先天性心脏病室间隔缺损合并重度肺动脉高压的围术期处理

先天性心脏病室间隔缺损(以下简称室缺)合并肺动脉高压相当常见,约占25％左右。当出现重度肺动脉高压时,引起肺血管不同程度的病理性改变。对合并生度肺动脉高压患者进行外科矫治手术的围术期死亡率有明显升高。合理的围术期处理,可明显降低死亡率,提高手术疗效。本文分析了我院1986年5月至1994年12月收治的10例经右心导管检查证实为室缺合并重度肺动脉高压患者,提出其围术期处理措施。 1 临床资料 本组10例均为先天性心脏病室缺患者,其中合并卵圆孔未闭1例,主动脉瓣关闭不全2例,动脉导     

先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压的围手术期处理

目的分析总结先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压的围手术期处理经验。方法系统回顾了自2000年1月-2006年10月收治的先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压患者87例的临床资料，其中重度肺动脉高压19例，年龄6个月～25岁，所有患者均采用体外循环下心内畸形矫治术，室缺合并重度肺高压患者应用单向活瓣补片方法。结果87例患者中死亡2例，术后并发心律失常5例，呼吸道并发症6例，切口感染1例，经积极治疗均痊愈出院。结论先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压，应严格掌握手术适应征，完善的术前准备，术中适宜的手术方法，术后有效的降肺压治疗及呼吸道处理，均可提高治疗的成功率。     

先心室缺并重度肺动脉高压的围术期处理（附4例报告）

目的 探讨室缺并重度肺动脉高压的围术期处理。方法 连续4例经心导管检查确诊的室缺并重度肺动脉高压患者在体外循环下行室缺补片修补术，术后应用有效的血管扩张药物，严密监测血流动力学，防治肺高压危象和肺部并发症，结果 所有4例患者均安全度过围术期，临床痊愈出院，半年后随访，紫绀消失，自觉症状明显改善，肺动脉压降至2.46-5.47kPa，下降幅度达50%-75%，心功能均达Ⅰ-Ⅱ级。结论 只要严格掌握手术适应症，一部分室缺并重度肺动脉高压患者就可获得手术治疗机会并安全度过围术期，术后肺动脉高压可望降至接近正常。     

西地那非和NO在重度肺动脉高压双向分流先心病围手术期中的应用

目的总结西地那非联合NO在先天性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压围手术期治疗经验。方法回顾分析15例重度肺动脉高压双向分流先心病围手术期相关治疗和预后。结果本组无死亡,无PI危象发生,无气管切开及二次插管;术后并发心律失常3例,低心排综合症1例。随访6—36个月,无远期死亡。心功能Ⅱ级,均可参加中度体力劳动。结论西地那非联合NO能提高先心病重度肺动脉高压围术期安全,降低并发症及死亡率的发生。     

房间隔缺损合并重度肺动脉高压的胸心外科治疗与临床研究

目的研究房间隔缺损伴重度肺动脉高压的手术指征,手术治疗原则和围术期处理特点,以提高其手术效果。方法对肺动脉收缩压>8 kPa(1 kPa=7.5 mm Hg)的患者定为重度肺动脉高压,全组34例患者中32例在全麻浅低温体外循环心脏跳动下,以自体心包片4-OProlene线连续缝合法完成房缺修补术。结果主动脉阻断时间0 min,转流时间18⁴2 min,平均28 min,呼吸机辅助时间2242 min,平均28 min,呼吸机辅助时间22⁹4 h,平均36 h。全组无手术死亡和严重并发症。结论对房间隔缺损伴重度肺动脉高压患者应尽早手术,以免发展到艾森曼格综合征,高龄,心功能不全或心原性恶病质并非手术禁忌。只要掌握好手术指征,适当延长呼吸支持时间并加强围术期治疗,对合并重度肺动脉高压的房缺患者仍能取得良好的手术效果。     

先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压诊治分析

目的分析总结先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压的手术期处理方法。方法回顾自1998年1月-2008年10月收治的先天性心脏病合并肺高压患者174例的临床资料,其中重度动脉高压38例,年龄8个月～30岁,所有患者均采用体外循环下心内畸形矫治术,室缺合并重度肺高压患者应用单向活瓣补片方法。结果174例患者中死亡4例,术后并发心律失常10例,呼吸道并发症12例,切口感染2例,经积极治疗均痊愈出院。结论先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压,应严格掌握手术适应症,完善术前准备,术中适应的手术方法,术后有效降肺压治疗及呼吸道处理,均可提高治疗的成功率。     

风湿性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压的手术治疗

目的:探讨风湿性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压手术治疗的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析60例风湿性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压的临床资料,总结手术经验,探讨术前、术中、术后处理方法。结果:60例患者均成功手术后痊愈;术后并发症包括:继发性出血2例,心律失常3例,低心排综合征1例,肾功能衰竭1例;术后7~10d肺动脉压较术前显著降低(P0.05)。随访6~18m,无远期死亡病例。结论:风湿性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压的手术治疗应重视术前准备以及围手术期处理,从而减少并发症,提高手术治疗成功率。     

室间隔缺损合并肺动脉高压外科治疗

目的 为了提高室间隔缺损合并肺动脉高压外科治疗效果,分析总结103例患者的手术经验.方法 1998年1月-2006年7月我科连续行体外循环心内直视术纠治室间隔缺损伴肺动脉高压103例,其中21例为重度肺动脉高压,年龄6个月～27岁,平均年龄(9.5±1.2)岁,合并房间隔缺损17例,合并动脉导管未闭16例,合并三尖瓣关闭不全55例.结果 103例患者中死亡3例.肺炎、肺不张7例,室性心律失常3例,血红蛋白尿5例,切口感染1例,经过处理后均痊愈.结论 肺动脉高压是先天性室间隔缺损常见的并发症之一,掌握好适应症,手术时机和正确的术中术后处理直接影响到手术疗效.     

风湿性瓣膜病合并肺动脉高压62例临床分析

目的总结62例风湿性瓣膜病合并肺动脉高压患者行手术治疗的围手术期处理经验，探讨提高早期生存率的方法。方法62例风湿性瓣膜病合并肺动脉高压患者行二尖瓣置换48例、二尖瓣＋三尖瓣成形8例，二尖瓣置换＋主动置换6例。结果术后并发低心输出量综合征3例，早期死亡3例，二次开胸1例，无术后心包填塞、肾功能衰竭等并发症。结论风湿性瓣膜病合并肺动脉高压患者病情较重，正确掌握手术适应证，充分的术前准备，规范和恰当的围术期处理及手术技术的进步，是提高手术成功率的关键。     

右外侧切口体外循环下心内直视手术

本文主要介绍经右外侧切口体外循环下心内直视手术的经验。我所从１９９６年１２月至１９９７年５月经右我侧切口共施行１８例心内直视手术，其中膜部室缺１６例，肺动脉干下室缺２例，室缺合并膜部瘤形成２例，室缺合并肺动脉高压１例。全组平均年龄５．６４岁，平均体例１７．８７ｋｇ，全组无手术死亡及并发症，术后复查心脏超声示室缺修补良未见分流。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.