~(18)F-FDG PET/CT在食管癌的应用进展

食管癌恶性程度高、预后差,严重威胁了人类健康,18F-FDG PET/CT集功能和解剖信息于一身,这种医学影像技术在食管癌的应用优势日益受到广大医务工作者的关注。本文综述了18F-FDG PET/CT在食管癌的诊断、分期、复发、疗效和预后评估、放射治疗计划制定等方面的研究进展。     

Malignant Peritoneal Mesothelioma Masquerades as Peritoneal Metastasis on 18F-FDG PET/CT Scans; a Rare Diagnosis that Should Not Be Missed

Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare but fatal tumor. The clinical presentations and imaging findings are nonspecific and resemble various diseases, including peritoneal metastasis. Imaging findings of MPH on ¹⁸F-¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose (¹⁸F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) are diverse and not well described. We report the two cases of biopsy-proven MPH using ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT. In our cases, interesting disease patterns—including MPH arising from visceral peritoneal lining of kidney that suffer from polycystic disease and from the parietal peritoneum beneath the appendectomy scar—were presented. One case showed classical metastases localized within the abdominal cavity; while the other case exhibited the rare pattern of extensive multi-organ metastases. By knowing the possible variations and diagnostic pitfalls of ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT findings in MPM, more accurate interpretation of such mysterious cancer is attainable.     

胃恶性淋巴瘤的18F-FDG PET/CT表现与鉴别诊断

目的:分析胃淋巴瘤的18F-FDG PET/CT影像学特点,探讨其在胃淋巴瘤的诊断、鉴别诊断和病情评估中的价值。方法:17例经胃镜活检病理证实的胃淋巴瘤患者,包括13例弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤,3例粘膜相关淋巴组织B细胞淋巴瘤和1例NK/T细胞淋巴瘤,均在治疗前行PET/CT显像。结果:胃淋巴瘤的PET/CT表现以不同形式的胃壁增厚和显著增高的FDG代谢为主要特征,6例呈Ⅰ型表现(胃壁弥漫性增厚伴FDG代谢显著增高),7例呈Ⅱ型表现(胃壁节段性增厚伴FDG代谢显著增高),3例呈Ⅲ型表现(胃壁局限性增厚伴FDG代谢增高),1例呈Ⅳ型表现(胃壁多发结节样增厚伴FDG代谢串珠样增高);PET/CT评价4例仅累及胃壁,3例累及胃壁和淋巴结,10例累及胃壁、淋巴结和其它脏器。结论:胃淋巴瘤的18F-FDG PET/CT表现以Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型更为多见;18F-FDG PET/CT有助于淋巴瘤的诊断和病情全面评估。     

^18F-FDGPET／CT评估鼻咽癌远处间隔转移、复发及效能分析

目的：对经^18F-FDGPET／CT扫描的鼻咽癌患者远处转移及PET／CT诊断效能进行分析。方法：73例鼻咽癌分为原发未经治疗组和治疗组,分析鼻咽癌各组远处转移部位、发生率。采用5级分类诊断法,选取不同分级点作为截止点绘制ROC曲线,寻找最佳截止点评价诊断效能。结果：22例原发未经治疗组远间隔转移发生率为59．1％,51例治疗组远处间隔转移发生率为68．6％,两组比较有差异（P〈0．01）。远处间隔转移最常见的部位依次是远处淋巴结（38．67％）、骨骼（36％）及肝脏（25．33％）。ROC曲线示以3级为最佳截止点PET／CT诊断效能较高。原发灶与复发灶SUV比较有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：鼻咽癌远处间隔转移发生率较高,最常见部位是远处间隔淋巴结,PET／CT诊断鼻咽癌远处转移的效能较高。     

Normal Physiologic and Benign Foci with F-18 FDG Avidity on PET/CT in Patients with Breast Cancer

Purpose

The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiologic and benign F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) avid foci in patients with breast cancer.

Methods

On 309 F-18 FDG PET/CT scans of 241 women with breast cancer, the hypermetabolic lesions compared with the surrounding normal region were evaluated retrospectively. Available reports of other relevant radiological imaging, medical records, and follow-up PET/CT were reviewed for explanations of the abnormal uptake.

