膈上胸导管结扎术在食管癌切除术中的应用

目的探讨胸导管结扎术对食管癌术后乳糜胸的预防和治疗作用。方法回顾性分析我院2003年1月至2009年6月的两组共836例食管癌切除术后的乳糜胸发生情况和治疗效果。其中结扎组431例,术中常规在膈上水平整块结扎胸导管,非结扎组405例,术中未常规结扎胸导管,术后并发乳糜胸者,再次采用手术治疗。结果结扎组无术后乳糜胸发生。非结扎组术后发生乳糜胸15例（3．7％）,治愈13例（86．7％）,死亡2例（13．3％）,1例死于呼吸功能衰竭,1例死于多器官功能衰竭。结论食管癌切除术中常规结扎胸导管可有效预防术后乳糜胸的发生。膈上胸导管结扎法稳妥有效。食管癌术后并发乳糜胸应积极手术治疗。     

食管癌切除术后乳糜胸的预防和治疗(附17例报告)

食管癌切除术中预防性结扎胸导管675例,术后乳糜胸5例,发生率0.75％,每日乳糜液量少于500ml,保守治疗治愈。未预防性结扎胸导管735例食管癌切除术,发生乳糜胸12例,发生率1.64％,乳糜液量大,8例二次手术治愈,1例术后因衰竭死亡。认为预防性结扎胸导管可降低乳糜胸的发生率。     

结扎胸导管预防不同部位胸段食管癌切除术后乳糜胸的疗效分析

目的分析术中结扎胸导管对不同部位胸段食管癌患者手术后预防发生乳糜胸的作用。方法对2003年3月至2007年6月手术切除的胸段食管癌243例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。根据不同病变部位将患者分为上段、中上段、中段、中下段和下段5组，了解不同部位胸段食管癌患者术中结扎和不结扎胸导管与术后乳糜胸发生有无相关性。结果术后共计8例患者出现乳糜胸，总发生率3．3％。上段病变结扎组乳糜胸发生3例，未结扎组5例；中上段病变结扎组和未结扎组均未发生乳糜胸；中段病变未结扎组1／28（3．6％）；中下段病变结扎组乳糜胸发生率1／39（2．6％），未结扎组1／35（2．9％）；下段病变结扎组乳糜胸发生率1／37（2．7％），未结扎组2／44（4．5％）。Logistic回归分析显示。不同部位胸段食管癌切除术中是否结扎胸导管结扎对术后乳糜胸的发生均无影响（P〉0．05）。结论预防性结扎胸导管不能降低不同部位胸段食管癌术后继发乳糜胸的发生率。     

腔镜食管癌切除术前口服橄榄油标示胸导管 减少术后乳糜胸的临床应用研究

目的:探讨腔镜食管癌切除术前口服橄榄油标示胸导管减少术后乳糜胸发生的可行性及临床效果。方法:回顾分析425例接受胸腹腔镜食管癌切除术患者的临床资料。其中观察组233例,于术前约8 h一次性服用食用橄榄油100～150 mL后禁食;对照组192例,术前不口服橄榄油。对比两组乳糜胸相关并发症发生率。结果:观察组术中胸导管损伤率、结扎率、术后乳糜胸发生率及乳糜胸相关二次手术发生率均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义。结论:腔镜食管癌切除术前口服橄榄油标示胸导管减少术后乳糜胸简单、可行,具有确切的临床效果,值得临床推广。     

食管癌术后并发乳糜胸的治疗体会

乳糜胸是胸部肿瘤术后严重并发症之一 ,多见于食管癌、贲门癌术后。我院 1992年 1月至 2 0 0 1年 5月行食管癌、贲门癌切除 3 2 6例 ,发生乳糜胸 5例 (1.5 3 % ) ,报告如下。临床资料本组 5例均为男性 ,年龄 49～ 62岁。上段食管癌 3例 ,中段食管癌 2例。乳糜胸均位于左侧胸。每日胸液 3 0 0～ 180 0ｍｌ。胸液苏丹Ⅲ染色阳性。本组行禁食、补液、营养支持治疗 ,胸液逐渐消失。消失时间 5～ 12ｄ ,平均 8ｄ。术后随访 1～ 2个月未见胸腔积液。讨　　论食管癌术后乳糜胸主要是术中损伤胸导管或其分支所致。由于胸导管的解剖特点 ,术中最易损…     

