外训官兵急性应激反应调查及分析

目的调查外训官兵急性应激反应状况及其变化特点,以便有针对性的应对和预防外训官兵急性应激反应。方法采用《急性应激反应量表》对906名外训官兵进行应激反应测量。结果①外训官兵应激反应认知改变和情绪反应高于其它各维度,差异具有显著性(Cochran’s Q=361.38,P<0.01),对应的症状检出率也较高;②外训中回撤组官兵在急性应激反应的认知改变(t=4.31,P<0.001)、情绪反应(t=5.22,P<0.001)、行为变化(t=5.79,P<0.001)、生理反应(t=5.41,P<0.001)、精神症状(t=4.46,P<0.001)和工作效率(t=2.30,P=0.02)6个维度上均显著低于任务组官兵。结论①外训官兵最重要的急性应激反应是认知改变和情绪反应,最主要的症状表现为难以做出决定、注意减退、记忆缺失;②认知是急性应激反应的重要中间变量,可以通过改善认知预防和应对急性应激反应。     

社会焦虑与认知行为治疗：Ⅱ.认知行为治疗

社会焦虑与认知行为治疗Ⅱ．认知行为治疗梅锦荣香港大学社会工作和社会行政学系一、社会焦虑的行为治疗行为治疗的基本观点认为，社会焦虑是通过制约历程学得的情绪反应，在社会情境中之所以产生焦虑，是因为该情境中的刺激曾联於可怕的或厌恶性的事件所致。先前本来是中...     

中学生考试焦虑及其考试认知评价

考试焦虑是在一定的应试情境激发下,受个体认知评价能力、人格倾向与其它身心因素所制约的,以担忧为基本特征,以防御或逃避为行为方式,通过不同程度的情绪性反应所表现出来的一种心理状态[1].对考试的认知评价是指主体对引起个人情绪反应的考试相关刺激的知觉、判断和评估状况.以往的研究对考试与人格倾向的关系分析较多[2,3],而对学生考试认知评价的调查及其与考试焦虑的关系研究较少[4].因此,本研究调查了西安地区中学生群体考试认知评价的总体情况,并对其与考试焦虑间的关系进行了初步探讨.     

结合藏文化的心理干预对玉树地震伤员急性应激反应的效果

灾难是人类生存过程中不可避免的特殊应激源,给受灾者带来一系列生理、心理、行为的变化[1],其中灾后最早出现的心理问题是急性应激反应(Acute Stress Reaction,ASR),以分离症状、创伤事件再体验、对创伤刺激的回避、焦虑或警觉性增高等为主要临床特征,病程在1个月以内。McKibben等[2]以2年的追踪研究发现,通过ASR     

有无自杀意念大学生应对方式比较

大学生是自杀的高危人群，自杀率高于非大学生年轻人。自杀意念是自杀死亡的主要危险因素之一。应对是指个体评价压力源的意义、控制或改变压力情境、缓解由压力引起的情绪反应的认知活动和行为。应对方式，是指在应对过程中继认知评价之后所表现出来的具体的应对活动，作为一种中介因素，应对方式影响着压力反应的性质与强度，并进而调节着压力同身心健康的关系。本文探讨了大学生自杀意念与应对方式的关系。     

中老年乳腺癌术后患者心理应激反应及相关因素

正中老年女性是乳腺癌的高发人群[1]。乳腺癌作为应激事件易使患者产生负性心理应激反应[2]。应激系统模型[3]提出认知评价、社会支持、应对方式等因素相互作用使个体产生生理心理的应激反应。积极心理学中的益处发现作为一种认知及行为上的积极应对[4],尚未有研究探讨社会支持与益处发现是如何相互作用对心理应激反应产生影响的。故本研究旨在调查中老年乳腺癌术后患者社会支持、益处发现与心理应激反应的关系,为改善乳     

心理治疗的发展趋势

近二十年来 ,无论是心理治疗理论 ,还是治疗技术方面都取得了很大的进展。在理论方面 ,越来越多的研究支持这样一种观点 :任何一种单一的理论(情绪的、认知的、生理的或行为的 )都不足以解释心理障碍的原因和心理治疗生效的机制。同样 ,能够改变病人某一方面功能的治疗方法 ,也能改变其他方面的功能。因此 ,对某些心理治疗作了相应的修正 ,以指导治疗实践。例如 ,认知和合理情绪治疗最初的理论基础是建立在认知 (对事件的解释 )影响个人的情绪 ,先有认识 ,后有情绪反应 ,认知和情绪是同一系统的两个成份 ,现在研究表明情绪反应可以在认知前…     

