进展期直肠癌新辅助放疗与化放疗联合TME随机对照试验的Meta分析

目的评价新辅助放疗组与新辅助化放疗组联合全直肠系膜切除术(TME)治疗局部进展期直肠癌的安全性与疗效。 方法检索2002年至2017年PubMed、OVID、Cochrane图书馆、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)、中国知网全文数据库(CNKI)、万方数据库关于新辅助治疗联合TME手术治疗局部进展期直肠癌的文献,对符合纳入标准的文献进行质量评价,采用Revman5.0软件检验异质性,进行meta分析。 结果共4个随机对照试验共2 272例直肠癌患者纳入研究,新辅助放疗组1 133例患者,新辅助化放疗组1 139例患者。与新辅助化放疗组相比,单纯新辅助放疗组的完全病理缓解率更低(OR＝0.32, 95%CI: 0.22～0.44, P<0.05),5年局部复发率更高(OR＝2.13, 95%CI: 1.62～2.79, P<0.05),严重不良反应更少(OR＝0.38, 95%CI: 0.17～0.82, P＝0.01),差异有统计学意义。但保肛率、术后并发症发病率、5年无病生存率和总生存率差异无统计学意义。 结论新辅助化放疗总体上优于单纯新辅助放疗治疗进展期直肠癌,但临床应用中仍需要根据患者的耐受情况选择合适的新辅助治疗方案。     

Transanal endoscopic microsurgery for T1 and T2 rectal cancers: a meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis of outcomes

The objective of this study is to assess transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) as a surgical strategy for stage I rectal cancer. The literature lacks level I and level II evidence of the oncologic competence of TEM. Three randomized controlled, one prospective, and seven retrospective comparative studies were evaluated. End-points included perioperative outcomes, margin involvement, disease-free and overall survival, and recurrence. The number of patients with major (odds ratio (OR) = 0.24, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.07-0.91) and overall postoperative complications (OR = 0.16, 95% CI 0.06-0.38) were significantly lower in TEM. The disease-free survival was higher in standard resection (SR) group compared with TEM (OR = 0.46, 95% CI 0.24-0.88). The number of patients with positive margins were less in the SR group (OR = 6.49, 95% CI 1.49-24.91), which was associated with lower local recurrence (OR = 4.92, 95% CI 1.81-13.41) and overall recurrence rate (OR = 2.03, 95% CI 1.15-3.57). No survival advantage was observed in favor of either procedure. TEM had lower rate of positive margins and longer disease-free survival when compared with transanal excision (TAE). TEM seems to be superior to SR concerning morbidity whilst less effective in obtaining negative surgical margins, and it is associated with higher local and overall recurrence. No survival advantage was observed in favor of either procedure. Unfavorable tumor preoperative histology does not seem to influence the selection between TEM and SR. TEM is more effective than TAE in obtaining negative surgical margins and shows a greater disease-free survival.     

Comparative outcome between chemoradiotherapy and lateral pelvic lymph node dissection following total mesorectal excision in rectal cancer

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate comparative outcome between adjuvant postoperative chemoradiotherapy (postoperative CRT) and lateral pelvic lymph node dissection (LPLD) following total mesorectal excision (TME) in rectal cancer patients. BACKGROUND: Although TME results in lower rate of locoregional recurrence compared with conventional surgery, these 2 treatment modalities following TME have not adequately been appraised until the present trend of preoperative chemoradiotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1995 and 2000, patients with stage II and III rectal cancer underwent TME plus postoperative CRT (n = 309) or LPLD (n = 176). Patients in the postoperative CRT group received 8 cycles of 5-fluorouracil plus leucovorin and 45 Gy pelvic radiotherapy. Patients in the LPLD group underwent lateral lymph node dissection outside the pelvic plexus. RESULTS: The 5-year overall and disease-free survival rates were 78.3% and 67.3% in the postoperative CRT group, respectively, and 73.9% and 68.6% in the LPLD group, respectively, without significant differences between these groups. Patients in the LPLD group with stage III lower rectal cancer had a locoregional recurrence rate 2.2-fold greater than those in the postoperative CRT group (16.7% vs. 7.5%, P = 0.044). Multivariate analysis showed that APR and advanced T-category (T4) were significantly associated with locoregional recurrence, whereas lymph node metastases, high preoperative serum carcinoembryonic antigen, and APR were significantly associated with shortening of disease-free survival. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative-CRT and LPLD following TME resulted in comparable survival rates, but the locoregional recurrence rate was higher in the LPLD group. These findings suggest that initial surgery is appropriate for rectal cancer patients who are candidates for low anterior resection without extensive local disease (T1-T3), regardless of lymph node status.     