Results

Among the 70 physiologic foci, muscular uptake of the lower neck following the surgical and/or radiation therapy of ipsilateral breast (29%), hypermetabolic ovaries (16%) and uterine (10%) uptake during the ovulatory and menstrual phases during the normal menstrual cycle were identified, and also hypermetabolic brown fat in cold-induced thermogenesis (7%), non-specific bowel uptake (35%) were observed. Among the 147 benign lesions, sequelae of the chest wall and breasts following surgical and/or radiation therapy, were often observed (27%). Hypermetabolic thyroid glands were noted as adenomas and chronic thyroiditis (18%). Reactive hyperplasia of cervical or mediastinal lymph nodes (32%), degenerative osteoarthritis and healed fractures (15%), hypermetabolic benign lung lesions (6%) were observed.

Conclusion

Altered physiologic and benign F-18 FDG uptake in the lower cervical muscle and chest wall following ipsilateral breast surgery or radiotherapy were common, and also normal physiologic uptake in ovary and uterus, brown fat, thyroid were considered as predominant findings in women patients with breast cancer. Knowledge of these findings might aid in the interpretation of FDG PET/CT in patients with breast cancer.     

Unexpected Second Primary Malignancies Detected by F-18 FDG PET/CT During Follow-up for Primary Malignancy: Two Case Reports

As the survival rate of cancer patients has increased over the last few decades, the risk of cancer survivors developing second primary malignancies has gained attention. We report two rare cases of second primary hematologic malignancy detected by ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose (F-18 FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) during follow-up for primary solid malignancies. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia developed in a breast cancer patient and non-Hodgkin lymphoma in an anal cancer patient. F-18 FDG PET/CT findings led to the diagnosis of unexpected second primary hematologic malignancy in cancer survivors in these two cases.     

Relations Between Pathological Markers and Radioiodine Scan and 18F-FDG PET/CT Findings in Papillary Thyroid Cancer Patients With Recurrent Cervical Nodal Metastases

Purpose

The aim of this study was to investigate relationships between the immunohistochemical results and radioiodine scan and ¹⁸F-FDG PET findings in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) patients with recurrent cervical nodal metastases.

Methods

A total of 46 PTC patients who had undergone a radioiodine scan and/or ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT and a subsequent operation on recurrent cervical lymph nodes were enrolled. Twenty-seven patients underwent ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT, 8 underwent radioiodine scans, and 11 underwent both scans. In all surgical specimens, the immunoexpressions of thyroglobulin (Tg), sodium-iodide symporter (NIS), glucose transporter 1 (Glut-1), and somatostatin receptor 1 and 2A (SSTR1 and SSTR2A) were assessed, and associations between these expressions and radioiodine scan and ¹⁸F-FDG PET findings were evaluated.

Results

Of the 38 patients who underwent ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT, all patients with weak Tg expression had positive ¹⁸F-FDG uptake, while only 45 % of the patients with moderate or strong Tg expression showed positive uptake (p = 0.01). The proportion of patients with positive ¹⁸F-FDG uptake increased as the degree of Glut-1 expression with luminal accentuation increased. Of the 19 patients who underwent a radioiodine scan, the proportion with positive radioiodine uptake was greater among patients with strong NIS and SSTR2A expression than among patients expressing these markers at weak levels (p = 0.04 for all). All three patients with weak Tg expression were negative for radioiodine uptake.

Conclusion

The ¹⁸F-FDG uptakes of recurrent cervical nodes are related to strong Glut-1 expression with luminal accentuation and weak Tg expression, whereas radioiodine uptake is related to the strong expressions of NIS and SSTR2A.     