结扎胸导管预防不同部位胸段食管癌切除术后乳糜胸的疗效分析

目的 分析术中结扎胸导管对不同部位胸段食管癌患者手术后预防发生乳糜胸的作用.方法 对2003年3月至2007年6月手术切除的胸段食管癌243例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.根据不同病变部位将患者分为上段、中上段、中段、中下段和下段5组,了解不同部位胸段食管癌患者术中结扎和不结扎胸导管与术后乳糜胸发生有无相关性.结果 术后共计8例患者出现乳糜胸,总发生率3.3%.上段病变结扎组乳糜胸发生3例,未结扎组5例;中上段病变结扎组和未结扎组均未发生乳糜胸;中段病变未结扎组1/28(3.6%);中下段病变结扎组乳糜胸发生率1/39(2.6%),未结扎组1/35(2.9%);下段病变结扎组乳糜胸发生率1/37(2.7%),未结扎组2/44(4.5%).Logistic回归分析显示,不同部位胸段食管癌切除术中是否结扎胸导管结扎对术后乳糜胸的发生均无影响(P》0.05).结论 预防性结扎胸导管不能降低不同部位胸段食管癌术后继发乳糜胸的发生率.     

不同方法结扎胸导管预防食管癌术后乳糜胸

乳糜胸是食管癌术后严重的并发症之一，发生率0．4％～2．6％。术中是否预防性结扎胸导管，各家意见不一致。我科自1977年6月～2003年9月切除食管癌2943例，发生乳糜胸28例(0．95％)。不结扎胸导管1102例。术后发生乳糜胸21例(1．9％)；术中预防性结扎胸导管1841例，术后发生乳糜胸7例(0．38％)。发生率明显下降，现就本组结果分析如下。     

胸导管损伤17例治疗体会

外伤性或食管癌术中损伤胸导管可引起大量乳糜液漏入胸腔,形成乳糜胸。其中食管癌手术引起者发生率在国内为0.4%~2.6%[1],主要发生在中上段食管癌术后,一旦发生将对患者生命造成很大威胁。我们1975年1月至2005年8月间共收治17例胸导管损伤患者,报告如下。临床资料1.一般资料:17例患者中男14例,女3例;年龄25~68岁。食管癌切除弓上吻合术引起13例,其中上段2例、中段8例、下段3例。癌肿长约2~7cm,平均5.5cm,2例行术前放疗。4例胸部外伤中,多发性肋骨骨折3例、胸椎椎体骨折并右胸腔积液1例。全组17例中,4例食管癌手术术中发现胸导管损伤后予以胸…     

橄榄油标记胸导管预防腔镜下食管癌根治术后乳糜胸的发生

乳糜胸是食管癌术后的严重并发症,主要是由于传统开胸手术术前常禁食,乳糜液较透明,胸导管呈无色透明,因此术中难以被发现而易受损伤。目前常用的预防乳糜胸的方法为结扎胸导管。但有研究显示,结扎胸导管可导致淋巴淤滞,进而引起糖脂代谢紊乱。近年来,随着腔镜技术的发展,腔镜的放大性能有益于术中显露和保护胸导管。汕头市中心医院肿瘤外科自2012年10月至2014年1月间,在胸腹腔镜的基础上,对行食管癌切除术患者于术前晚予以口服橄榄油100～150 ml来标记胸导管,有效避免了乳糜胸的发生。现报道如下。     

食管癌切除术致乳糜胸的早期诊断及防治

乳糜胸是食管癌切除术的一种严重并发症 ,如得不到及时诊治 ,病人营养状况会迅速恶化 ,病人将衰竭死亡。现就其早期诊断及防治进行探讨。临床资料我们自 1992年至 1999年共施行食管癌切除术 2 16例 ,有 6例发生明显的胸导管损伤 ,发生率为 2 76 % ,均发生在中段或中上段食管癌     

