远外侧入路的解剖学基础

目的 通过显微外科解剖学方法探讨寰枕区解剖结构的特点,为深入理解和施行远外侧入路手术提供解剖学基础.方法 观察6具(12侧)尸头寰枕区枕动脉走行与位置、椎动脉与枕后肌肉三角的关系,以及小脑后下动脉的起始位置;并于导航系统引导下测量寰枕关节磨除程度与手术视野显露的关系和后组脑神经在切口处的位置.结果 经远外侧入路手术时,倒"U"形切口显露清晰、手术视野优于直线切口.6具(12侧)尸头枕动脉均走行于头夹肌的下方和头最长肌的上方;在枕后肌肉三角内均有椎动脉走行并于硬膜外发出肌支和硬膜支;11侧小脑后下动脉起源于硬膜内椎动脉,1侧起源于硬膜外椎动脉.寰枕关节磨除至根部可清楚地显露硬膜内小脑后下动脉起始部及第Ⅸ(舌咽神经)、X(迷走神经)和Ⅺ对(副神经)脑神经,但距第Ⅻ对脑神经(舌下神经)的距离较远[(7.20±2.33)cm];磨除寰枕关节后1/3,至舌下神经和脑干腹侧的手术距离明显缩短[(6.50±2.31)cm];二者比较差异有统计学意义(t=4.743,P=0.008).结论 经远外侧入路施行延髓腹侧和腹外侧病变手术可清楚地显露下斜坡邻近区、延髓腹侧和小脑后下动脉起始部.手术中应注意保护枕后肌肉三角内的椎动脉或起源于椎动脉硬膜外段的小脑后下动脉.对于舌下神经外侧病变无需磨除寰枕关节,需要时以磨除后1/3为宜,进一步磨除寰枕关节只能减少手术视野的深度而不能扩大显露范围.     

颈静脉孔区显微解剖

目的研究颈静脉孔区显微解剖。方法对30个头颅标本,60侧颈静脉孔进行显微解剖和观察,并记录数据和留取图像资料。结果颈静脉孔可划分为三部分:前内侧的岩下窦和舌咽神经,中间的迷走神经和副神经,后外侧的乙状窦。岩下窦以三种形式回流颈静脉球:穿舌咽神经和迷走神经之间,穿迷走神经和副神经下方,形成短静脉与颈内静脉伴行,三种形式可同时存在,也可单独出现。椎动脉可位于舌下神经的腹侧,穿舌下神经之间或位于舌下神经背侧。小脑后下动脉可勾绕副神经根丝,穿副神经根丝或副神经.迷走神经之间,穿迷走神经根丝或勾绕舌咽神经的上方。结论颈静脉孔结构复杂,详尽的解剖研究可提高本区域手术成功率。     

神经内镜辅助远外侧锁孔入路显微解剖学研究

目的探讨神经内镜辅助远外侧部分经髁锁孔入路的可行性及内镜解剖学特点。方法采用成人福尔马林固定汉族成人尸体连颈头颅湿标本8例(16侧),在手术显微镜、神经内窥镜下模拟神经内镜辅助远外侧部分经髁锁孔手术入路进行解剖。结果使用神经内镜进行观察以及操作,扩大了手术视角,充分暴露延髓腹外侧、部分小脑后下动脉以及舌下神经全段,椎动脉和小脑后下动脉移行处、后组颅神经以及进入颈静脉孔处,面听神经。结论神经内镜辅助远外侧部分经髁锁孔入路是可行的,神经内窥镜的应用,可以减少有创操作。     

远外侧枕髁后锁孔手术入路设计与显微解剖学实验研究

目的将微创锁孔手术理念融入远外侧入路,探讨枕髁后锁孔手术的可行性。方法于8具尸头乳突后作纵向“S”型、约7 cm长头皮切口,上缘起自乳突中点向后2 cm处,下界至C2水平。分层翻转枕下肌群,显露枕骨远外侧,在枕髁后做一直径约3 cm的骨窗,牵开小脑半球,显微镜下观察所显露的解剖结构。结果通过调整头位及显微镜角度,经枕髁后锁孔入路可显露同侧椎动脉、小脑后下动脉、小脑前下动脉、面听神经、后组脑神经、舌下神经、延髓腹外侧等结构。结论枕髁后锁孔入路可很好地显露上述结构,应用现代显微外科技术,可在不磨除枕髁的情况下进行椎动脉瘤、小脑后下动脉瘤、较小体积的舌下神经鞘瘤、延髓腹外侧肿瘤等手术。     

