胆囊急性炎症期LC体会

目的　总结急性炎症期腹腔镜胆囊切除术(L C)的临床经验。方法　对我院4 6例结石性胆囊炎急性炎症期行L C术的临床资料进行回顾性分析总结。结果　4 6例L C操作,除11例中转开腹外(2例胆管损伤、1例Mirizzi综合症、1例胆囊十二指肠瘘、7例胆囊三角“胼胝样”粘连,无法保证胆管不损伤) ,其余均在腹腔镜下完成,手术时间5 0 min～16 0 m in(75 .0±2 0 .5 m in)。3例术后出现胆漏,其中1例术后四天开腹探查(当时未放引流)、另2例经双套管持续负压引流后治愈。切口感染4例,术后住院时间5～8天。结论　结石性胆囊炎急性炎症期并非L C禁忌症。手术操作耐心、解剖仔细、适时中转,可降低并发症的发生。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性胆囊炎712例分析

目的　探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术 (LC)治疗急性胆囊炎的疗效和手术操作技巧。方法　对比分析两组手术时间、术后住院时间、中转开腹手术率及并发症发生率。结果　单纯组和急性组手术时间分别为 2 9.93± 16 .89min和 4 0 .2 7± 31.6 3min(P <0 .0 1) ;术后住院时间分别为 3.76± 1.0 9d和 3.85± 1.35d(P >0 .0 5 ) ;中转开腹手术率分别为 0 .34%和 4 .0 7% (P <0 .0 1) ;并发症发生率分别为 0 .2 2 %和 1.83% (P <0 .0 1)。单纯组 99%以上的患者、急性组 95 %以上的患者均能经LC治愈。结论　只要能正确评估手术操作难度、选用技术娴熟的腹腔镜外科医师进行手术 ,便能显著降低中转开腹手术率及并发症发生率 ,并能获得与单纯组相同的疗效     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术与意外胆囊癌

在腹腔镜胆囊切除术 ( L C)术后会发现“意外胆囊癌( UGC)”,U GC在术后早期会出现切口肿瘤转移且预后不良。为了解腹腔镜手术与 UCG的关系 ,我们检索了 196 6年 1月至 2 0 0 0年 4月 Medline的文献 ,对此进行了综述。1　发生率　　共检出有关文献 86篇 ,L C术后 U GC的发生率在0 .15 %～ 2 .85 %之间 ,发生率的差异可能与胆囊标本的检查方法、样本的大小以及国家和地区的不同有关 (表 1)。表 1　腹腔镜胆囊切除术后意外胆囊癌的发生率作者国家年代 L C数 LC-UGC发生率Mori日本 1997 45 6 2 .85 % 1Hohaus 德国 199712 0 0 0 .5 …     

急性胆囊炎320例腹腔镜手术时机的评价与操作体会

目的　对急性胆囊炎腹腔镜手术时机进行评价 ,并总结手术操作体会。方法　将 32 0例急性胆囊炎患者分 3组施行LC。结果　早期手术组 16 4例 ,中转手术 8例 (0 .5 % ) ;限期手术组 5 1例 ,中转手术 7例 (13.7% ) ;择期手术组 10 5例 ,中转手术 5例 (0 .5 % )。平均手术时间分别为早期组4 6min、限期组 89min及择期组 35min ,平均住院时间分别为 5 .4d、13.6d及 8.7d。本组患者均痊愈出院。结论　急性胆囊炎在发病早期是行LC的理想时机 ;Calot三角的良好显露、正确处理胆囊管和胆囊动脉是LC成功的关键 ;正确对待中转手术和掌握中转手术的指征是LC的安全保证措施     

腹腔镜与开腹胆囊切除胃肠压力变化的临床研究

目的 :从胃肠道压力变化的角度探讨腹腔镜与开腹胆囊切除对胃肠运动功能的影响。方法 :腹腔镜胆囊切除 30例 (男 6例 ,女 2 4例 ,4 7± 4岁 ) ,开腹胆囊切除 30例 (男 9例 ,女 2 1例 ,4 7± 7岁 ) ,分别于手术前 1d行胃电图描记 ,记录术后 3、2 4、4 8、72h胃电图及监测胃窦、十二指肠和空肠压力 (移行性运动复合波 ,MMCⅢ )。结果 :(1)手术前腹腔镜和开腹胆囊切除患者胃电频率差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;(2 )腹腔镜胆囊切除组术后 3、2 4h正常波所占百分比低于术前 ,但差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,术后 4 8h恢复正常 ;(3)开腹胆囊切除组术后起 3h正常波所占百分比明显低于术前 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ,术后 2 4、4 8h正常波的百分比与术前差异无显著性 ,术后 72h恢复正常 ;(4) 2组患者术后胃窦、十二指肠及空肠压力低于健康人群 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;(5 ) 2组胃窦部收缩压力及收缩曲线下面积术后第 1、2、3d较术后 3h明显升高 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,且随时间延长有逐渐增大的趋势 ,腹腔镜组术后 72h恢复正常 ,十二指肠及空肠术后 3d内无明显变化 ;(6 ) 2组间胃电频率 ,胃窦部、十二指肠及空肠压力变化差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,但显示有差别。结论 :腹腔镜与开腹胆囊切除术均可引起胃电频率及胃肠压力变化 ,开     

