骨外固定器行胫骨迁移治疗血栓闭塞性脉管炎的护理

目的总结利用骨外固定器行胫骨迁移治疗血栓闭塞性脉管炎的护理经验.方法对35例血栓闭塞性脉管炎37条患肢应用骨外固定器迁移胫骨治疗.术前积极处理患肢、有效的心理护理,术后严密观察,做好骨外固定器迁移胫骨的护理.结果 32例间歇性跛行距离增加;27例夜间静息痛均得到缓解;7例足趾缺血坏死中除3例术后患肢缺血加重截肢外,余4例患肢供血改善,坏死区域结痂愈合;总有效率91.9%.结论全面、准确地评估患者,完善术前准备及术后正确迁移指导可提高骨外固定器行胫骨迁移治疗血栓闭塞性脉管炎的有效性.     

骨外固定器行胫骨迁移治疗血栓闭塞性脉管炎的护理

目的 总结利用骨外固定器行胫骨迁移治疗血栓闭塞性脉管是的护理经验。方法 35例血栓闭塞性脉管炎37条患肢应用骨外固定器迁移胫骨治疗。术前积极处理患肢、有效的心理护理，术后严密观察，做好骨外固定器迁移胫骨的护理。结果 2例间歇性跛行距离增加；27例夜间静息痛均得到缓解；7例足趾缺血坏死中除3例术后患肢缺血加重截肢外．余4例患肢供血改善。坏死区域结痂愈合；总有效率91．9％。结论 面、准确地评估患者，完善术前准备及术后正确迁移指导可提高骨外固定器行胫骨迁移治疗血栓闭塞性脉管炎的有效性。     

胫骨骨搬运治疗血栓闭塞性脉管炎的疗效分析

[目的]探讨胫骨横向骨搬运技术治疗下肢血栓闭塞性脉管炎的有效性。[方法]对来本院治疗的52例血栓闭塞性脉管炎患者行胫骨横向骨搬运手术,术后50 d完成骨搬运,然后通过血管造影、肢体存活情况及随访观察评价疗效。[结果]52例中45例获得满意疗效,随访时间2~3年,肢体缺血坏死症状完全改善。7例术后仍有严重下肢缺血坏死,行下肢截肢术。总有效率为87%。[结论]胫骨横向骨搬运技术可以有效治疗下肢血栓闭塞性脉管炎,手术操作简单,安全有效,值得临床应用推广。     

胫骨迁移血管再生治疗血栓闭塞性脉管炎35例分析

目的 评价胫骨迁移血管再生治疗血栓闭塞性脉管炎的手术成功率和长期有效率。 方法 对2000年11月至2006年11月黑龙江省医院周围血管病科胫骨迁移血管再生治疗血栓闭塞性脉管炎的资料进行分析。35例血栓闭塞性脉管炎病人进行动脉造影,选择股浅动脉下段闭塞或腘动脉闭塞股深动脉流出道良好的病人行手术治疗。分离病人的胫骨并每天缓慢迁移分离的胫骨,通过刺激胫骨骨髓再生新鲜小动脉和毛细血管网改善缺血区供血。 结果 35例中32例获得满意疗效,随访时间2~6年。临床缺血症状彻底改善。3例术后3个月后仍有严重下肢缺血行下肢截肢术。总有效率91%。 结论 胫骨迁移血管再生手术可以有效治疗血栓闭塞性脉管炎,手术方法简单,安全有效,且治疗费用低,值得临床推广。     

胫骨横向骨搬移技术治疗下肢血栓闭塞性脉管炎疗效观察

目的 观察胫骨横向骨搬移技术治疗下肢血栓闭塞性脉管炎的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析自2018-06—2020-06采用胫骨横向骨搬移技术治疗的68例下肢血栓闭塞性脉管炎,术后第3～5 d开始进行骨搬移,每天向外搬移1 mm（分4次进行,每次0.25 mm）,搬移14 d后原位置停留3 d,然后按照相反方向、相同速度往回搬移14 d,此时注意复查X线片观察胫骨开窗骨块位置。结果 68例患者均获得随访,随访时间12～24个月,平均16.3个月。68例术后3个月复查下肢CT血管造影,结果显示与术前对比患肢微循环再生、重建丰富,侧支循环建立良好。本组术后3个月疼痛VAS评分、足部皮温、踝肱指数、间歇性跛行距离、经皮氧分压均较术前改善,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 胫骨横向骨搬移技术治疗下肢血栓闭塞性脉管炎疗效确切且操作简单,可改善患肢血运、促进创面愈合,在选择合适的患者和手术适应证前提下值得临床推广应用。     