Complete Pathologic Response after Combined Modality Treatment for Rectal Cancer and Long-Term Survival: A Meta-Analysis

Background

Complete pathologic response (CPR) after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (combined modality treatment, CMT) for rectal cancer seems associated with improved survival compared to partial or no response (NPR). However, previous reports have been limited by small sample size and single-institution design.

Methods

A systematic literature review was conducted to detect studies comparing long-term results of patients with CPR and NPR after CMT for rectal cancer. Variables were pooled only if evaluated by 3 or more studies. Study end points included rates of CPR, local recurrence (LR), distant recurrence (DR), 5-year overall survival (OS), and disease-free survival (DFS).

Results

Twelve studies (1,913 patients) with rectal cancer treated with CMT were included. CPR was observed in 300 patients (15.6%). CPR and NPR patient groups were similar with respect to age, sex, tumor size, distance of tumor from the anus, and stage of disease before treatment. Median follow-up ranged from 23 to 46?months. CPR patients had lower rates of LR [0.7% vs. 2.6%; odds ratio (OR) 0.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.22?C0.90, P?=?0.03], DR (5.3% vs. 24.1%; OR 0.15, 95% CI 0.07?C0.31, P?=?0.0001), and simultaneous LR?+?DR (0.7% vs. 4.8%; OR 0.32, 95% CI 0.13?C0.79, P?=?0.01). OS was 92.9% for CPR versus 73.4% for NPR (OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.84?C7.22, P?=?0.002), and DFS was 86.9% versus 63.9% (OR 3.53, 95% CI 1.62?C7.72, P?=?0.002).

Conclusions

CPR after CMT for rectal cancer is associated with improved local and distal control as well as better OS and DFS.     

全直肠系膜切除术对比传统手术治疗直肠癌的荟萃分析

目的研究比较全直肠系膜切除术(TME)和传统手术(CRS)治疗直肠癌的疗效。方法以直肠癌、TME为检索词。检索MEDLINE数据库1986年1月至2006年5月间发表的有关TME对比传统手术治疗直肠癌的文献。按筛选标准。共有17篇文献入选。由2名作者各自独立地对人选文献中有关试验设计、研究对象的特征、研究结果等内容进行摘录,并用RevMan 4.2软件进行统计分析。结果全体研究样本量共计5267例直肠癌。定性分析全体研究结果显示:TME组术后局部复发率均显著低于CRS组。全体研究、前瞻性研究(前瞻性非随机研究和前瞻性多中心非随机研究)及回顾性研究的定量分析结果均显示:TME组治疗直肠癌术后局部复发率比CRS组显著降低,而术后生存率则显著提高。局部复发率合并优势比(OR)分别为0.35(95%CI 0.29-0.43,P<0.00001)、0.41(95%CI 0.32～0.53,P<0.00001)及0.29(95%CI 0.22～0.39,P<0.00001);术后生存率合并OR分别为1.81(95%CI 1.55～2.11,P<0.00001)、1.79(95%CI 1.49～2.15,P<0.00001)及1.84(95%CI 1.39～2.45,P<0.00001)。全体研究、前瞻性研究分析结果均显示:TME组对比CRS组可显著降低患者术后死亡率,合并OR分别为0.51(95%CI 0.32～0.83,P= 0.007)及0.56(95%CI 0.33～0.97,P=0.04);而回顾性研究的定量分析则显示:在术后死亡率方面TME组与CRS组差异无统计学意义,合并OR为0.39(95%CI 0.14～1.10,P=0.07)。全体研究、前瞻性研究分析均显示:TME手术是导致吻合口瘘发生的高危因素.但与CRS组比较差异无统计学意义,合并OR分别为1.24(95%CI 0.84～1.83,P=0.29)、1.98(95%CI 0.85～4.61,P=0.11)。结论TME是目前治疗直肠癌的标准术式,它比传统直肠癌根治术明显降低术后局部复发率、提高生存率。     