应激和神经元结构可塑性关系的研究进展

<正>应激(stress)是机体的非特异保护适应机制,应激发生时机体对各种不断变化的环境做出适当的生理、行为及认知反应等,从而产生适应性改变,自我调节以维持内环境稳定,有利于个体对应激事件的适应。应激反应过度时导致各种应激相关疾病。引起机体应激反应的因素很多,包括躯体、心理、社会文化等方面。无论是自然环境,人类本身,还是社会环境的发展、变化达到一定的强度或持续到一定的程度,便可能成为应激源而引起人的心理应激,在生活中很难回避。     

冲突情景中青少年对父母权威的遵从

目的：探讨不同领域的冲突情景中青少年对父母权威遵从的倾向、归因与情绪反应，及三者之间的相互关系。方法：通过不同领域的三个冲突情景（个人领域、友谊领域和习俗领域）对538名10-18岁青少年关于父母权威的遵从倾向、归因与情绪反应进行了问卷调查。结果：①冲突情景中青少年对父母权威的遵从倾向、归因以及情绪反应因领域的不同而不同；②青少年对父母权威遵从的归因主要集中于规则定向、知识定向、关心同报定向以及行为结果定向；③青少年从遵从行为中体验到的消极情绪多于中性情绪和积极情绪；（4）不同遵从倾向青少年的归因与情绪反应不同．遵从组和不遵从组青少年的规则定向归因均与消极情绪正相关，遵从组青少年的知识定向归困与积极情绪正相关。结论：青少年对父母权威的认知存在领域特殊性，遵从倾向、归因和情绪反应三者之间相互关联。     

父母对幼儿攻击与被攻击行为的情绪反应归因和应对策略研究

本文采用问卷调查的方法,研究父母在儿童攻击与被攻击这一特定的情境下所产生的情绪反应、归因和应对策略力各方面来评估父母的观念。研究结果发现:父亲和母亲对幼儿攻击与被攻击行为的观念差异有统计学意义;父母对幼儿攻击和被攻击4种不同的行为观念差异有统计学意义。父母对4种行为的情绪反应相比较,相同的情绪反应都是关心,父母对幼儿的攻击行为在生气情绪上较为强烈,对于被攻击更容易感到困惑;母亲比父亲对幼儿的问题行为更容易感到生气、尴尬;父母的情绪反应和归因对父母采取的策略有着一定的影响,情绪反应、归因和策略之间存在着相关关系。     

Cardiac reactivity and preserved performance under stress: Two sides of the same coin?

In the present experiment, cognitive control under stress was investigated using a real-life paradigm, namely an evaluation flight for military student pilots. The magnitude of cognitive interference on color–word, numerical and emotional Stroop paradigms was studied during a baseline recording and right before the test flight. Cardio-respiratory parameters were simultaneously assessed during rest and the performance of the Stroop tasks. Cognitive data suggested a different speed/accuracy trade-off under stress, and no modulation of the interference effect for color words or numerical stimuli. However, we observed a major increase in error rates for specific emotional stimuli related to the evaluation situation in the stress condition. The increase in cognitive interference from emotional stimuli, expressed as an increase in error rates, was correlated to the decreased cardiac reactivity to challenge in the stress situation. This relationship is discussed in the framework of Sanders' (1983) model of stress and performance. In terms of future research, this link warrants a fruitful lead to be followed for investigating the causal mechanism of performance decrements under the influence of stress.     

Enhanced emotion-induced amnesia in borderline personality disorder

BACKGROUND: Current biological concepts of borderline personality disorder (BPD) emphasize the interference of emotional hyperarousal and cognitive functions. A prototypical example is episodic memory. Pre-clinical investigations of emotion-episodic memory interactions have shown specific retrograde and anterograde episodic memory changes in response to emotional stimuli. These changes are amygdala dependent and vary as a function of emotional arousal and valence. METHOD: To determine whether there is amygdala hyper-responsiveness to emotional stimuli as the underlying pathological substrate of cognitive dysfunction in BPD, 16 unmedicated female patients with BPD were tested on the behavioural indices of emotion-induced amnesia and hypermnesia established in 16 healthy controls. RESULTS: BPD patients displayed enhanced retrograde and anterograde amnesia in response to presentation of negative stimuli, while positive stimuli elicited no episodic memory-modulating effects. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that an amygdala hyper-responsiveness to negative stimuli may serve as a crucial aetiological contributor to emotion-induced cognitive dysfunction in BPD.     

