早期肠内营养联合益生菌在重型颅脑外伤病人中临床价值研究

目的:探讨早期肠内营养(EEN)联合益生菌在重型颅脑外伤病人中临床应用价值。方法:自2015年8月至2018年5月连续性纳入重型颅脑损伤病人72例,随机分为研究组及对照组,每组各36例。两组均给予EEN治疗,研究组额外添加益生菌。比较两组病人血清炎症因子、应激激素、肠道粘膜屏障指标以及EN并发症等差异。结果:两组一般临床资料未见统计学差异,具有可比性(P 0.05)。至EN应用第7天,研究组血清肿瘤坏死因子α(P=0.034)、C反应蛋白(P=0.001)及皮质醇(P=0.038)浓度显著低于对照组;自EN应用第3天起,研究组血清血管紧张素Ⅱ、二胺氧化酶及D乳酸浓度显著低于对照组(P 0.05)。此外,EN应用过程中,研究组胃潴留(P=0.023)及下消化道麻痹(P=0.016)发生率显著低于对照组。结论:早期EN联合益生菌可有效降低重型颅脑外伤病人血清炎症因子及应激激素水平,保护肠道粘膜屏障,降低EN并发症。     

添加合生元的早期肠内营养对重度颅脑损伤病人CRP和PCT的影响

目的:探讨添加合生元的早期肠内营养(EEN)对重型颅脑损伤病人血清C反应蛋白(CRP)和降钙素原(PCT)的影响,并观察病人预后和并发症情况。方法:选取重型颅脑损伤病人47例,按随机数字表分为对照组(EEN,n=23)和研究组(EEN+合生元制剂,n=24)。对照组病人于伤后24~48 h内采用EN制剂开始营养支持;研究组在对照组的基础上,添加了合生元制剂。病人于EN开始后第1、4、7、15天抽血检测CRP和PCT的变化。同时观察病人感染发生情况,比较入住ICU天数、平均住院费用、GCS评分、APACHEⅡ评分和30 d病死率等。结果:研究组病人营养治疗后第15天CRP显著低于对照组(P0.01);PCT于第7、15天时均显著低于对照组(P0.05);总体感染与肺部感染的发生率均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。研究组在营养第15天,GCS评分显著高于对照组(P0.05),入住ICU天数和住院费用均明显降低(P0.05)。但APACHEⅡ评分和30 d病死率均无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论:添加合生元的营养支持能更好地降低重型颅脑损伤病人的炎性反应,缩短入住ICU天数,降低住院费用,改善病人的预后。     

膳食纤维对弥漫性脑损伤大鼠肠黏膜屏障的保护作用

目的:研究膳食纤维对重型颅脑损伤大鼠受损肠屏障功能的保护作用。方法:将大鼠致重型颅脑损伤后,随机分为A组(给予等渗盐水)和B组(给予膳食纤维),分别于伤后6、12、24、48和72 h处死大鼠。距回盲部5 cm处向上取2 cm小肠组织,在光镜下观察其病理形态变化。取门静脉血检测血浆微量内毒素的变化,取腹主动脉血测血浆二胺氧化酶、D-乳酸的变化。结果:①致伤后大鼠各组肠黏膜组织结构受损,内毒素、二胺氧化酶、D-乳酸值明显升高,以伤后12～24 h最显著,至72 h仍未恢复;②B组大鼠早期添加膳食纤维,至伤后48 h对上述各观察指标有明确改善。结论:重型颅脑损伤大鼠早期应用EN添加膳食纤维对肠屏障有保护作用。     

营养支持对重型颅脑损伤病人营养指标和肺部感染的影响

目的:探讨肠内营养(EN)与肠外营养(PN)支持对重型颅脑损伤病人营养指标和肺部感染的影响。方法:将62例重型颅脑损伤病人分为PN组(n=30)和EN组(n=32)。比较两组病人在营养支持后第1和第2周的营养指标及肺部感染的发生率。结果:EN组病人的血清清蛋白和前清蛋白较PN组有明显改善,而PN组病人的谷丙转氨酶较EN组有明显升高。EN组病人肺部感染发生率明显低于PN组。结论:EN支持可改善重型颅脑损伤病人的营养指标,减少肺部感染的发生率,有利于病人康复。     

大黄和早期肠内营养对肠缺血-再灌注损伤大鼠肠屏障功能的影响

目的:观察大黄和早期肠内营养(EEN)对大鼠肠缺血-再灌注损伤(IRI)后肠黏膜屏障的影响.方法:将32只大鼠随机分为对照组、EN组、大黄组、大黄+EN组.在大鼠肠IRI模型上观察再灌注24h后肠黏膜形态学的变化、血清内毒素和细菌易位指标. 结果:肠IRI可导致肠黏膜发生严重损伤.肠IRI后24h,大黄组大鼠内毒素水平...     