腹腔镜与开腹中低位直肠癌全直肠系膜切除保肛手术长期结果的meta分析

目的:通过meta分析比较腹腔镜与传统开腹全直肠系膜切除(total mesorectal excision,TME)保肛手术治疗中低位直肠癌长期结果的差异。方法:检索Pub Med、MEDLINE、Cochrane Library、中国生物医学文献服务系统(CBM)、万方数据库、中国知网数据库、维普等电子数据库。收集比较腹腔镜与开腹中低位直肠癌TME保肛手术的随机对照试验(randomized controlled trial,RCT)、非随机对照试验(non-randomized controlled trial,non-RCT)。统计分析使用Revman 5.2软件。结果:共将6篇文献纳入meta分析,1篇RCT,5篇non-RCT,共882例患者,其中腹腔镜组477例,开腹组405例。两组切缘阳性比值比(odds ratio,OR)=1.67,95%可信区间(confidence interval,CI)=(0.91,3.05)(P=0.10);吻合口瘘OR=1.03,95%CI=(0.57,1.87)(P=0.91);局部复发OR=0.71,95%CI=(0.16,3.15)(P=0.65);总生存率风险比(hazard ratio,HR)=0.98,95%CI=(0.90,1.07)(P=0.67);无病生存率HR=1.02,95%CI=(0.82,1.28)(P=0.85)。两组差异均无统计学意义。结论:腹腔镜中低位直肠癌TME保肛手术具有与传统开腹手术相似的长期结果。但目前仍需设计RCT评估患者术后长期肿瘤学结果及术后生活质量。     

Are we undertreating rectal cancer in the elderly? An epidemiologic study

OBJECTIVE: To better understand the reasons for decreased survival rates in elderly patients with rectal cancer by performing an epidemiologic evaluation of age-related differences in treatment and survival. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The incidence of rectal cancer increases with older age, and localized disease can be curatively treated with stage-appropriate radical surgery. However, older patients have been noted to experience decreased survival. METHODS: Patients with localized rectal adenocarcinoma were identified in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (1991-2002). Cancer-specific survival by age, sex, surgery type, tumor grade, lymph node status, and use of radiation therapy was evaluated using univariate and multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS: We identified 21,390 patients who met the selection criteria. The median age was 68 years. Each half-decade increase in age > or =70 years was associated with a 37% increase in the relative risk (RR) for cancer-related mortality (RR = 1.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.33-1.42); decreased receipt of cancer-directed surgery (odds ratio [OR] = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.36-0.63); more local excision and less radical surgery (OR = 0.76; 95% CI, 0.72-0.81); less radiotherapy (OR = 0.64; 95% CI, 0.61-0.67); and greater likelihood of N0 pathologic stage classification (OR = 1.10; 95% CI, 1.05-1.15) (P < 0.0001 for each factor). The effect of age on cancer-specific mortality persisted in multivariate analysis with each half-decade increase in age > or =70 years resulting in a 31% increase in cancer-specific mortality (RR = 1.31; 95% CI, 1.25-1.36; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: In elderly patients, rectal cancer is characterized by decreased cancer-related survival rates that are associated with less aggressive treatment overall and decreased disease stages at presentation. Investigation into the reasons for these treatment differences may help to define interventions to improve cancer outcomes.     

直肠癌系膜切缘和盆腔侧方转移规律的研究及生存分析

目的研究直肠癌系膜切缘和盆腔侧方转移的规律，为合理施行外科手术提供病理学依据。方法运用大组织切片技术，研究62例手术标本，并分析随访资料。结果有8例（12．9％）标本判定为环周切缘肿瘤浸润（CMI），其术后无病生存率低于切缘无肿瘤者（P=0．003）。12例（19．4％）标本存在盆腔侧方区域肿瘤转移，其中有8例（66．7％）为单一区域受累，4例（33．3％）为多重区域受累；术后无病生存率低于直肠系膜转移及无转移者（P=0．026）。本组盆腔侧方区域肿瘤转移中以直肠中动脉根部受累率最高（6／12，50．0％），其次为髂内动脉部（4／12，33．3％）和闭孔动脉区（3／12，25．0％）。结论直肠系膜CMI和盆腔侧方癌转移对直肠癌患者的术后生存时间有影响，应合理制定手术清扫范围，选用术后辅助治疗。     

腹腔镜与开腹全直肠系膜切除术后吻合口漏发生率的meta分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜与开腹全直肠系膜切除术后吻合口漏发生率是否存在差异.方法 计算机检索Pubmed、Springer、Conchrane图书馆、万方全文数据库、中国知网全文数据库,筛选比较腹腔镜与开放全直肠系膜切除术后吻合口漏发生率的随机对照研究(RCT)和临床对照研究(CCT).从文献提取数据,采用RevMan5.1.7软件进行统计学分析.结果 共纳入6篇RCT 967例和23篇CCT 3106例直肠癌.腹腔镜与开放全直肠系膜切除术后吻合口漏发生率无统计学差异(RCT:RR=0.72,95％ CI:0.37 ～ 1.37;CCT:OR=0.81,95％ CI:0.61～1.08).结论 腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除术不会增加术后吻合口漏的风险.     