胫骨横向骨搬运技术对于血栓闭塞性脉管炎的治疗效果分析

目的探讨胫骨横向骨搬运技术对于血栓闭塞性脉管炎的治疗效果,供临床参考。方法选取2014年6月至2018年6月本院收治的66例血栓闭塞性脉管炎(Thromboangitis Obliterans,TAO)患者作为研究对象,所有患者均行胫骨横向骨搬运技术,比较所有入选患者术前和拆除外固定架后跛行距离的变化,比较所有入选患者术前、术后14天、术后28天和术后56天患肢静息痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)评分、患侧足趾皮温、患侧足趾血氧饱和度的变化。所有入选患者拆除外固定架后行下肢动脉造影检查,观察微血管再生情况。结果 (1)术前的跛行距离明显少于拆除外固定架后的跛行距离(P0.05),差异具有统计学意义;(2)术前、术后14天、术后28天和术后56天患肢静息痛VAS评分依次下降(P0.05),差异具有统计学意义;(3)术前、术后14天、术后28天和术后56天患侧足趾皮温依次升高(P0.05),差异具有统计学意义;(4)术前、术后14天、术后28天和术后56天患侧足趾血氧饱和度依次升高(P0.05),差异具有统计学意义。(5)下肢动脉造影显示,64例患者可见胫骨搬移段新生血管,并向肌肉和皮下组织蔓延。结论骨搬移血管再生术是治疗TAO较为低成本的方法,具有疗效确切、操作简单、创伤小的优点,值得临床考虑。     

人造血管搭桥动静脉转流术治疗血栓闭塞性脉管炎46例

采用人造血管搭桥行动静脉转流术治疗下肢血栓闭塞性脉管炎46例，术后4～5周彩色多普勒示人造血管通畅，吻合口远端静脉可见动脉血流信号，46例均恢复正常工作。重点总结了术前心理护理、血管造影护理及术后体位护理、患肢局部血运观察、抗凝剂的正确应用等护理措施。     

外固定器治疗儿童胫骨慢性骨髓炎后骨缺损和肢体短缩

[目的]探讨运用外固定器行骨段转移术治疗儿童胫骨慢性骨髓炎造成的骨缺损和肢体短缩的疗效及经验,为临床合理选择治疗方法提供依据.[方法]回顾性研究1994年1月～2010年1月采用外固定器治疗的26例儿童胫骨慢性骨髓炎造成的骨缺损和肢体短缩行骨段转移术.男15例,女11例,年龄8～17岁,平均11.6岁,术前患肢平均骨缺损长度4.8 cm,肢体短缩差值平均5.3 cm.[结果]全部病人均获随访.术后随访平均116个月,平均外固定指数48.0 d/cm.延长范围5.8～15.1 cm(平均10.3 cm),骨不连接愈合时间平均6.6个月(4～ 13个月).骨愈合率100％,所有患者肢体长度差异得到纠正.[结论]骨外固定器行骨段转移术是治疗儿童伴有肢体短缩的胫骨大段骨缺损的有效方法.     

胫骨横向骨搬移技术结合抗生素骨水泥治疗下肢慢性缺血性疾病伴足踝部慢性感染

目的研究胫骨横向骨搬移技术结合抗生素骨水泥治疗下肢缺血性疾病伴足踝部慢性感染的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2015年8月—2019年10月应用胫骨横向骨搬移技术结合抗生素骨水泥治疗的28例下肢缺血性疾病伴足踝部慢性感染患者。其中男22例,女6例;年龄41～86岁,平均65.6岁。糖尿病足25例,下肢动脉硬化闭塞症2例,血栓闭塞性脉管炎1例。感染病程1～27年,平均14.9年。记录所有患者足踝部愈合情况及愈合时间,以及糖尿病足患者术前及末次随访时Wagner分级、WIFi(W:下肢创面分级;I:缺血分级;Fi:足部感染分级)分级,并进行比较。结果 1例糖尿病足患者于术后111 d创面好转,无脓性分泌物,后失访;余27例均获随访,随访时间5～21个月,平均8.4个月。术后胫骨截骨切口和局部皮瓣均未出现坏死。术后21例出现外固定架针道反应,经相应处理后好转,均未出现针道感染。24例糖尿病足患者中,1例因肺部感染致多器官功能衰竭死亡;1例出现急性下肢血管栓塞,足部急性坏疽而截肢;余22例足踝部均愈合,愈合时间2.5～11.0个月,平均4.6个月。末次随访时患者Wagner分级和WIFi分级均较术前显著改善(P0.05)。1例血栓闭塞性脉管炎患者于术后6个月足踝部愈合;2例下肢动脉硬化闭塞症患者分别于术后16、18个月足踝部愈合。结论胫骨横向骨搬移技术结合抗生素骨水泥治疗下肢慢性缺血性疾病伴足踝部慢性感染疗效显著。     

一期大隐静脉动脉化治疗下肢血栓闭塞性脉管炎

目的：通过一期大隐静脉动脉化治疗下肢血栓闭塞性脉管炎。方法：通过利用自体头静脉在患肢大隐静脉与患肢股动脉或髂外动脉之间搭桥，为６６例９１侧下肢血栓闭塞性脉管炎患者实施手术。结果：术后下肢缺血性疼痛消失，皮温皮色恢复正常，足趾及跖部创面愈合，多普勒超声探测及动脉造影提示患足血供良好。结论：本术式不影响静脉血回流，简易、经济，效果良好，使用头静脉搭桥可使本术式应用范围更广。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.