18F-FDG PET和CT判断肺结核病灶活动性的比较

目的 评价18F-FDG PET和CT两种影像学方法对肺结核病灶活动性判断的差异.方法 对18F-FDG PET-CT显像中发现的3l例肺结核病例,分别用CT图像和PET图像对肺结 核病灶是否活动进行判断,然后对两种影像学方法的结果进行比较.结果 两种方法判断结果一致者26例,不一致者5例.6例CT诊断为非活动性肺结核者(愈合病灶),PET均判断为非活动性病灶;16例CT示病灶大部分钙化、伴有少许索条影(陈旧性病灶)并诊断为非活动性肺结核者中,5例PET判断为活动性病灶,其中3例病灶为结节的未钙化部分放射性轻度浓聚,2例为索条影伴有放射性轻度浓聚;9例CT诊断为活动性肺结核者,PET均判断为活动性病灶.结论 18F-FDGPET在判断愈合后的结核病灶和完全处于活动期的结核病灶时,与CT判断结果一致,但在对陈旧性结核病灶是否存在残余活动性病灶的判断上优于CT.     

Evaluation of Dixon Sequence on Hybrid PET/MR Compared with Contrast-Enhanced PET/CT for PET-Positive Lesions

Purpose

Hybrid positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance (PET/MR) imaging performs a two-point Dixon MR sequence for attenuation correction. However, MR data in hybrid PET/MR should provide anatomic and morphologic information as well as an attenuation map. We evaluated the Dixon sequence of hybrid PET/MR for anatomic correlation of PET-positive lesions compared with contrast-enhanced PET/computed tomography (CT) in patients with oncologic diseases.

Methods

Twelve patients underwent a single injection, dual imaging protocol. PET/CT was performed with an intravenous contrast agent (85 ± 13 min after ¹⁸F-FDG injection of 403 ± 45 MBq) and then (125 ± 19 min after injection) PET/MR was performed. Attenuation correction and anatomic allocation of PET were performed using contrast-enhanced CT for PET/CT and Dixon MR sequence for hybrid PET/MR. The Dixon MR sequence and contrast-enhanced CT were compared for anatomic correlation of PET-positive lesions (scoring scale ranging from 0 to 3 for visual ratings). Additionally, standardized uptake values (SUVs) for the detected lesions were assessed for quantitative comparison.

Results

Both hybrid PET/MR and contrast-enhanced PET/CT identified 55 lesions with increased FDG uptake in ten patients. In total, 28 lymph nodes, 11 bone lesions, 3 dermal nodules, 3 pleural thickening lesions, 2 thyroid nodules, 1 pancreas, 1 liver, 1 ovary, 1 uterus, 1 breast, 1 soft tissue and 2 lung lesions were present. The best performance was observed for anatomic correlation of PET findings by the contrast-enhanced CT scans (contrast-enhanced CT, 2.64 ± 0.70; in-phase, 1.29 ± 1.01; opposed-phase, 1.29 ± 1.15; water-weighted, 1.71 ± 1.07; fat weighted, 0.56 ± 1.03). A significant difference was observed between the scores obtained from the contrast-enhanced CT and all four coregistered Dixon MR images. Quantitative evaluation revealed a high correlation between the SUVs measured with hybrid PET/MR (SUVmean, 2.63 ± 1.62; SUVmax, 4.30 ± 2.88) and contrast-enhanced PET/CT (SUVmean, 3.88 ± 2.30; SUVmax, 6.53 ± 4.04) in PET-positive lesions (SUVmean, ρ = 0.93; SUVmax, ρ = 0.95), although hybrid PET/MR presented a decrease of SUVs compared with contrast-enhanced PET/CT (mean reduction; SUVmean, 32.44 ± 15.64 %; SUVmax, 35.16 ± 12.59 %).

Conclusions

Despite different attenuation correction approaches, the SUV of PET-positive lesions correlated well between hybrid PET/MR and contrast-enhanced PET/CT. However Dixon MR images acquired for attenuation correction were insufficient to provide anatomic information of PET images because of low spatial resolution. Thus, additional MR sequence with fast and higher resolution may be necessary for anatomic information.     