Long-term oncologic outcome following preoperative combined modality therapy and total mesorectal excision of locally advanced rectal cancer

OBJECTIVE: Our aims were to (1) determine the long-term oncologic outcome for patients with rectal cancer treated with preoperative combined modality therapy (CMT) followed by total mesorectal excision (TME), (2) identify factors predictive of oncologic outcome, and (3) determine the oncologic significance of the extent of pathologic tumor response. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Locally advanced (T3-4 and/or N1) rectal adenocarcinoma is commonly treated with preoperative CMT and TME. However, the long-term oncologic results of this approach and factors predictive of a durable outcome remain largely unknown. METHODS: Two hundred ninety-seven consecutive patients with locally advanced rectal adenocarcinoma at a median distance of 6 cm from the anal verge (range 0-15 cm) were treated with preoperative CMT (radiation: 5040 centi-Gray (cGy) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based chemotherapy) followed by TME from 1988 to 2002. A prospectively collected database was queried for long-term oncologic outcome and predictive clinicopathologic factors. RESULTS: With a median follow-up of 44 months, the estimated 10-year overall survival (OS) was 58% and 10 year recurrence-free survival (RFS) was 62%. On multivariate analysis, pathologic response >95%, lymphovascular invasion and/or perineural invasion (PNI), and positive lymph nodes were significantly associated with OS and RFS. Patients with a >95% pathologic response had a significantly improved OS (P = 0.003) and RFS (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer with preoperative CMT followed by TME can provide for a durable 10-year OS of 58% and RFS of 62%. Patients who achieve a >95% response to preoperative CMT have an improved long-term oncologic outcome, a novel finding that deserves further study.     

Pelvic drainage and other risk factors for leakage after elective anterior resection in rectal cancer patients: a prospective study of 978 patients

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate prophylactic pelvic drainage and other factors that might be associated with anastomotic leakage after elective anterior resection of primary rectal cancer. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Anastomotic leak after anterior resection for primary rectal cancer leads to significant postoperative morbidity and mortality. The role of pelvic drainage in the prevention of anastomotic leakage is controversial. METHODS: We investigated 978 consecutive patients undergoing elective anterior resection for primary rectal cancer between February 1995 and December 1998 in a single institution. Use of a drain and type of drainage were at the surgeon's preference. Data were prospectively collected during hospitalization. Twenty-five independent tumor-, patient-, and treatment-related variables were analyzed. The dependent variable was clinical anastomotic leakage. A binary logistic regression analysis was used to assess the independent association of variables with the dependent variable. RESULTS: The clinical anastomotic leakage rate was 2.8%. Independent risk factors for anastomotic leakage were use of an irrigation-suction drain (odds ratio [OR], 9.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16-71.76), blood transfusion, poor colon preparation (OR, 2.58; 95% CI, 1.10-5.88), and anastomotic level 5 cm or less from the anal verge (OR, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.03-5.46). CONCLUSIONS: Routine use of pelvic drainage is not justified and should be discouraged. In cases in which pelvic drainage is required such as in difficult operations or to prevent pelvic hematoma, pelvic drainage other than irrigation-suction should be considered.     

Risk Factors and Clinical Outcome for Anastomotic Leakage After Total Mesorectal Excision for Rectal Cancer