The impact of cardiac perception on emotion experience and cognitive performance under mental stress

Mental stress evokes several physiological responses such as the acceleration of heart rate, increase of electrodermal activity and the release of adrenaline. Moreover, physiological stress responses interact with emotional and behavioral stress responses. In the present study we provide evidence that viscero-sensory feedback from the heart (cardiac perception) is an important factor modulating emotional and cognitive stress responses. In our study, we compared participants with high versus low cardiac perception using a computerized mental stress task, in which they had to respond to rapidly presented visual and acoustic stimuli. Additionally, we assessed physiological responses (heart rate, skin conductance). Participants high in cardiac perception reported more negative emotions and showed worse task performance under the stressor than participants low in cardiac perception. These results were not moderated by physiological responses. We conclude that cardiac perception modulates stress responses by intensifying negative emotions and by impairing cognitive performance.     

Neural basis of the emotional Stroop interference effect in major depression

BACKGROUND: A mood-congruent sensitivity towards negative stimuli has been associated with development and maintenance of major depressive disorder (MDD). The emotional Stroop task assesses interference effects arising from the conflict of emotional expressions consistent with disorder-specific self-schemata and cognitive colour-naming instructions. Functional neuroimaging studies of the emotional Stroop effect advocate a critical involvement of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) during these processes. METHOD: Subjects were 17 medication-free individuals with unipolar MDD in an acute depressive episode (mean age 39 years), and 17 age-, gender- and IQ-matched healthy volunteers. In an emotional Stroop task, sad and neutral words were presented in various colours, and subjects were required to name the colour of words whilst undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Overt verbal responses were acquired with a clustered fMRI acquisition sequence. RESULTS: Individuals with depression showed greater increases in response time from neutral to sad words relative to controls. fMRI data showed a significant engagement of left rostral ACC (BA 32) and right precuneus during sad words in patients relative to controls. Additionally, rostral ACC activation was positively correlated with latencies of negative words in MDD patients. Healthy controls did not have any regions of increased activation compared to MDD patients. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide evidence for a behavioural and neural emotional Stroop effect in MDD and highlight the importance of the ACC during monitoring of conflicting cognitive processes and mood-congruent processing in depression.     

Individual differences in the cortisol response to stress in young healthy men: testing the roles of perceived stress reactivity and threat appraisal using multiphase latent growth curve modeling

Individual differences in stress reactivity and cognitive appraisal processes are thought to explain part of the heterogeneity in stress responses. This study investigated how perceived typical stress reactivity and momentary cognitive appraisal affect salivary cortisol responses to a laboratory performance stressor with social evaluation in 66 male non-smokers. Multiphase latent growth curve models showed positive associations of perceived stress reactivity and primary appraisal with cortisol responses. An age-adjusted path analysis suggested that primary appraisal mediated the effect of perceived reactivity to social evaluation on cortisol responses, and that effects of primary appraisal were attenuated at high levels of perceived reactivity. Our results suggest that individuals who report that they typically show strong perceived emotional, cognitive and autonomic responses to social evaluative stress tend to perceive the prospect of having to perform in front of an audience as more threatening, and that this appraisal then leads to stronger cortisol responses.     

The role of the right hemisphere in the physiological and cognitive components of emotional processing

Right hemisphere specialization for emotional processing was investigated using behavioral and psychophysiological methods, Fifty undergraduates were shown slides depicting negative emotional and neutral scenes briefly lateralized to the right or left cerebral hemispheres and asked to categorize each as emotional or neutral. Pulse volume and heart rate (HR) measured physiological processing and reaction time measured cognitive processing. The largest vasoconstriction responses and HR deceleration were obtained for emotional items in the right hemisphere. However, reaction time failed to show right hemisphere superiority in perceptual/cognitive processing, demonstrating instead slowest responses to emotional stimuli presented to the right hemisphere together with evidence for left hemisphere competence. Selective right hemispheric activation in autonomic responses, combined with the lack of right hemisphere specialization in the cognitive task, suggests that the physiological response system rather than the perceptual/cognitive system is the locus of the right hemisphere superiority for emotion.     