Results of prophylactic thoracic duct ligation in advanced esophageal carcinoma

Objective  Esophageal carcinoma is one of the most common lethal malignancies in northwest Iran. The purpose of this study is to determine the efficiency of prophylactic thoracic duct ligation and compare the incidence, risk factors and outcomes of chylothorax in patients undergoing esophageal cancer surgery. Methods and Material  From 1995 through 2005 a total 420 patients undergoing esophageal resection with or without mediastinal lymph node dissection. In first five years (Group I: 210 patients) that after any esophagectomies we have not used prophylactic thoracic duct ligation (1995–2000). In last five years for prevention of chylothorax after any esophagectomies (Group II: 210 patients), thirty patients with advanced stage of esophageal carcinoma underwent to prophylactic thoracic duct ligation (2000–2005). Data analysis included Chi-square or Fisher exact test and Independent Samples t test. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. All analyzes were performed using the SPSS.15/_win software. Results  There were 100 men and 110 women with a mean age of 53.18±12.35 years in Group I, 108 men and 102 women with a mean age of 56.1±9.83 years in Group II. The initial procedures were transhiatal esophagectomies and transthoracic esophagectomies. Six patients of group I, developed to chylothorax with average daily postoperative drainage greater than 1000 ml/day for 6 days, and underwent to reoperation at a mean of 7.12±1.85 days after diagnosis (4–8 days). Chest tube drainage was stopped during 48 hours after reoperation. In Group II chylothorax did not occur. Conclusions  Chylothorax increases mortality and duration of hospitalization after esophageal cancer surgery. Most cases of chylothorax after esophageal resection are cured with early surgical intervention. It could be concluded that prophylactic thoracic duct ligation reduce the occurrence of chylothorax in advanced cases of esophageal carcinoma.     

Chylothorax after cardiothoracic surgery

8 patients with postoperative chylothorax were reported: 7 after resection of esophageal carcinoma, 1 after radical correction of tetralogy of Fallot. 1 case was treated conservatively and 7 by ligation of thoracic duct after rethoracotomy. All the cases recovered. The factors causing postoperative chylothorax, the principles of treatment, and the role of prophylactic ligation of thoracic duct were discussed. The authors point out that, the mechanisms of postoperative chylothorax after open heart surgery by sternotomy may be: (1) injury of perithymotic and anterior mediastinal lymph ducts; (2) injury of thoracic duct through posterior wall of pericardium; and (3) effect of hypertension of systemic veins on flow of thoracic duct.     

Chylothorax after neck dissection for thyroid carcinomas: report of three cases

Chylothorax is a rare complication of neck dissection. We report three cases of chylothorax after neck dissections for thyroid carcinoma and attribute this relatively high incidence to the assumption that most patients are asymptomatic. Thus, conventional chest X-ray or ultrasonography in the early postoperative period may be warranted to exclude asymptomatic chylothorax, especially if the thoracic duct is injured and ligated during the operation. We suggest that for chylothorax induced by ligation of the thoracic duct, which may be transient and resolve quickly, short-term thoracic drainage is enough.     

Thoracoscopic direct clipping of the thoracic duct for chylopericardium and chylothorax

BACKGROUND: Chylothorax is a challenging clinical problem. Untreated, it carries a high mortality and morbidity. Traditional surgical management for cases refractory to conservative treatment is thoracic duct ligation through a right open thoracotomy. METHODS: We describe 4 patients treated successfully by video-assisted thoracic surgery, using ports and no thoracotomy, and precise ligation and division of the thoracic duct just above the diaphragm. A pericardial window was made in the patient with chylopericardium, as in the patient with end-stage renal disease. Pleurodesis was used in the patient with esophageal carcinoma and the patient with jugular and subclavian vein thrombosis. RESULTS: There were 2 women aged 18 and 42 years and 2 men, aged 61 and 65 years. No procedure-related mortality or morbidity occurred. In patients 1, 2, 3, and 4, the postoperative duration of drainage was 5, 7, 7, and 5 days, respectively (mean duration, 6 days) and the hospital stay, 5, 9, 10, and 5 days, respectively (mean stay, 7 days). There was no recurrence of chylothorax or chylopericardium during follow-up (range, 2 to 24 months; mean follow-up, 9 months). One patient died of esophageal carcinoma 4 months after operation. CONCLUSIONS: Video-assisted thoracic surgery without a thoracotomy is an effective way of treating chylothorax and carries minimal morbidity.     