BACKGROUND: Anastomosis leakage is a major complication of rectal surgery. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for anastomotic leakage after low anterior resection (LAR) in rectal cancer patients and study its impact on long-term prognosis and disease-free survival and overall survival in rectal cancer patients. METHODS: Consecutive patients who underwent rectal resection with primary anastomosis below the pelvic peritoneal reflexion for rectal cancer between October 1996 to February 2006 were included. RESULTS: Anastomosis leakage after LAR occurred in 51 patients (4.0%). The median time to leakage was 4 days (range = 2-30 days). In univariate analysis, gender, level of anastomosis less than 4 cm, preoperative concomitant chemoradiation (CCRT), and length of operation greater than 120 min were significantly associated with anastomosis leakage. In a multivariate analysis, gender (p = 0.041; relative risk = 2.007; 95% CI = 1.030-3.912) and preoperative CCRT (p = 0.003; relative risk = 2.861; 95% CI = 1.417-5.778) were identified as independent prognostic factors. The overall survival of the nonleakage group and the leakage group was 80.2% and 64.9%, respectively (p = 0.170). The 5-year disease-free survival rates were not significantly different between the nonleakage and leakage groups (78.1% vs. 65.9%, p = 0.166). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of anastomotic leakage after low anterior resection is relatively low. Male gender and preoperative CCRT were associated with increased risk for anastomotic leakage after rectal cancer surgery. No effect of anastomosis leakage on local recurrence was found in this series.     

Can we predict immediate outcome after laparoscopic rectal surgery? Multivariate analysis of clinical, anatomic, and pathologic features after 3-dimensional reconstruction of the pelvic anatomy

OBJECTIVES: The laparoscopic approach for colon resection is widely accepted but its definitive role in rectal tumors is controversial due to the technical difficulties associated with this procedure. Tumor size and volume, and pelvic dimensions may influence intraoperative and/or immediate outcome. This study aimed to evaluate the predictive value of anatomic and pathologic features on immediate outcome after laparoscopic rectal resection. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included a prospective series of 60 patients submitted to laparoscopic resection for rectal tumors. A preoperative computed tomography was performed in all patients. Three-dimension reconstruction of the pelvis, rectal tumor, and prostate was computed. Tumor and prostate volume and diameters were calculated, as were main pelvic diameters (subsacrum-retropubic, coccyx pubis, and promontorium coccyx), and lateral diameters, at the tumor level (3D Doctor Software package). Age, sex, body mass index (BMI), tumor height, previous radiotherapy treatment, and type of procedure (anterior resection, low anterior resection, and abdominoperineal resection) were recorded. Immediate outcome (morbidity, mortality, and stay) was also collected. Dependent variables were operative time, intraoperative difficulty, conversion, and postoperative morbidity. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed (SPSS package). RESULTS: The series included 36 men and 24 women, with a mean age of 72 years (range, 38-87). Surgical procedures were 10 anterior resections, 31 low anterior resections, and 19 abdominoperineal resections. Conversion rate was 9 of 60 (15%), operative time: 172 minutes (range, 90-360), morbidity: 31% and stay: 9 days (range, 6-43). Multivariate analysis showed tumor craniocaudal length was an independent predictive factor for conversion (P < 0.04, odds ratio [OR]: 1.5, confidence interval [CI]95%: 1-2.2). Pubic coccyx axis (P < 0.005) and sex (P < 0.009) showed independent values for operative time, and BMI (P < 0.02, OR: 1.2, CI 95%:1-1.5) was related to postoperative morbidity. When a subanalysis was performed in relation to sex, independent factors differed between males and females, with a predominance of anatomic and tumor measures in men. CONCLUSION: Local anatomy and pathologic features directly affect surgical outcome in the laparoscopic approach to the rectum. Sex, BMI, lower pelvis diameter, and tumor size are independent predictors for conversion, operative time, and morbidity. These data should be taken into account when planning this kind of procedure.     

Improvements in pelvic exenteration: Factors responsible for reducing morbidity and mortality

Background: Since pelvic exenteration for the treatment of recurrent gynecologic malignancy first was described, reported rates of morbidity and mortality have declined steadily. However, the factors responsible for this decline have never been clearly delineated. Methods: We reviewed the charts of 154 patients who underwent pelvic exenteration for gynecologic malignancy between 1954 and 1994. Charts were abstracted for details of the surgical procedure, pathologic findings, postoperative management, short- and long-term complications, time to recurrence, and overall survival. Results: Seventy-two patients (47%) experienced 95 identifiable postoperative complications, resulting in death in 22 patients (14%). The rate of infectious complications declined to a statistically significant degree between the first two decades and latter two decades of the study (odds ratio [OR] 0.28, 95% CI 0.11–0.69). The use of routine prophylactic antibiotics was associated with this decline in infectious complications (OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.07–0.83). The use of preoperative subcutaneous heparin was associated with a reduction in thrombotic complications from 5 of 100 patients to 0 of 54 patients (P=.11), as well as a significant reduction in overall risk of complications (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.33–0.85) and risk of postoperative mortality (OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.05–0.80). There was a significant reduction in overall risk of postoperative complications with both intensive care unit monitoring postoperatively (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.43–0.99) and routine postoperative monitoring with a pulmonary artery catheter (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.38–0.98). Conclusions: Routine use of prophylactic antibiotics, prophylactic subcutaneous heparin, and intensive postoperative monitoring appear to have reduced morbidity from pelvic exenteration.     