Psychomental Stress in Tetraplegic Man: Dissociation in Autonomic Variables and Emotional Responsiveness

Abstract

Tetraplegic patients with physiologically complete cervical spinal cord transsection are classic ablation models of sympathetic denervation. Therefore this study was conducted to investigate the hemodynamic response (blood pressure, cardiac rate) and the plasma catecholamine (adrenaline, noradrenaline) release induced by a standardized psychomental stress model (sonic con fuser). Attention was focussed on subjective evaluation of stress experience in spinal man. During psychomental stress, typical pressure reaction was not observed, cardiac rate was elevated insignificantly, and catecholamine release was diminished. The subjective estimates of stress experience, however, did not differ from those of the control group. It appears that psychomental stress in sympathectomized man is not extinguished despite abolished peripheral autonomic feedback modifying the state of the central nervous system. Cognitive processes and cortical arousal seem to be the initial and important steps of emotional experience and they are independent from peripheral autonomic processes. These results lend support to the centralistic view of emotions and the importance of cognitive factors in emotional responsiveness.     

Emotional responsivity during daily life: relationship to psychosocial functioning and ambulatory blood pressure.

Emotional responsivity refers to acute changes in affective states. This study examined the relationship of emotional responsivity during daily life with ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) and psychosocial functioning. Subjects were 162 employed men and women, aged 25-45 years. Subjects underwent 24-h ABP monitoring in which they completed a behavioral diary with each cuff inflation. On a separate day, subjects completed a psychometric test battery including measures of depression, trait anxiety, and social support. Emotional Responsivity, an index of negative emotional variability during waking hours, was operationalized as the standard deviation of each individual's negative emotions scores throughout the day. Individuals with high levels of emotional responsivity showed greater increases in ABP and heart rate (HR) associated with negative emotions. Emotionally responsive individuals also reported less satisfaction with social support and higher levels of perceived daily stress, trait anxiety, and depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that psychosocial traits that have been linked to cardiovascular disease may be associated with more marked cardiovascular activation occurring in response to negative emotions experienced throughout the day.     

急、慢性束缚应激对小鼠情绪和学习记忆能力的不同影响

目的:观察急性束缚应激和慢性束缚应激对小鼠情绪和学习记忆能力的影响。方法:小鼠按体重和自发活动随机分成三组,即空白对照组,急性应激组和慢性应激组。采用束缚躯体的方法建立急慢性应激模型,并用自发活动实验检测小鼠的情绪状态,避暗实验检测小鼠的学习记忆能力。结果:自发活动实验中急性束缚应激组小鼠平均速度与空白组相比有显著增加(P<0.01),中央区活动时间和中央区活动路程百分比则显著增加(P<0.05),慢性应激组平均速度与空白组相比有显著减小(P<0.01),中央区活动时间和中央区活动路程百分比显著减小(P<0.05);避暗测试中急性应激组避暗潜伏期和错误次数没有改变,而慢性应激组潜伏期显著减小(P<0.05)、错误次数急显著增加(P<0.01)。结论:急性束缚应激会使小鼠产生烦躁情绪、但不会改变其学习记忆能力;慢性束缚应激会使小鼠产生抑郁样情绪,会损害其学习记忆能力。     

Neural response to sustained affective visual stimulation using an indirect task

Event-related potentials were recorded from 30 subjects using sustained stimulation and an indirect task, two strategies which facilitate affective responses that are complete and free of cognitive interference. Stimuli were of three types: pleasant, unpleasant and neutral. A three-phase pattern was found. The first phase, an amplitude increase in response to negative stimuli higher than to neutral and pleasant stimuli, was produced at 160 ms after stimulus onset, the prefrontal cortex being the origin of this phase. The second phase, characterized by maximal amplitudes in response to positive stimuli, was produced at 400 ms, originating in the visual cortex. Finally, the third phase, another amplitude increase in response to negative stimuli, was produced at 680 ms, and its source was located in the left precentral gyrus. Present data show that the cortical response to sustained emotional visual stimulation presented within indirect tasks provides information on attention-, motivation- and motor-related biases that complement information obtained under other experimental conditions.