Reintervención tras complicaciones en cirugía laparoscópica colorrectal. ¿Aporta ventajas el abordaje laparoscópico?

Introduction

The laparoscopic approach in colorectal complications is controversial because of its difficulty. However, it has been proven that it can provide advantages over open surgery. The aim of this study is to compare laparoscopic approach in reoperations for complications after colorectal surgery with the open approach taking into account the severity of the patient prior to reoperation.

Síndrome urémico hemolítico atípico: una complicación postoperatoria infrecuente

Introduction and objectives

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and atypical haemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) are acute, rare, life-threatening thrombotic microangiopathies that require swift management. We report a case of acute microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia (MAHA) presenting in perioperative setting.

Evaluación del abordaje laparoscópico en la cistectomía radical desde la implantación hasta su consolidación: validación interna

Introduction and objectivesThe AEU Guidelines of 2017 consider laparoscopic and robot-assisted approaches as investigational procedures. The surgical learning curve is defined as the minimum number of cases that a surgeon has to perform in order to reproduce a technique considered as standard.The aim of this study is to analyze, within our department, the implementation of a laparoscopic radical cystectomy (LRC) program compared with a well consolidated and standardized open radical cystectomy (ORC) program.Material and methodsRetrospective cohort analysis of two cystectomy groups: LRC (n = 196) (20062016) vs. ORC (n = 96) (2003-2005).Comparison of the evolution over time of the following parameters: operative time, blood transfusion rates, resection margins, postoperative complications, hospital stay and recurrence.Three time periods have been defined for LRC: implementation (2006-09) (LRC-I), development (2010-14) (LRC-D) and consolidation (2015-16) (LRC-C); comparing each of them with the control group (ORC).The chi-square test was used for the comparison of the qualitative variables and the Anova test for the numerical ones.ResultsWhen compared to ORC, LRC presented longer operative times in LRC-I and LRC-D periods. We observed a trend toward shorter operative time than ORC in the consolidation period (LRC-C).LRC also presented lower intraoperative transfusion rates in all periods and lower postoperative rates in CRL-D and CRL-C. Overall complications in LRC-D and LRC-C were lower in LRC, having fewer major complications (Clavien≥3) in the 3 periods. A decrease in mortality and hospital stay after the LRC-I phase was also observed. These results were consolidated during the two last periods of the study.We have not observed significant differences between ORC and LRC when comparing surgical margins and recurrence rates, neither in the total series, nor in the comparison between the different periods. These results endorse the oncologic safety of LRC from the beginning of the implementation process.ConclusionsWhen compared to ORC, LRC improves perioperative transfusion rates, complications and hospital stay from its implementation period, maintaining oncological safety. On the contrary, longer operative times during implementation and development were observed. However, in our series, we observed a trend toward shorter operative times than ORC approach in the consolidation period. We have validated the laparoscopic approach for radical cystectomy in our service.     

Abordaje del uréter distal en la nefroureterectomía laparoscópica

IntroductionNephroureterectomy is one of the procedures for which a laparoscopic approach is more clearly indicated. However, despite the long experience available, management of the distal ureter is still difficult.Materials and methodsThirty-two laparoscopic nephroureterectomies were performed from November 2004 to December 2008. The procedure used was endoscopic resection of distal ureter and earlier ligation of the ureter in the laparoscopic time in 13 patients, a laparoscopic bladder cuff in 13 patients, and an open bladder cuff in 3 patients.ResultsMean operating time was 221.53 min (125-315 min), and mean postoperative stay of 27 patients was 4.6 days. Conversion to open surgery and discontinuation of the procedure for local tumor progression were required in one patient each. Mean patient follow-up was 17.8 months. No local relapse or metastasis occurred in the ports.ConclusionThe most common procedures continue to be endoscopic resection and the open bladder cuff depending on indication. Any laparoscopic approach to upper urothelial tumors must strictly comply with oncological principles. The reported procedure is in our experience the fastest, most simple, and most effective for this purpose. In our opinion, the therapeutic algorithm provided is adequate for management of the distal ureter in laparoscopic nephroureterectomy.     

Factores implicados en el fracaso tardío del tratamiento endoscópico del reflujo vesicoureteral

Introduction

The short-term results of endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) are excellent. Over time, however, a number of patients have been identified for whom VUR reappeared after being resolved with this technique. The aim of this study was to analyse the factors related to this event.