Correlates and outcomes of tumor adherence in resected colonic and rectal cancers

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to examine the associations between tumor adherence and other operative findings, postoperative complications, recurrence, and survival after resection of colorectal cancer. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The prognostic importance of tumor adherence to other organs or structures, either by direct invasion (T4) or simply by inflammatory adhesions, is yet to be clearly defined as earlier studies have been limited in size or have not used contemporary multivariable statistical techniques. METHODS: Data were drawn from a comprehensive, prospective hospital registry of all resections for colorectal cancer between January 1971 and December 2000 with follow-up to December 2005. Statistical analysis employed the chi test, Kaplan-Meier estimation, and proportional hazards regression with a significance level of <0.05 and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Tumor adherence was identified in 268 of 2504 resections (10.7%). Adherent tumors were more likely than nonadherent tumors to be spontaneously or surgically perforated or transected, to have nodal metastases and to be poorly differentiated. Venous invasion was more frequent in adherent colonic but not rectal tumors. Adherence was associated with only 5 of 16 medical and surgical complications considered. In rectal cancer, adherence was independently associated with pelvic recurrence (hazard ratio 1.8, 95% CI 1.2-2.7) and diminished survival (hazard ratio 1.6, 95% CI 1.3-2.0) after adjustment for other variables. CONCLUSION: In rectal cancer, tumor adherence indicates a poor prognosis after adjustment for other prognostic factors, regardless of whether actual tumor invasion of the adherent structure has occurred. However, adherence is not associated with survival after resection of colonic cancer.     

The TME trial after a median follow-up of 6 years: increased local control but no survival benefit in irradiated patients with resectable rectal carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy of preoperative short-term radiotherapy in patients with mobile rectal cancer undergoing total mesorectal excision (TME) surgery. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Local recurrence is a major problem in rectal cancer treatment. Preoperative short-term radiotherapy has shown to improve local control and survival in combination with conventional surgery. The TME trial investigated the value of this regimen in combination with total mesorectal excision. Long-term results are reported after a median follow-up of 6 years. METHODS: One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one patients with resectable rectal cancer were randomized between TME preceded by 5 x 5 Gy or TME alone. No chemotherapy was allowed. There was no age limit. Surgery, radiotherapy, and pathologic examination were standardized. Primary endpoint was local control. RESULTS: Median follow-up of surviving patients was 6.1 year. Five-year local recurrence risk of patients undergoing a macroscopically complete local resection was 5.6% in case of preoperative radiotherapy compared with 10.9% in patients undergoing TME alone (P < 0.001). Overall survival at 5 years was 64.2% and 63.5%, respectively (P = 0.902). Subgroup analyses showed significant effect of radiotherapy in reducing local recurrence risk for patients with nodal involvement, for patients with lesions between 5 and 10 cm from the anal verge, and for patients with uninvolved circumferential resection margins. CONCLUSIONS: With increasing follow-up, there is a persisting overall effect of preoperative short-term radiotherapy on local control in patients with clinically resectable rectal cancer. However, there is no effect on overall survival. Since survival is mainly determined by distant metastases, efforts should be directed towards preventing systemic disease.     

Risk Factors Associated With Sphincter-Preserving Resection in Patients With Low Rectal Cancer