枕下远外侧经髁入路的显微解剖学研究

目的通过在手术显微镜下对尸头的解剖研究,为枕下远外侧经髁入路提供应用解剖学基础。方法对15例成人汉族尸头湿标本进行解剖学研究,按肌肉群、硬膜外、硬膜内进行描述和测量。结果枕下三角由头直肌、上斜肌、下斜肌组成,内含椎动脉和C1神经,椎动脉被一层丰富的椎静脉丛包绕,呈“三明治”样结构;C2神经的腹侧支恒定地跨过椎动脉的第2部分后方;头外侧直肌由于连接颈静脉孔后缘的颈静脉突,是判断颈静脉孔和面神经的标志。当椎动脉穿过硬膜时,进入一个纤维通道,内含脊髓后动脉、齿状韧带、第1颈神经、副神经的脊髓根。结论枕下三角和C2神经的腹侧根是辨别椎动脉的重要标志;头外侧直肌是识别静脉孔的重要标记;枕髁的磨除有利于增大操作空间,磨除枕髁时应避免损伤舌下神经;后颅窝手术要注意小脑后下动脉的变异。     

小脑延髓池的显微外科解剖研究

目的研究小脑延髓池的显微外科解剖特征,探讨其临床意义.方法选择经10%福尔马林固定成人头颈标本15例,显微镜下(5～25倍)模拟枕下极外侧入路、颈-乳突入路和耳前颞下窝入路的手术操作,分别自后、侧和前方显露小脑延髓池内结构,详细观测其神经血管结构的形态特征.结果小脑延髓池位于延髓外侧,上至桥延沟,下达枕骨大孔,侧方沿枕骨形成蛛网膜袖套进入颈静脉孔和舌下神经管.舌咽神经、迷走神经和副神经的根丝自上而下起自橄榄体背侧、延髓和脊髓的后外侧沟,根丝逐级汇合后分别进入舌咽神经道和迷走神经道.椎动脉于小脑延髓池的下端入颅后经该池行向前上内进入延髓前池.小脑下后动脉(PICA)可分为延髓前段、延髓侧段、扁桃体延髓段、脉络膜扁桃体段和皮质段.主要的静脉有小脑延髓裂内静脉、延髓静脉、小脑岩面下组静脉和岩下桥静脉.结论小脑绒球和Luschka孔脉络丛复合体及颈静脉孔硬膜返折可作为辨认舌咽神经脑池段的解剖标志,深刻认识小脑延髓池的蛛网膜界限对手术处理累及小脑延髓池的不同性质病变,保护重要神经功能意义重大.     

椎动脉颅内段夹层动脉瘤的个体化治疗

目的 探讨椎动脉颅内段夹层动脉瘤的个体化治疗策略.方法 分别采用微弹簧圈闭塞动脉瘤和载瘤动脉、支架辅助微弹簧圈栓塞动脉瘤、单纯支架植入、手术直接夹闭动脉瘤,以及枕动脉-小脑后下动脉血管吻合术辅助微弹簧圈闭塞动脉瘤和载瘤动脉等方法 治疗18例椎动脉颅内段夹层动脉瘤患者.结果 18例患者中5例采用微弹簧圈闭塞动脉瘤和载瘤动脉,5例行支架辅助微弹簧圈栓塞动脉瘤(3例基本致密栓塞、2例非致密栓塞),4例行单纯支架植入术(术后3例动脉瘤血流动力学改善),3例经远外侧入路手术直接夹闭动脉瘤,1例行枕动脉.小脑后下动脉血管吻合术辅助微弹簧圈闭塞动脉瘤和载瘤动脉.其中2例术中动脉瘤破裂出血,1例死亡、1例中残;I例闭塞动脉瘤和载瘤动脉患者,术后出现短暂性吞咽困难和偏侧肢体麻木,其余患者术后平稳.17例获得1个月至3年随访,无一例动脉瘤复发或进展.结论 用于治疗椎动脉颅内段夹层动脉瘤的方法 有多种,选择治疗方案时需考虑动脉瘤是否破裂出血或引起脑梗死,以及动脉瘤形态(如局限性偏侧型)、是否位于优势侧、是否累及小脑后下动脉等因素,根据患者具体情况制定个体化治疗方案.     