Psicoterapia: una pieza que falta en el puzle de la rehabilitación de la disfunción eréctil tras prostatectomía radical

ObjectivesTo measure the impact of psychotherapy associated to the use of Tadalafil in the improvement of erectile function after radical prostatectomy.MethodsFrom 132 patients surgically treated for prostate cancer, thirty sequential patients with bilateral nerve sparing, low risk controlled disease and post-surgery erectile dysfunction (ED) took Tadalafil 20 mg and underwent psychotherapy sessions, both weekly for three months. Patients were interviewed to establish the quality of erection using the instrument IIEF-5 and to measure psychological features impacting erectile function, aspects related to function, dysfunction, physical and emotional discomfort were evaluated with the help of an intensity scale.ResultsThe average age was 62.5 (46 to 77 years), 96.7% had a stable relationship, 56.6% of the patients accepted the diagnosis and 43.2% exhibited defense mechanisms (3.3% negation, 6.6% revulsion, 33.3% concern). A positive correlation was observed between erectile function and time exposed to treatment (IIEF-5 - 9.7 to 13.3, p = 0.0006), with increased satisfaction with life in general (2.1 to 2.7, P = .028) and sexual life (3.1 to 3.7, P = .028), added to facilitation of expressing feelings/emotions (1.8 to 3.0, P = .0008). Satisfaction with relationship and intimacy with partner did not present significant improve (P = .12 and P = .61, respectively).ConclusionsA holistic patient care with more complete ED rehabilitation includes psychotherapy with a positive correlation between erectile function and treatment exposition. Psychotherapy allowed the identification of important spouse related factors in this scenario.     

Adenomectomía laparoscópica: 10 años de experiencia

Introduction

Lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to increased prostate volume are associated with ageing and are becoming more prevalent due to increased life expectancy. We present our experience with transperitoneal laparoscopic adenomectomy for the management of bladder outlet obstruction caused by benign prostatic enlargement.

Estudio comparativo de diferentes técnicas quirúrgicas para el manejo del uréter distal durante la nefroureterectomía laparoscópica

ObjectivesTo compare the oncological outcomes between two open surgical techniques and two endoscopic approaches for the management of the distal ureter during laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy (LRNU).Material and methodsRetrospective review of 152 patients submitted to LRNU for the management of upper urinary tract tumors between 2007-2014. We analyzed the potential impact of two different open surgical (extravesical vs intravesical) and two endoscopic (resection of ureteral orifice and fragment removal vs endoscopic bladder cuff) techniques on the development of bladder recurrence, distant/local recurrence and cancer-specific survival (CSS).ResultsA total of 152 patients with a mean age of 69.9 years (±10.1) underwent LRNU. We reported 62 pTa-T1 (41%), 35 pT2 (23%) and 55 pT3-4 (36%). Thirty-two were low grade (21.1%) and 120 high grade (78.9%). An endoscopic approach was performed in 89 cases (58.5%), 32 with resection (36%) and 57 with bladder cuff (64%), and open approach in 63 (41.5%), 42 intravesical (66.7%) and 21 extravesical (33.3%). Within a median follow-up of 32 months (3-120), 38 patients (25%) developed bladder recurrence, 42 distant/local recurrence (27.6%) and 34 died of tumor (22.4%). In the univariate analysis, the type of endoscopic technique was not related to bladder recurrence (P = .961), distant/local recurrence (P = .955) nor CSS (P = .802). The open extravesical approach was not related to bladder recurrence (P = .12) but increased distant/local recurrence (P = .045) and decreased CSS (P = .034) compared to intravesical approach.ConclusionsLRNU outcomes are not dependant on the type of endoscopic approach performed. The open extravesical approach is a more difficult technique and could worsen the oncological outcomes when compared to the intravesical.     

Perfil de expresión génica en el cáncer de próstata: identificación de marcadores candidatos para el diagnóstico no invasivo

ObjectiveTo analyze gene expression profiles of prostate cancer (PCa) with the aim of determining the relevant differentially expressed genes and subsequently ascertain whether this differential expression is maintained in post-prostatic massage (PPM) urine samples.Material and methodsForty-six tissue specimens (36 from PCa patients and 10 controls) and 158 urine PPM-urines (113 from PCa patients and 45 controls) were collected between December 2003 and May 2007. DNA microarrays were used to identify genes differentially expressed between tumour and control samples. Ten genes were technically validated in the same tissue samples by quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR). Forty two selected differentially expressed genes were validated in an independent set of PPM-urines by qRT-PCR.ResultsMultidimensional scaling plot according to the expression of all the microarray genes showed a clear distinction between control and tumour samples. A total of 1047 differentially expressed genes (FDR ≤ .1) were indentified between both groups of samples. We found a high correlation in the comparison of microarray and RT-qPCR gene expression levels (r = .928, P < .001). Thirteen genes maintained the same fold change direction when analyzed in PPM-urine samples and in four of them (HOXC6, PCA3, PDK4 and TMPRSS2-ERG), these differences were statistically significant (P < .05).ConclusionThe analysis of PCa by DNA microarrays provides new putative mRNA markers for PCa diagnosis that, with caution, can be extrapolated to PPM-urines.     