Abdominoperineal resection (APR) and sphincter-preserving resection (SPR) are the two primary surgical options for rectal cancer. Retrospectively we collected rectal cancer patients for SPR and APR observation between 2005 and 2007. The patient-related, tumor-related, and surgery-related variables of the SPR and APR groups were analyzed by using logistic regression techniques. The mean distance from the anal verge (DAV) of cancer is significantly higher in SPR than that in APR (P < 0.001). In cancers with DAV <40 mm (SPR, 40 versus APR, 110), multivariate analysis shows that surgeon procedure volume (odds ratio [OR] = 0.244; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.077–0.772; P = 0.016) and neoadjuvant radiotherapy (OR = 0.031; 95% CI: 0.002–0.396; P = 0.008) are factors influencing SPR. In cancers with DAV ranging from 40 mm to 59 mm (SPR 190 versus APR 50), analysis shows that patient age (OR = 2.139; 95% CI: 1.124–4.069; P = 0.021), diabetes (OR = 2.657; 95% CI: 0.872–8.095; P = 0.086), and colorectal surgeon (OR = 0.122, 95% CI: 0.020–0.758; P = 0.024), are influencing factors for SPR. The local recurrence and disease-free survival reveal no significant difference. A significant difference exists in DAV, surgeon specialization, procedure volume, age, diabetes, and neoadjuvant radiotherapy between SPR and APR.Key words: Abdominoperineal resection, Sphincter-preserving resection, Anterior resection, Rectal cancer, TreatmentAbdominoperineal resection (APR) with permanent colostomy and sphincter-preserving resection (SPR) of the rectum are the two primary surgical options for the curative treatment of rectal cancer. With the introduction of the concept of total mesorectal excision (TME), combined with the significant effects of adjuvant radiochemotherapy and surgical staplers, SPR indication has been significantly expanded compared with APR in low or ultra-lower rectal cancer.For patients with rectal cancer, sphincter preservation (SP) is often as important as curing cancer. Surgeons need to determine whether a patient with lower rectal cancer is suitable for SP. However, a standard method of determining patient suitability is unavailable because this judgment depends on the different individual experiences of surgeons.In addition to the distance of the tumor from the anal verge (DAV), other important factors such as the patient''s individual condition, oncologic consideration, technical feasibility, and the surgeon''s personal experience, are reported as risk factors that may influence the SP rate.^1–3 This study aims to determine the significance of these factors on achieving SPR in a single large-volume institution.     

Locoregional recurrence and survival after curative resection of adenocarcinoma of the colon

BACKGROUND: There is wide variability in reported locoregional recurrence rates after curative resection of adenocarcinoma of the intraperitoneal colon, and there is no universally accepted surgical technique regarding length of the resected specimen or extent of lymphadenectomy. The aim of this study was to determine the disease-free survival, locoregional failure, and perioperative morbidity of patients undergoing curative resection of colon adenocarcinoma. STUDY DESIGN: The records of 316 consecutive patients undergoing curative resection for primary adenocarcinoma of the intraperitoneal colon between 1990 and 1995 were reviewed. Locoregional recurrence was defined as disease at the anastomosis or in the adjacent mesentery, peritoneum, retroperitoneum, or carcinomatosis. The product-limit method (Kaplan-Meier) was used to analyze survival and tumor recurrence. RESULTS: The study population comprised 167 men and 149 women, mean age 70+/-12 years (range 22 to 95 years). Median followup was 63+/-25 months. Five-year disease-free survival was 84% overall. Disease-free survival paralleled tumor stage: stage I, 99% (n = 73); stage II, 87% (n = 151); stage III, 72% (n = 92). The predominant pattern of tumor recurrence was distant failure only. Overall locoregional recurrence (locoregional and locoregional plus distant) at 5 years was 4%. Locoregional recurrence paralleled tumor stage: stage I, 0%; stage II, 2%; stage III, 10%. Of the 12 patients who suffered locoregional recurrence, 9 (75%) had T4 primary tumors, N2 nodal disease, or both. Major and minor complications occurred in 93 patients (29%) including: anastomotic leak or intraabdominal abscess (n = 4, 1%); hemorrhage (n = 8, 3%); cardiac complications (n= 17, 5%); pulmonary embolism (n=4, 10%); death (n=2, 1%). Multivariate analysis (Cox proportional hazards) revealed that the only independent predictor of disease-free survival and locoregional control was tumor stage. CONCLUSION: Longterm survival and locoregional control can be achieved for patients with colon cancer, with low morbidity. In the absence of adjacent organ invasion and N2 nodal disease, locoregional recurrence should be a rare event. Just as for rectal cancer, the technical aspects of colectomy for colon cancer deserve renewed attention.     