Changing patterns of abnormal vascular wall F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose uptake on follow-up PET/CT studies

Background  Fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake may be increased in atherosclerotic plaques in asymptomatic patients. Repeat positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) studies were assessed for changes in patterns of FDG uptake and CT calcifications. Methods and Results  Fifty consecutive cancer patients (mean age, 68 ± 8 years) had repeat PET/CT studies 8 to 26 months apart. PET, CT, and PET/CT images were retrospectively evaluated for vascular wall abnormalities and for interval changes in the thoracic and abdominal aortas, as well as in carotid and iliac arteries, classified as PET+/CT+, PET+/CT-, and PET-/CT+. There were 485 abnormal sites in the first study and 495 in the second. CT calcifications were found in 46 patients (92%) in the first study and in 47 (94%) in the second. Vascular wall FDG uptake was found in both studies in 37 patients (74%). The pattern changed in 57 of 119 PET+ sites (48%) in the second study compared with 15 of 366 PET- sites (4%) (P < .0001). In the second study new PET+ sites were observed in 36 of 111 sites (32%) versus new PET-/CT+ sites in 19 of 384 sites (5%) (P < .0001). Conclusions  Changes in vascular FDG activity and CT calcifications can be assessed by repeat PET/CT. FDG-avid foci may represent a dynamic process, transient inflammation, whereas CT calcifications may indicate stable atherosclerosis. These preliminary results support the need for further research. This study was supported in part by the Eliyahu Pen Technion Research Grant.     

18F-FDG PET/CT显像用于肺癌诊疗的研究进展

常规¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT静态显像在肺癌的诊断、分期、疗效评估等方面发挥了重要作用,并能通过标准化摄取值等代谢参数进行半定量分析,但静态显像无法提供病变的示踪动力学信息。近年出现的动态显像技术能够连续评估某一时间段内病变的代谢变化过程,并可应用净摄取速率常数等动力学参数进行定量分析,与静态显像相互补充,为肺癌的诊断提供更丰富的信息。就 ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT静态及动态显像在肺癌诊疗中的研究进展进行综述。     

^18F—FDG PET—CT在淋巴瘤临床应用中的进展

PET-CT集中了PET的功能显像与CT的解剖显像的双重优势，在淋巴瘤的准确分期，恶性程度评价，治疗效果评估、肿瘤复发鉴别以及预后判断等方面有着重要的临床应用价值。     

18F-FDG PET/CT with Contrast Enhancement for Evaluation of Axillary Lymph Node Involvement in T1 Breast Cancer

Background

¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose (¹⁸F-FDG) positron emission tomography ((PET) safely predicts axillary status in patients with breast cancer, but is not sufficiently accurate in early breast cancer patients. This study analyzed the value of ¹⁸F-FDG PET/computed tomography (CT) with contrast enhancement in detecting axillary lymph node involvement in T1 breast cancer patients.

Methods

Contrast-enhanced ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT was performed within 20 days of surgery in 143 breast cancer patients with tumors ≤2 cm in size. The patients underwent either axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) or sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), and histopathology reports were used to provide the definitive diagnosis against which the contrast-enhanced ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT study results were compared.

Results

The sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive values of contrast-enhanced ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT in detecting axillary involvement were 70.0%, 92.2%, 88.8%, and 77.8%, respectively, in the entire series of 143 patients, with eight false-positive and 12 false negative results. The false-negative results were associated with the number of metastatic lymph nodes and the rate of FDG uptake.

Conclusion

Contrast-enhanced ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT cannot replace histologic staging using SLNB in patients with breast cancer, but ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT increases the sensitivity for predicting axillary node metastasis, and allows for a selective approach to either ALND or SLNB, even in patients with T1 breast cancer.     

18F-FDG PET/CT的特点及其在肿瘤诊断中的应用

最近几年,具有高性能PET和CT的同机PET/CT已投入临床,其在肿瘤学中的应用呈迅速增长之势.加入高档CT的PET较之传统的PET在技术和临床方面具有明显优势.CT扫描一方面为PET提供了快速、准确的衰减校正数据,大大缩短采集时间,另一方面为PET图像提供了精确的解剖定位,使结果更加肯定,但引入CT的PET扫描也带来了一些技术上的新问题.PET/CT在头颈、腹盆肿瘤具有明显优势,即使在生理运动影响较大的胸部也取得了满意的效果.初步临床研究表明,PET/CT较之单独CT或PET在临床肿瘤学中具有明显优势,PET/CT融合显像对肿瘤患者和临床医生具有越来越重要的价值.     