Formación del residente en cirugía laparoscópica en coloproctología: análisis retrospectivo de morbimortalidad y pronóstico oncológico sobre 408 pacientes en nuestro centro

IntroductionColorectal cancer has a growing incidence in our society. However, the performance of laparoscopic interventions in this field is still not included in the National Training Program. Given the lack of references, our objective was to analyze the resident's participation in laparoscopic colorectal surgery and its possible effect on morbidity and mortality and oncological prognosis.MethodsA retrospective longitudinal single-center study that included all laparoscopic colorectal surgical procedures performed by residents (R group) and by attending surgeons (A group) between 01/01/2009 and 12/31/2017, maintaining follow-up until 12/31/2018. Postoperative morbidity and mortality, overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS), as well as their relationship with the resident involvement as first surgeon were analyzed.Results408 patients were analyzed, of which 138 (33.8%) were operated by a supervised resident and 270 (66.2%) by the attending surgeon. No differences were detected in the rate of postoperative complications between both groups (OR: 1.536; 95% CI: 0.947-2.409; p=0.081). Furthermore, resident participation had no influence on tumor recurrence rate (R Group: 14.2% vs. A Group: 16.9%; p=0.588) or on overall (p = 0.562) or disease-free survival (p = 0.305).ConclusionResident involvement in laparoscopic colorectal surgery had no influence on morbidity and mortality or oncological prognosis in our center. Conducting prospective studies in this regard will provide greater knowledge, enabling a progressive improvement of the training program.     

Validación de la ecografía Point-of-Care para el diagnóstico de hernia diafragmática: a propósito de un caso

Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is a sensitive, specific tool for early diagnosis of diaphragm pathology in critically ill patients. We report the case of a patient with a history of iatrogenic diaphragmatic hernia who was admitted to the Resuscitation Unit after an emergency exploratory laparotomy. As the diagnosis of diaphragmatic hernia had already been confirmed, we determined the POCUS features that establish the diagnosis of diaphragmatic hernia: (1) normal bilateral diaphragmatic shortening fraction; (2) decreased diaphragmatic excursion, and (3) cephalic position of the diaphragmatic dome (4) greater in supine than in sitting position. We also outline a systematic ultrasound examination of the diaphragm and a POCUS-based differential classification of diaphragmatic dysfunction based on the functional integrity of the peripheral muscle and central diaphragmatic tendon in critically ill patients.     

Consideraciones técnicas en el tratamiento endoscópico del reflujo vesicoureteral tras reimplante tipo Cohen

IntroductionThe range of indications for endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux opens more and more until including correction of secondary reflux (VUR) after ureteral reimplantation. However these cases suppose a technical challenge due to postoperative changes.The aim of this work is to present our experience on endoscopic treatment for VUR in ureteral units with Cohen reimplantation surgery, with special interest in the technical peculiarities of the procedure.Material and methodsA retrospective study of cases of secondary VUR after reimplantation surgery treated by subureteral injection.TechniqueWe put the needle perpendicular to submucous tunnel and inject medially to hole forming a wheal on the anterior face that occludes the meatusResultsDuring the 1993-2016 period 21 injections were performed in 15 ureteral units. The ureteral pathology included primary VUR (4), duplex system with lower pole reflux (4), megaureter (3) and ureterocele (2). Average patient age was 5.7 years old (2-12). Succesful outcome had been got in 10 ureteral units (66.67%), a decrease of VUR grade in 4 (26.67%) and perseverance/no resolution of grade IV VUR in 1 (6.67%)DiscussionThe anti-reflux mechanism of reimplantation depends on optimizing the submucosous tunnel. This subgroup of pacients is small and there are few studies, hindering the agreement on the most appropiate technique.ConclusionEndoscopic treatment of secondary reflux after reimplantation surgery is a procedure with certain technical feature, but safe and effective offering an alternative prior to surgical reoperation.     

Influencia del acceso laparoscópico en la mortalidad cáncer-específica de los pacientes con cáncer de vejiga en un estadio pTa-2pN0R0 tratados con cistectomía radical

Introduction and objectiveMinimally invasive surgery represents an attractive surgical approach in radical cystectomy. However, its effect on the oncological results is still controversial due to the lack of definite analyses. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of the laparoscopic approach on cancer-specific mortality.Material and methodA retrospective cohort study of two groups of patients in a pT0-2pN0R0 stage, undergoing open radical cystectomy (ORC) (n = 191) and laparoscopic radical cystectomy (LRC) (n = 74). Using Cox regression, an analysis has been carried out to identify the predictor variables in the first place, and consequently, the independent predictor variables related to survival.Results90.9% were males with a median age of 65 years and a median follow-up period of 65.5 (IQR 27.75-122) months. Patients with laparoscopic access presented a significantly higher ASA index (P = .0001), a longer time between TUR and cystectomy (P = .04), a lower rate of intraoperative transfusion (P = .0001), a lower pT stage (P = .002) and a lower incidence of infection associated with surgical wounds (P = .04). When analyzing the different risk factors associated with cancer-specific mortality, we only found the ORC approach (versus LRC) as an independent predictor of cancer-specific mortality (P = .007). Open approach to cystectomy multiplied the risk of mortality by 3.27.ConclusionsIn our series, the laparoscopic approach does not represent a risk factor compared to the open approach in pT0-2N0R0 patients.     

