

Some patients with severe symptomatic coronary artery disease despite maximal medical therapy are not eligible for bypass surgery or percutaneous coronary intervention, but may be eligible for two newer therapies: therapeutic angiogenesis with growth factors and transmyocardial laser revascularization.     

Echocardiography and coronary artery disease: Current and future applications

Echocardiographic techniques are becoming more widespread for evaluating patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. Because it affords an excellent overall view of the heart, two-dimensional echocardiography, rather than M-mode echocardiography, is the imaging procedure of choice when dealing with coronary artery disease. This technique can be used to make the initial diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction, diagnose complications, and assess prognosis following myocardial infarction. Additionally by combining this test with stress testing, latent coronary artery disease can be detected. Recovery of wall motion can be assessed following interventions such as thrombolysis or balloon angioplasty. Investigational and future uses include tissue characterization, which may allow detection of ischemic but potentially viable myocardium, direct coronary visualization for detection of atherosclerotic involvement of the proximal coronary arteries and myocardial contrast echocardiography. The latter technique allows visualization of perfusion by way of injecting contrast material into the coronary circulation. This has been demonstrated to be an accurate means of determining myocardial infarction size in an animal model and is currently being used in a number of centers in patients at the time of cardiac catheterization. In summary two-dimensional echocardiography currently allows assessment of patients with myocardial infarction from the time of their presentation through their convalescent period with respect to diagnosis, prognosis and presence of complications. Exercise echocardiography can diagnose latent coronary artery disease. The newer investigational techniques show promise for furthering our ability to evaluate patients with coronary artery disease using echocardiography.     

Neuroimaging of Alzheimer disease: current role and future potential

Alzheimer disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, associated with deterioration in cognition and behaviour. With the availability of newer drugs for symptoms treatments there is a general agreement to the need of an early diagnosis and an the development of new sensitive tools, to identify and/or monitor early cerebral changes, suggestive for AD. CT and MRI are recommended for routine evaluation, in order to exclude treatable causes of dementia and to exactly evaluate the degree of cerebral atrophy and the presence of parenchymal signal abnormalities. Functional imaging, including PET, SPECT and functional MR techniques, are able to investigate physiological cerebral function, such as blood perfusion, metabolism, activation, molecular composition and water diffusibility, and have the potential to detect subtle pathological changes earlier during course of disease. MRI can provide both an accurate morphological assessment and a functional evaluation. Further investigations are needed to precisely define which will be the role of the different MR techniques. Most likely an exhaustive evaluation of AD will include information obtained by conventional and functional imaging, combined with clinical, laboratory and genetic findings.     

The optimal revascularization strategy for multivessel coronary artery disease: the debate continues

Mortality rates were lower among patients with multivessel coronary artery disease who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) than among similar patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in an analysis of data from New York State registries (N Engl J Med 2005; 352:2174-2183). This finding appears to run counter to the results of randomized controlled trials, which found both procedures equivalent with regard to mortality. What are we to believe?     

Role of surgical revascularization in diabetic patients with coronary artery disease

Diabetes is a well-known risk factor for morbidity and mortality associated with coronary artery disease. Currently, diabetics represent approximately a quarter of patients requiring coronary revascularization in the USA. The purpose of this article is to review and analyze the available data in surgical revascularization of diabetic patients with coronary artery disease. The review will also examine new developments in myocardial revascularization and assess their probable impact on the long-term outcome of diabetic patients.     

Diabetes does not influence treatment decisions regarding revascularization in patients with stable coronary artery disease

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether in stable angina preference for coronary revascularization by either percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) is influenced by diabetes status and whether this has prognostic implications. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 2,928 consecutive patients with stable angina who were enrolled in the prospective Euro Heart Survey on Coronary Revascularization were studied. Multivariable analyses were applied to evaluate the relation between diabetes, treatment decision, and 1-year outcome. RESULTS: Diabetes was documented in 587 patients (20%) who had more extensive coronary disease. Revascularization was intended in 74% of patients with diabetes and in 77% of those without diabetes. In patients selected for revascularization, CABG was intended in 35% of diabetic and in 33% of nondiabetic patients. Multivariable analyses did not change these findings, but in some subgroups diabetes influenced treatment decisions. For example, diabetic subjects with mild heart failure had more often intended revascularization (91%) than those without diabetes (67%, P < 0.001). Treatment decisions in patients with more extensive (left main, multivessel, or proximal left anterior descending artery) disease were not influenced by diabetes status. Diabetes was not associated with an increased incidence of all-cause death, nonfatal cerebrovascular accident, or nonfatal myocardial infarction at 1 year, regardless of preferred treatment. The incidence of the combined end points was 7.3% in diabetic and 6.8% in nondiabetic patients (adjusted hazard ratio 1.0 [95% CI 0.7-1.4]). CONCLUSIONS: In stable angina, treatment decisions regarding revascularization or the choice for CABG or PCI were not influenced by the presence of diabetes. Diabetes was not associated with a poor prognosis.     

Role of surgical revascularization in diabetic patients with coronary artery disease

Diabetes is a well-known risk factor for morbidity and mortality associated with coronary artery disease. Currently, diabetics represent approximately a quarter of patients requiring coronary revascularization in the USA. The purpose of this article is to review and analyze the available data in surgical revascularization of diabetic patients with coronary artery disease. The review will also examine new developments in myocardial revascularization and assess their probable impact on the long-term outcome of diabetic patients.