术后早期肠内营养对食管癌病人预后的影响

目的:通过比较早期肠内营养(EEN)和常规肠内营养(EN)组间围手术期病人的营养状况、细胞免疫功能、术后并发症以及临床指标,探讨EEN对食管癌病人预后的影响. 方法:前瞻性分析98例食管癌术后病人,按照不同时间EN支持分为EEN组(n=48)和EN组(n=50).比较两组病人术前、术后第3和第7天的体重、体重指数、血红蛋白、血清总蛋白、清蛋白、转铁蛋白、总淋巴细胞计数以及外周T淋巴细胞亚群等指标,同时观察病人并发症的发生率和临床指标. 结果:EEN组病人术后第3、7天营养指标和细胞免疫指标大多高于EN组,且差异有显著性统计学意义(P＜0.05).EN组病人术后吻合口瘘、肺部感染、切口感染、腹泻发生率略高于EEN组.另外,EEN组病人心律失常发生率低于EN组,且术后肛门排气时间短于EN组(P＜0.05). 结论:围手术期合理、早期使用EN支持能有效地提高食管癌病人的营养状况和免疫功能,降低并发症的发生率,缩短术后住院时间.     

肠外肠内联合营养对老年重型颅脑外伤病人预后的影响

目的:探讨联合应用肠外、肠内营养对老年重型颅脑外伤病人预后的影响.方法:采用前瞻性对照的方法,对84例老年重型颅脑外伤病人早期营养支持的方法与作用进行研究.试验组早期开始给予肠外和肠内序贯营养;对照组按传统方法伤后6～7 d给予鼻饲流质.结果:试验组的氮平衡等营养指标均明显优于对照组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);第14和第28天的GCS计分高于对照组(P＜0.05);病死率、肺部感染率显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论:肠外与肠内联合营养支持治疗,有利于改善老年重型颅脑外伤病人的预后.     

早期肠内营养支持对机械通气患者的辅助治疗作用

目的 观察早期肠内营养（EEN）支持对ICU机械通气患者的辅助治疗作用.方法 机械通气时间大于1周的患者47例,随机分为EEN组（n=24）和对照组（n=23）.EEN组入住ICU后12 ～24 h给予肠内营养（EN）,对照组入住ICU后72h～5 d给予EN,利用双糖试验法（乳果糖/甘露醇,L/M）测定两组患者肠黏膜屏障功能,观察患者体质量指数、体温、L/M比值、血清白蛋白、前白蛋白、脱机时间等临床指标.结果 入住ICU第7天时EEN组L/M为0.036±0.004,而对照组为0.108±0.020,EEN组明显低于对照组（t=2.746,P＜0.01）.EEN组平均体温（38.25±1.20）℃,低于对照组（38.92±1.40）℃（t=2.683,P＜0.05）便秘腹泻不良反应发生率[16.7％（4/23）与27.3％ （6/22）]及2周脱机成功率[90％ （18/20）与80％ （16/20）]好于对照组（x2值分别为5.36、6.08,均P＜0.05）;营养状态血清白蛋白、前白蛋白水平也较对照组有增高趋势.结论 早期应用肠内营养支持对呼吸机辅助通气患者能改善肠黏膜屏障,提高脱机成功率.     

早期肠内营养支持对急性脑卒中伴吞咽困难病人预后的影响

目的:观察EEN支持对急性脑卒中伴吞咽困难病人预后的影响. 方法:将82例急性脑卒中伴吞咽困难病人随机分为治疗组和对照组,于入院后48 h内给予鼻饲,治疗组病人给予EN制剂,对照组病人给予自制匀浆膳食.观察两组病人4周后血浆ALB、Hb、感染并发症的发生率和NIHSS评分的变化. 结果:治疗4周后,治疗组病人Hb、ALB水平明显高于对照组;感染并发症发生率低于对照组;NIHSS评分明显优于对照组. 结论:EEN支持可改善急性脑卒中伴吞咽困难病人的营养状况,减少感染机会,改善预后.     

早期肠内营养预防重型颅脑损伤病人应激性溃疡的临床研究

目的:探讨早期肠内营养(EEN)对重型颅脑损伤病人应激性溃疡的预防价值. 方法:分析我院85例神经外科重症监护病房收住的重型颅脑损伤病人.将病人分为EEN组和抑酸药组.分析两组病人年龄、性别、GCS评分、水电解质紊乱、凝血功能障碍、高血糖、多发伤、肺部感染、死亡、颅内感染、应激性溃疡及预后等参数.分析抑酸药物的使用与肺部感染发生之间的相关性. 结果:EEN组与抑酸药组应激性溃疡的发生无统计学差异(P＞0.05);肺部感染发生率有显著性差异(P＜0.05).抑酸药物的使用与肺部感染存在显著的相关性(r =0.253,P=0.019).两组病人血清前清蛋白、转铁蛋白、上臂周径、预后等方面均有显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论:重型颅脑损伤病人EEN不仅可以预防应激性溃疡的发生,而且还可减少肺部感染的发生率,改善病人的营养状况和预后.     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.