遥控Zeus手术机器人与腹腔镜胆囊切除术后免疫功能的比较

目的比较遥控Zeus手术机器人胆囊切除术(RLC)与常规腹腔镜胆囊切除术(CLC)对患者术后免疫功能的影响。方法收集1年内诊治的胆囊结石、胆囊息肉患者5 2例的临床资料,其中行RLC 2 3例,CLC 2 9例。对两组手术前后免疫功能指标如T细胞亚群,IgA,IgM,IgG及补体C 3和C 4的变化进行比较。两组手术均顺利完成。结果RLC手术前后CD 4/CD 8分别为1.5 6±0.6 7和1.3 0±0.5 3,IgM分别为1.4 2±0.5 8和1.2 6±0.4 6,术后均有显著下降(P<0.0 5)。CLC手术后C 3从1.4 8±0.3 4下降至1.3 8±0.2 8,C 4则从0.2 5±0.0 9下降至0.2 2±0.0 7,差异有统计学(P<0.0 5)。两种手术方式手术前后所测定的其他免疫指标均无明显差异(P>0.0 5),且两组间差异无显著性(P>0.0 5)。结论RLC与CLC对患者术后细胞免疫功能的影响均不明显;但均对体液免疫功能有一定影响。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术致血管损伤的原因及预防

腹腔镜胆囊切除术致血管损伤是 L C的严重并发症之一。虽然腹腔镜手术所致的血管损伤与开腹手术有许多雷同 ,但也不无特殊之处 ,其严重程度和处理难度均大于开腹手术。国外文献报道为 0 .2 5 %～ 0 .6 5 % [1 ] 。国内陈训如等 [2 ]报道为 0 .2 5 %。我院自 1995～ 1999年行 L C5 12例 ,血管损伤 2例 ( 0 .39% ) ,1例损伤紧贴胆囊管后的胆囊动脉 ,1例损伤来自胆囊床的动脉 ,均开腹中转手术止血成功。现结合文献对 L C血管损伤的原因及预防进行总结。1　胆囊动脉损伤　　胆囊动脉的解剖结构和位置不恒定 ,变异较多。尤其是急性炎症期 ,胆…     

抑制巨噬细胞对异种胰岛移植物的作用

目的　观察普伐他汀 (pravastatin)对异种胰岛移植物存活的影响。方法　将猪→小鼠胰岛移植模型分成A组 (对照组 )、B组 (CsA组 )、C组 (普伐他汀组 )、D组 (CsA +普伐他汀组 )。观察指标 :移植物存活时间、病理检查、免疫组化染色、血清NO含量及移植物IFN γmRNA的表达。结果　A、B、C和D组移植物平均存活时间分别为 (6 .2±0 .82 )d、(9.2± 1 .92 )d、(7.2± 1 .30 )d及 (1 1 .2± 1 .76)d,D组存活时间明显长于其它 3组 (P<0 .0 5) ;D组移植物浸润细胞较其它 3组少。术后第 4天 ,血清NO水平A组为 (1 0 5 .8± 1 9.3)mmol/L ,明显高于B组的 (88.2± 2 1 .4)mmol/L(P<0 .0 5)、C组的 (70 .7± 1 7.8)mmol/L(P<0 .0 1 )及D组的 (56 .3± 1 6 .4)mmol/L(P<0 .0 1 ) ,出现移植排斥时 ,C、D组的血清NO水平分别为 (83 .7± 1 0 .6)mmol/L及 (71 .3± 1 3 .8)mmol/L ,仍较A组低 (P<0 .0 5) ,B组为 (1 0 4 .7± 1 6 .3)mmol/L ,与A组比较差异无显著性意义 (P>0 .0 5)。术后第 4天血清IFN γmRNA表达 ,D组为 2 3 .5± 4 .6 ,较A组的2 8.8± 4 .8低 (P<0 .0 5) ,而B、C组与A组间差异无显著性意义 (P>0 .0 5)。结论　普伐他汀能抑制巨噬细胞活性 ,延长异种胰岛移植物存活 ,尤其与CsA联用效果更好     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹的临床分析

目的　探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术 (LC)中主动中转开腹对减少并发症 ,提高手术质量的重要性。方法　对比分析我院 94例LC主动与被动中转开腹的原因及手术效果。结果　主动中转开腹 79例 ,主要原因为Calot三角严重粘连、胆囊管结石嵌顿、胆囊萎缩及解剖变异。平均手术时间为5 0min ,术后平均住院时间为 8.5d ,无并发症发生。被动中转开腹 1 5例 ,主要原因为术中胆管损伤、大出血及胃肠损伤。平均手术时间为 91min ,术后平均住院时间为 1 4 .4d ,有 6例并发症发生。两者之间有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1 )。结论　当LC术中遇到Calot三角严重粘连、胆囊管结石嵌顿、胆囊萎缩及解剖变异等手术难度超出术者处理能力时应适时主动中转开腹以避免或减少并发症的发生。     

腹腔粘连对腹腔镜胆囊切除术的影响

目的　探讨腹腔粘连对腹腔镜胆囊切除术的影响。　方法　回顾性对照研究既往有腹部手术史的病人进行腹腔镜胆囊切除临床资料。研究组 35例 ,既往有 (1～ 2 )次腹部手术史 ;对照组 35例与研究组在性别 ,年龄 ,胆囊疾病史及手术适应证方面差异无显著性。　结果　研究组手术时间为 (10 2± 4 2 )分钟 ,中转开腹率 2 8% (1 35 ) ,手术并发症发生率 (0 % ) ,术后住院时间 (2 2± 0 4 )天 ;对照组分别为 (96± 36 )分钟 ,0 % ,0 %和 (2± 0 )天 ,(t=0 6 4 2 ,P >0 0 5 ;χ2 =1 0 14 ,P >0 0 5 ;t=2 95 8,P =0 0 0 4 )。但是 ,有上腹部手术史的病人手术时间 (12 0± 5 4 )分钟较对照组明显延长 (t=2 12 3,P <0 0 5 )。　结论　腹腔粘连对腹腔镜胆囊切除术的手术时间、并发症发生率、中转开腹率无影响 ,但既往有上腹部手术史的病人其腹腔镜胆囊切除术时间明显延长。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.