颞底内侧区后部小脑上经小脑幕人路手术的显微解剖学研究

目的 观察颞底内侧区后部小脑上经小脑幕入路手术的显露范围、解剖结构及其位置关系,拟为临床应用提供解剖学依据.方法 5具(10侧)国人男性尸头标本,模拟颞底内侧区后部小脑上经小脑幕入路,于手术显微镜下观察经该入路手术的显露范围、解剖结构,以及颞底内侧区后部脑沟、脑回和动静脉之间的解剖关系.选择3例颞底内侧区后部肿瘤患者,施行小脑上经小脑幕入路手术,观察手术疗效及预后.结果 小脑上经小脑幕入路手术可直接到达颞底内侧区后部,显露海马旁同后部、舌状同前部、梭状回及大脑后动脉P3段及其颞下分支.5具(10侧)尸头标本均存在鼻状沟和侧副沟,但是二者不连续,鼻状沟于前部将海马旁回与梭状回分开,侧副沟于后部将二者分开,前距状沟将海马旁回与舌状回分开,扣带回峡、舌状回前部分别与海马旁回后部汇合,枕颞沟将梭状同与颞下回分开.颞底内侧区后部主要山大脑后动脉颞下分支供血,其中3具(4侧)自大脑后动脉P2段发出颞下总动脉,后者发出颞下前动脉和颞下后动脉供应颞底;2具(2侧)自大脑后动脉P2段发出颞下中动脉和颞下后动脉供应颞底;3具(4侧)自大脑后动脉发出海马动脉、颞下前动脉和颞下后动脉供应颞底.静脉均引流入基底静脉.3例星形细胞瘤患者施行小脑上经小脑幕入路颞底内侧区后部肿瘤切除术,完全切除肿瘤,疗效满意.结论 小脑上经小脑幕入路手术能够较好显露颞底内侧区后部解剖结构,熟练掌握该人路的解部学知识有助于处理颞底内侧区后部病变.     

椎动脉-小脑后下动脉复合体动脉瘤的临床特点和手术治疗

目的总结椎动脉-小脑后下动脉复合体(VA-PICAC)动脉瘤的临床特点,探讨其最佳手术入路.方法回顾性分析26例VA-PICAC动脉瘤病人的临床特点和手术疗效.首发症状为颅内出血者18例,脑神经障碍4例,头晕、头痛4例.动脉瘤位于椎动脉-小脑后下动脉(VA-PICA)13例,其中行枕下外侧入路10例,远外侧入路2例,远外侧经髁入路1例;小脑后下动脉(PICA)10例,其中行后正中开颅9例,枕下外侧入路1例;椎基底动脉结合部(VA-BA)动脉瘤3例,其中行枕下外侧入路2例,神经导航指导远外侧入路1例.结果术后出现并发症9例,其中意识障碍致死亡3例,其他并发症包括短期呼吸间歇或暂停、癫癎、舌咽与迷走神经功能障碍、脑积水等.复查全脑血管DSA 14例,仅1例动脉瘤有残余.出院时疗效优18例,良3例,一般2例.随访17例,疗效优14例,良3例.结论根据VA-PICAC动脉瘤部位选择相应的手术入路,有助于减少并发症.     