多发性骨髓瘤的~(18)F-FDG PET/CT诊断价值

目的：探讨在氟18-脱氧葡萄糖（18^F-fluorodeoxyglucose,18^F-FDG）PET/CT（positron emission tomography/computed tomography）显像诊断多发性骨髓瘤（mul-tiple myeloma,MM）的价值。材料和方法：回顾性分析2005-082009-06经骨髓穿刺或病理活检证实的31例多发性骨髓瘤患者的PET/CT影像特征。结果：MM18^F-FDG PET/CT表现出一定特征,大致可分为：骨质破坏型（28例）,表现为不同程度骨质破坏,而无骨髓外脏器侵犯,代谢不同程度活跃,最大标准化摄取值（SUVmax）介于2.515.4,平均标准化摄取值（SUVavg）介于2.011.3;②髓外侵犯型（2例）,除骨质不同程度破坏外,另有髓外脏器（肝脏、脾脏及淋巴结等）侵犯,代谢均有不同程度活跃,SUVmax介于2.28.3,SUVavg介于1.76.5;③骨髓弥漫型（1例）,全身骨髓弥漫代谢活跃,SUVmax为13.4,SUVavg为8.8,但未见明显骨质破坏。结论：18^F-FDGPET/CT能较准确显示MM的病灶形态、范围及肿瘤活性,为MM的诊断和准确分期提供帮助。个别需与溶骨型多发骨转移癌及骨淋巴瘤鉴别。     

~(18)F-FDGPET显像在肿瘤学中的应用

从 (氟代脱氧葡萄糖 )在正常人体内的分布角度考虑 ,使用 PET进行 1 8F- FDG显像可应用于脑肿瘤、结直肠癌、淋巴瘤、黑色素瘤、肺癌以及头颈部肿瘤等。美国核医学会 (SNM)已报道 1 8F- FDG显像在原发性脑肿瘤、乳腺癌、骨肿瘤、肺癌、前列腺癌、黑色素瘤及淋巴瘤等中的应用。初步结果表明 ,葡萄糖代谢在坏死型及持续型生长肿瘤中有明显差别 ,当肿瘤局部 FDG利用减低 ,提示治疗后有明显效果。本文简要综述 1 8F- FDG PET显像在乳腺癌、胰腺癌、肝细胞癌、肌肉骨骼肿瘤、内分泌肿瘤、生殖泌尿道肿瘤和胃食道肿瘤中的应用。     

18F-FDGPET／CT在腺样囊性癌术后中的应用价值

目的：探讨18F-FDGPET/CT在腺样囊性癌术后中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2007年8月-2014年3月13例腺样囊性癌术后18F-FDGPET/CT检查图像资料,分析其特点,以提高对该病局部复发或远处转移的认识,所有病例确诊肿瘤复发、转移的依据为再次手术或穿刺病理及临床随访证实。结果13例腺样囊腺癌中,其中位于右颌下腺3例,左颌下腺2例,而位于左上唇、左侧鼻腔、右侧鼻腔、右侧蝶窦及筛窦、右上颌窦、气管下段、口底、右侧硬颚各1例。经手术病理或随访证实,局部复发2例,未见局部复发11例,PET/CT诊断复发5例,未见局部复发8例,PET/CT对术区局部复发诊断敏感性为100％,特异性为78．6％;远处转移9例,PET诊断转移7例,转移性病变诊断敏感性为77.8％,特异性为100％,其中4例改变了临床分期。其中颈部淋巴结转移3例,双肺转移4例,肝脏及骨骼多发转移1例,双肺、骨骼转移1例,同时并双肺、肝脏、骨骼多发转移1例。肿瘤局部复发病例中,SUVmax最大值为15．3,SUVmax最小值为7．4;转移性病变中,其中SUVmax最大值为15．8,SUVmax最小值为0．8。结论腺样囊性癌是一种高度侵袭性恶性肿瘤,具有生长速度慢、手术治疗后易局部复发和长期随访易发生远处转移等特点。因此,18F-FDGPET/CT一次显影全身显像,不仅对腺样囊性癌术后局部有无复发有重要诊断价值,而且对远处转移也有很好的参考意义。