Comparación entre prostatectomía laparoscópica y abierta: análisis de la evolución oncológica

IntroductionThere are very few Spanish studies that compare oncological outcomes following radical prostatectomy (RP) based on surgical approach, and their methodology is not appropriate.ObjectiveTo compare oncological outcomes in terms of surgical margins (SM) and biochemical recurrence (BR) between open radical prostatectomy (ORP) and laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP).Material and methodsComparison of two cohorts (307 with ORP and 194 with LRP) between 2007-2015. Surgical margin status was defined as positive or negative, and BR as a PSA rise of >0.4 ng/ml after surgery.To compare the qualitative variables, we employed the Chi-squared test, and ANOVA was used for quantitative variables. We performed a multivariate analysis using logistic regression to evaluate the predictive factors of SM, and a multivariate analysis using Cox regression to evaluate the predictive factors of BR.ResultsGleason 7 (3+4) was determined in the surgical specimens of 43.5% of patients, and 31.7% had positive SM. The most frequent pathological stage was pT2c, on the 61.9% of the cases. No significant differences were found between both groups, except for extracapsular extension (p=0.001), more frequent in LRP.The median follow-up was 49 months. BR was seen in the 23% of patients, without significant differences between groups. In the multivariable analysis, only the D’Amico risk group behaved as an independent predictive factor of positive SM, and Gleason score and positive SM acted as independent predictive factors of BR.ConclusionThe surgical approach did not influence SM status or BR.     

Carcinomatosis peritoneal tras nefrectomía parcial laparoscópica en carcinoma de células renales: nuestra experiencia y revisión de la literatura

ObjectivePeritoneal carcinomatosis associated with renal cell carcinoma is an infrequent entity, usually associated with large renal masses, and with a very rare presentation after surgery of localized renal tumors. Our objective is to review the literature and analyze the factors involved in the development of peritoneal carcinomatosis after laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in localized tumors.Material and methodsWe present our experience with two cases of peritoneal carcinomatosis after laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. We reviewed the literature and analyzed the factors associated with the development of peritoneal carcinomatosis after laparoscopic partial surgery in renal cell carcinoma.ResultsBetween 2005-2018, 225 patients underwent laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for localized renal neoplasia in our service. Two patients developed peritoneal carcinomatosis during follow-up, at 1.5 and 7 years after surgery. Few cases of postoperative peritoneal carcinomatosis for renal neoplasia have been described in the literature, being more frequently associated with large renal masses, with multiple metastases at diagnosis, with a poor prognosis. The dissemination of tumor cells during surgery, direct tumor extension or metastasis by hematogenous route, are among the factors involved in the development of this condition.ConclusionsPeritoneal carcinomatosis after laparoscopic partial nephrectomy constitutes a very rare event. However, it should be taken into consideration, and, since it is the only factor we can influence, we must maximize precautions during the surgical act, following oncological principles.     

Neuromodulación periférica en el síndrome de vejiga hiperactiva en mujeres: una revisión sistemática

IntroductionOveractive bladder syndrome (OBS) is a urological disorder characterized by urinary urgency, increased frequency, nocturia, and may be associated with urge urinary incontinence. Posterior tibial nerve peripheral neuromodulation (PTNS) is globally recognized within the treatment options available, although an optimal protocol has not been tested. The objective of this review is to collect the evidence available on the most widely used protocol of the PTNS technique in obtaining good results in the treatment for women with OBS.Evidence acquisitionA systematic review of the scientific literature was carried out in PubMed, Embase, WoS and Scopus databases. A total of 222 results were obtained, with 58 duplicates, of which 8 studies met the established inclusion criteria, all of them randomized clinical trials.Evidence synthesisThe included works show that the most widely used PTNS technique with beneficial results in women with OBS is the percutaneous route with a needle placed 5-6 cm proximal to the tibial malleolus, posterior to the edge of the tibia, with the following parameters: 1 weekly session of 30 minutes duration for 12 weeks, the use of pulse widths of 200 μs with frequency of 20 Hz.ConclusionPTNS may have beneficial and safe short-term effects in women with OBS. Despite showing statistically significant improvements in clinical symptoms, further research is needed to obtain clear scientific evidence on the optimal protocol for treating women with OBS.