关于椎基底动脉走行变异或者发育异常的临床研究

<正>近些年关于椎基底动脉结构病变,如椎动脉发育不良或者一侧椎动脉优势以及关于基底动脉扩张迂曲的研究越来越多,本文将对于后循环主要动脉的变异及其意义进行阐述。1正常的椎基底动脉及其走形椎动脉起源于锁骨下动脉,左侧的锁骨下动脉直接起源于主动脉弓,右侧的锁骨下动脉起源于头臂干,左右两侧的椎动脉分别起源于左右两侧的锁骨下动脉,椎动脉在分支出下脑后下动脉后不久汇合成基底动脉,这些动脉供应着小脑     

Microsurgical anatomy of the intracranial part of the vertebral artery

Abstract

We studied the intracranial portion of the vertebral artery and its branches in 11 cadaveric specimens. We evaluated the course of vessels and their dimensions (external diameter and length), as well as relationships between each of them. The vertebral artery was larger on the ? left side in two cases, on the right in five cases, and equal on both sides in four cases. The right and left vertebral arteries joined each other forming the basilar artery at the level of the pontomedullary junction in four cases, 2 mm below it in one case, and 1 to 7 mm above it in six cases. We divided all branches of the intracranial vertebral artery into two groups: the medial branches and the lateral branches. Two major types of medial branches were observed: the anterior spinal artery and the branches of the foramen caecum. The origin of the anterior spinal artery was located 6.5 mm (5-11 mm) proximal to vertebrobasilar junction on the right and 8.5 mm (6-17 mm) on the left. The anterior spinal artery was absent on the right in two cases and on the left in one. Branches arising from the vertebral artery to the foremen caecum were found in four brains. Lateral branches originated from the posterolateral or lateral aspect of vertebral artery. The posterior inferior cerebellar artery, the largest branch of the vertebral artery, was included in this group. Other branches were mostly located between the origin of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery and the vertebrobasilar junction. Forty-six lateral branches originating from the vertebral artery were found in 11 brains (26 on the right and 20 on the left). Lateral branches widely anastomosed with perforators from the basilar arteryposterior inferior cerebral artery; and the anterior inferior cerebellar artery. [Neurol Res 1994; 16:171–180]     

Microanatomical study of the nutrient artery of the glossopharyngeal nerve root

BACKGROUND:Because the artery leading to the glossopharyngeal nerve is small and complex,insufficient blood supply can occur due to atherosclerosis,occlusion,or injury.This sometimes results in corresponding newe degeneration,demyelination,and/or arachnoid adhesion.OBJECTIVE:To observe the nutrient artery origin of the glossopharyngeal nerve root in the medulla oblongata region,as well as the relationship between the artery and glossopharyngeal nerve root,to verify dependence of primary glossopharyngeal neuralgia,which is related to contact and compression of the nutrient artery of the glossopharyngeal nerve root.DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING:Repetitive measurement.The experiment was performed at Harbin Medical University and Daqing Oilfields General Hospital between November 2006 and April 2007.MATERIALS:Ten cadaver heads(seven male and three female)were supplied bv the Department of Anatomy,Harbin Medical University.A total of 15 patients(nine male and six female),aged 38-56,that suffered from glossopharyngeal neuralgia were treated at Daqing Oilfields General Hospital and were between 38-56 years old.All cadaver heads were strictly handled according to the Guideline for Medical Ethics Committee.The patients agreed to the criteria set for the study objects.METHODS:(1)The bilateral veins of the nutrient artery were dissected under a surgery microscope.A sliding caliper was used to measure the length of the glossopharyngeal nerve from the oblongata to the iugular foramen.The origin of the nutrient artery was noted.as well as the courser and diameter to explore the relationship between the glossopharyngeal nerve root and the vertebral artery.posterior inferior cerebellar artery,anterior inferior cerebellar artery,as well as the branching veins.(2)A total of 15 patients received glossopharyngeal neuralgia surgery.Contact or oppression of the glossopharyngeal nerve with the posterior inferior cerebellar artery,the anterior inferior cerebellar artery,vertebral artery,and its branches,were evaluated.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:The relationship and compression of the glossopharyngeal nerve with the posterior inferior cerebellar artery,anterior inferior cerebellar artery,vertebral armry,and its branches in cadaver sections and the living human body.RESULTS:(1)Cadaver dissection:the nutrient arteries of the glossopharyngeal nerve root originated from three or two branches of the posterior iriferior cerebellar artery,anterior inferior cerebellar artery,and dorsolateral medullary artery.During the procedure.four sides of the glossopharyngeal nerve root received contact or compression from the posterior inferior cerebellar artery trunk or thick loop branch.The four sides represented 20% of the area,and the two sides that received glossopharyngeal nerve root contact or compression from the anterior inferior cerebellar artery represented up to 10%.(2)Human living body:during surgery,obvious contact or compression of the glossopharyngeal nerve with three or more branches of the nutrient arteries accounted for 53.3% of the area.CONCLUSION:The cause of a number of primary glossopharyngeal neuralgia is related to contact and pressure of the nutrient artery of the glossopharyngeal nerve root.     