How Important is the Axillary Nodal Status for Adjuvant Treatment Decisions at a Breast Cancer Multidisciplinary Tumor Board? A Survival Analysis

Background Tumor board recommendations for breast cancer are mainly based on patient characteristics and prognostic tumor parameters. In the era of potential avoidance of axillary surgery we evaluate the impact of pathologic nodal status for adjuvant treatment decisions. Methods Postoperative tumor board records of 207 patients over a 1-year period were rediscussed without knowledge of pathologic nodal status. Differences were classified as major (chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy: present/absent) or minor (different chemotherapeutic protocols) discrepancies. The survival rates among subgroups were calculated using Adjuvant! Online tool. Results The tumor board without information of pathologic nodal status resulted in treatment changes in 72 of the 207 patients studied (34.8%). Major discrepancies were observed in 37 patients (17.9%). The survival rates were not significantly different due to a balanced overtreatment and undertreatment in this subgroup. Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) was an independent parameter used to predict the subgroup with major discrepancies (P = .001; RR = 4.9 [95% CI, 1.9–12.7]). Conclusions The knowledge of pathologic nodal status is important for postoperative chemotherapy and postmastectomy radiotherapy indications. There is a risk for one-third of all patients when avoiding axillary surgery to get an adjuvant therapy that differs from the current guidelines especially in carcinomas with present LVI.     

格拉斯哥预后评分可用作结肠癌预后的指标

目的 研究术前格拉斯哥预后评分(Glasgow prognostic score,GPS)对于可切除的结肠癌患者预后的判断价值.方法 作为以炎症为基础的GPS评分系统仅包括C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)和白蛋白水平.根据术前的检验结果 计算GPS.对282例患者的临床资料进行分析;对CRP升高(＞10mg/L)和低蛋白血症(＜35g/L)两项均阳性者记作2分,1项异常的记作1分,无异常的记作0分.按GPS值的不同分为3组.采用多因素分析和生存曲线分析计算预后价值.结果 Log-rank分析显示,高GPS评分的病例死亡率高(P＜0.01).Kaplan-Meier分析提示,3组间生存时间差异明显:GPS 2组(平均40.9个月;95%CI:31.5～50.3个月),GPS 1组(平均49.6个月;95% CI:43.2～56.1个月),GPS 0组(平均62.7个月;95% CI:58.8～66.7个月).3组间无进展生存时间也存在明显差异:GPS 2组(平均26.4个月;95% CI:18.5～34.3个月),GPS 1组(平均34.7个月;95% CI:28.2～41.3个月),GPS 0组(平均53.4个月;95% CI:48.8～58.1个月).多因素分析显示,术后TNM分期(OR,0.210;95% CI,0.102～0.432;P＜0.01)术前的癌胚抗原(carcinoma embryonic antigen,CEA)(OR,0.356;95% CI,0.179～0.707;P=0.003),CA19-9(OR,0.260;95% CI,0.120～0.564;P＜0.01),CRP(OR,4.503;95% CI,1.590～12.751;P=0.005),GPS(OR,0.340;95% CI,0.181～0.920;P＜0.01)均与术后死亡相关.结论 术前的GPS评分可以作为结肠癌患者术后预测的新指标.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the significance of preoperative Glasgow prognostic score (GPS) for postoperative prognosis in patients of resectable colon cancer. Recent studies have revealed that the GPS, an inflammation-based prognostic score that includes only C-reactive protein (CRP) and albumin, is a useful tool for predicting postoperative outcome in cancer patients. However, few studies have investigated the GPS in the field of colon surgery. Methods The GPS was calculated on the basis of admission data as follows; patients with an elevated level of both CRP ( ＞ 10 mg/L) and hypoalbuminemia (Alb ＜ 35 g/L) were allocated a score of 2, and patients showing 1 or none of these blood chemistry abnormalities were allocated a score of 1 or 0, respectively. Prognostic significance was analyzed by multivariate analyses. Overall survival and disease-free survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results A total of 282 patients were evaluated. Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank test revealed that a higher GPS predicted a higher risk of postoperative mortality and reccurence ( P ＜ 0.001 ). multivariate analyses revealed that postoperative TNM was the most sensitive predictor of postoperative mortality (OR, 0.210; 95% CI, 0.102-0.432; P＜0.01) and CEA(OR,0. 356;95% CI,0. 179 -0. 707; P = 0.003),CA19-9(OR,0. 260;95% CI,0. 120 -0. 564;P ＜ 0.01),CRP( OK,4. 503;95% CI, 1. 590 -12. 751 ;P =0.005) , GPS( OR, 0. 340 ;95% CI,0.181 -0.920;P＜0.01)were associated with postoperative mortality. Conclusions Preoperative GPS is considered to be a useful predictor of postoperative mortality in patients with colon cancer.