Microanatomical study of the nutrient artery of the glossopharyngeal nerve root**☆

BACKGROUND： Because the artery leading to the glossopharyngeal nerve is small and complex, insufficient blood supply can occur due to atherosclerosis, occlusion, or injury. This sometimes results in corresponding nerve degeneration, demyelination, and/or arachnoid adhesion.
OBJECTIVE： To observe the nutrient artery origin of the glossopharyngeal nerve root in the medulla oblongata region, as well as the relationship between the artery and glossopharyngeal nerve root, to verify dependence of primary glossopharyngeal neuralgia, which is related to contact and compression of the nutrient artery of the glossopharyngeal nerve root.
DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： Repetitive measurement. The experiment was performed at Harbin Medical University and Daqing Oilfields General Hospital between November 2006 and April 2007.
MATERIALS： Ten cadaver heads （seven male and three female） were supplied by the Department of Anatomy, Harbin Medical University. A total of 15 patients （nine male and six female）, aged 38-56, that suffered from glossopharyngeal neuralgia were treated at Daqing Oilfields General Hospital and were between 38-56 years old. All cadaver heads were strictly handled according to the Guideline for Medical Ethics Committee. The patients agreed to the criteria set for the study objects.
METHODS： （1）The bilateral veins of the nutrient artery were dissected under a surgery microscope. A sliding caliper was used to measure the length of the glossopharyngeal nerve from the oblongata to the jugular foramen. The origin of the nutrient artery was noted, as well as the courser and diameter to explore the relationship between the glossopharyngeal nerve root and the vertebral artery, posterior inferior cerebellar artery, anterior inferior cerebellar artery, as well as the branching veins. （2） A total of 15 patients received glossopharyngeal neuralgia surgery. Contact or oppression of the glossopharyngeal nerve with the posterior inferior cerebellar artery, the anterior inferior cerebellar artery     

面神经血管束显微外科解剖与临床研究

目的探讨面神经自脑干发出处至颞骨内侧段及其毗邻结构的显微解剖,为枕下乙状窦后入路面神经微血管减压术（MVD）及桥脑小脑角（CPA）区手术提供显微解剖相关资料。方法对用福尔马林固定的成人尸头标本10例20侧（男性6例,女性4例）,模拟枕下乙状窦后锁孔入路手术方法,显微技术解剖CPA区域面神经及其毗邻神经血管等结构,进行观察和测量;对128例面神经MVD手术资料进行观察、整理和分析。研究面神经血管束的组成与变异,并将解剖标本与手术所见进行对比分析。结果尸头解剖：面神经根与毗邻血管压迫或接触9侧（9／20）,其中：小脑前下动脉（AICA）5侧,小脑后下动脉（PICA）2侧,椎动脉（VA）1侧,多支血管1侧;手术资料：半侧面肌痉挛（HFS）的责任血管绝大多数位于桥脑延髓沟,其中AICA79例（61．72％）;PICA21例（16．4l％）;椎-基底动脉6例（4．69％）;多支血管22例（17．18％）。结论面神经血管束,特别是其桥脑延髓沟段的显微外科解剖和术中充分暴露是面神经MVD手术成功的关键。     

后循环动脉瘤显微外科手术治疗

目的 探讨后循环动脉瘤手术适应证和治疗效果.方法 纳入42例共44个后循环动脉瘤,包括基底动脉动脉瘤26例(27个)、椎动脉动脉瘤16例(17个).其中15例分别行颈外动脉-大脑后动脉P2段(4例)、颈内动脉-大脑后动脉P2段(2例)、颌内动脉-大脑后动脉P2段(2例)、椎动脉颅内外段(2例)、枕动脉.小脑后下小动脉(5例)搭桥联合动脉瘤孤立术;余27例行单纯动脉瘤夹闭术.结果 经随访共37例(基底动脉顶端动脉瘤14例、基底动脉主干动脉瘤3例、椎动脉动脉瘤9例、小脑后下动脉动脉瘤5例、大脑后动脉P1～P2段交界处动脉瘤4例、小脑上动脉动脉瘤l例和小脑前下动脉动脉瘤1例)患者恢复正常生活活动能力,无一例发生手术相关性神经功能障碍,恢复良好率达88.09%.其余5例患者,1例(基底动脉顶端动脉瘤)术后出现严重神经功能缺损症状与体征,生活不能自理;2例(1例基底动脉顶端动脉瘤、1例基底动脉主干动脉瘤)因术后发生脑干缺血,围手术期死亡;2例(椎动脉动脉瘤)复发患者经再次治疗康复.结论 对于不宜直接行手术夹闭的后循环动脉瘤,为了避免因夹闭动脉瘤和延长临时阻断载瘤动脉时间而发生术后脑缺血事件.可选择颅内外血管搭桥联合动脉瘤孤立术,以避免动脉瘤夹闭术带来的危险.     

Combination of infarctions in the posterior inferior cerebellar artery and anterior spinal artery territories

After an episode of vasodilator-induced systemic hypotension, a 75-year-old man developed ocular lateropulsion to the right, left-side-dominant quadriparesis, loss of superficial sensation below C4 dermatome level, and anuresis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed infarcts in the right cerebellar hemisphere (posterior inferior cerebellar artery territory) and the upper cervical cord (anterior spinal artery territory); the combination of posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) and anterior spinal artery (ASA) infarcts has not been reported previously. Angiography revealed severe stenosis in the bilateral vertebral arteries. Hemodynamic hypoperfusion of the stenotic vertebral arteries may cause this unusual combination.     

The posterior inferior cerebellar artery arising from the internal carotid artery directly: a variant of the persistent primitive hypoglossal artery]

We reported a rare case of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery arising from the internal carotid artery directly. A 33-year-old male was admitted to our hospital with the complaint of throbbing type headache. CT showed no abnormal findings. A saccular aneurysm at the bifurcation of the left middle cerebral artery was revealed by MR angiography and the left internal carotid angiography. The right internal carotid angiography demonstrated an anomalous branch originating at the level of the C1/2 in the cervical portion of the internal carotid artery. This branch terminated as the posterior inferior cerebellar artery without an interposed segment of the vertebro-basilar artery. The ipsilateral vertebral artery was aplasia. T2-weighted MR image showed a flow-void penetrating the right hypoglossal canal. This vessel was confirmed an artery passing through the hypoglossal canal with the source images of the three-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography. We diagnosed it as a kind of variant of the persistent primitive hypoglossal artery. The persistent primitive hypoglossal artery is composed of the proximal segment derived from the primitive hypoglossal artery, and the distal segment consisting of portions of the lateral anastomotic channels (primitive lateral basillo-vertebral anastomosis) which give rise to the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. We speculated that this variant resulted from the persistence of the proximal segment, which communicated with the stem of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery via the distal segment, and next, the disconnection of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery origin with the vertebral artery due to the aplasia of right vertebral artery and the involution of the distal segment connected to the basilar artery.     

小脑梗死的分型与后循环血管病变

目的 研究有无大血管病变患者小脑梗死灶的特征,探讨小脑梗死分型与后循环血管病变的关系。 方法 收集我科自2006年1月～2008年3月期间住院的小脑梗死患者共35例,所有患者均同时具备颅脑磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging,MRI）和血管造影检查,包括计算机断层摄影血管造影（computed tomographic angiography,CTA）、磁共振血管造影（magnetic resonance angiography,MRA）和数字减影血管造影（digital subtraction angiography,DSA）检查。根据血管造影检查的结果将入组患者分为两组：大血管病变组20例,小血管病变组15例,分析两组小脑梗死的分型和后循环血管病变（包括狭窄或闭塞）的关系。 结果 ⑴大血管病变组20例中,颅内血管（椎动脉颅内段或基底动脉）病变最多见（10例,50%）,梗死类型多为分水岭梗死（7例,70%）;其次为颅外血管合并颅内血管（椎动脉颅外段合并颅内段或基底动脉）病变（8例,40%）,梗死灶多为小脑后下动脉（PICA）供血区的区域性梗死（7例,87.5%）;单独颅外血管（椎动脉颅外段）病变最少见（2例,10%）,梗死分布无明显倾向性。⑵小血管病变组15例中,梗死灶亦多位于分水岭区（9例,60%）。 结论 由于小脑血液供应特点,小脑梗死中分水岭梗死和腔隙性梗死较区域性梗死更为常见。小梗死灶（直径≤2cm）可能存在后循环大血管的狭窄或闭塞,应予积极的治疗和干预,以防病情加重。     

Anatomical basis for the lateral approach to the fourth ventricle

Abstract

This study focused on the posterior inferior cerebellar artery bifurcation and branching patterns in the fissures around the fourth ventricle. The vertebral arteries in 25 unfixed human cerebellum were cannulated and injected with polyester colored resin. The suboccipital surface of the cerebellum was exposed and the cisterna magna main landmarks localized. The average distance was 12.6 mm between the tonsillovermlan notches and 21.8 mm between the inferior tips of the tonsils. The mean vertical distance between these horizontal planes was 14.5 mm. The posterior inferior cerebellar artery was found in the cerebellomedullary fissure in 42 of 50 cerebellar hemispheres, in seven cases the artery was absent and in one it was hypoplastic. The mean outer diameter was 1.8 mm and the average length was 27.9 mm. The posterior inferior cerebellar artery presented four bifurcation point patterns: superomedial, superolateral, inferomedial, and inferolateral. These patterns were characterized into subtypes based on the courses of the vermian and tonsillohemispheric branches. The perforating and choroidal branches originating in these segments were also studied. The mean number of perforating branches per hemisphere was 5.1. The range of the length was 2-10 mm and the range of the outer diameter was 0.1-0.3 mm. An average of 4.6 choroidal arteries originated from the tonsillomedullary and telovelotonsillar segments, a mean of 4 arose from both vermian and tonsillohemispheric branches. This information will facilitate surgical planning in approaching the fourth ventricle as well as the interpretation of cerebellar infarcts in the posterior inferior cerebellar artery area. [Neurol Res 1999; 21: 444–456]     

小脑动脉的临床解剖探讨

目的：为神经外科临床提供解剖学资料。方法：手术显微镜下观察５０例成人脑标本小脑动脉的起始、行径、主要分支、穿动脉及大致分布，检查各小脑动脉与出入脑干的颅神经的接触关系。结果：５０例人脑有小脑下后动脉（ＰＩＣＡ）９４支，小脑下前动脉（ＡＩＣＡ）９７支和小脑上动脉（ＳＣＡ）１１２支。２侧ＰＩＣＡ和１２侧ＳＣＡ接触三叉神经根，２侧ＡＩＣＡ接触面神经根，动脉与神经根接触多形成压迹。结论：小脑动脉的局部解剖有助于神经外科医生在颅后窝手术时，对这些动脉尤其是行程可能有变异的动脉及穿支要特别谨慎，避免损伤，并保护与小脑动脉关系密切的脑神经根；对某些脑干血管综合征患者及某些三叉神经痛、面肌痉挛患者采取相应的治疗。