Chylothorax. Clinical experience in nine cases

Clinical experience in nine cases of chylothorax is presented. In five cases the cause was iatrogenic, in two cases idiopathic and in two cases the chylothorax was secondary to an advanced malignant disease. Iatrogenic chylothorax occurred after mediastinoscopy, thoracic sympathectomy, pneumonectomy, resection of an aneurysm of the thoracic aorta and closure of a patent ductus arteriosus. Only one of these patients needed an operative closure of the thoracic duct. In one of the two cases of a neoplastic origin the chylothorax was caused by a malignant mesothelioma and thoracic duct ligation was needed while in the other case it was due to an inoperable pancreatic carcinoma and was treated by thoracocentesis. In one of the idiopathic cases supradiaphragmatic ligation of the thoracic duct was necessary. It is concluded that in most iatrogenic or traumatic cases chylothorax can be cured by conservative therapy (diet, thoracocentesis); in other cases the operative therapy should be adjusted to the primary disease, and the ligation of the thoracic duct should be performed at a level where it is able to prevent the chylous leak without unnecessarily interfering with the collateral lymphatic circulation. Abundant and prolonged chylous leakage should be always treated operatively to prevent disastrous nutritional and immunological deficiencies.     

Chylothorax after thoracoscopic esophagectomy.

Among 30 patients who underwent thoracoscopic esophagectomy with lymphadenectomy for thoracic esophageal cancer, from July 1995 to May 1997, chylothorax developed in 2 patients (7%). In Case 1, the ligation of the thoracic duct under conventional right thoracotomy was performed on the 9th day after esophagectomy. After ligation, the pleural effusion was decreased, and the patient was discharged from hospital on the 25th day after the second operation. In Case 2, massive pleural effusion developed on the 10th day after esophagectomy (at 3 days after thoracic drainage tube was removed). The thoracic duct was ligated at the level just cranial to the diaphragm thoracoscopically on the 14th day after esophagectomy. The patient was discharged from hospital on the 30th day after the second operation. Injury to the thoracic duct due to a magnification effect of the view of scopic surgery remains a pitfall in thoracoscopic esophagectomy. But thoracoscopic ligation of thoracic duct was effective and safe for these two cases of chylothorax after esophagectomy.     

Aggressive treatment of chylothorax complicating transhiatal esophagectomy without thoracotomy

Chylothorax is an unusual complication after transhiatal esophagectomy (THE) and in the past 10 years has occurred in 11 of 320 patients (3%) undergoing this operation for diseases of the intrathoracic esophagus. Four patients had benign esophageal disease: scleroderma reflux esophagitis (1), caustic stricture (1), and achalasia (2), and each had undergone at least one previous esophageal operation. Seven patients had intrathoracic esophageal carcinoma--two upper-third, two middle-third, and three distal-third lesions. Excessive chest tube drainage more than 72 hours after THE was the standard presentation, and the diagnosis of chylothorax was confirmed by the administration of cream through the jejunostomy feeding tube placed routinely at operation. The character of the chest tube drainage changed from serous to opalescent. Aggressive treatment of this complication was the rule, and every patient underwent a thoracotomy between 2 to 14 days (average, 6 days) after the diagnosis was established. Cream was administered through the jejunostomy tube before operation, and in each case the thoracic duct injury was readily identified and controlled with suture ligatures. There were no deaths in this group, and there was one recurrence of the fistula that required reoperation; all patients were discharged from the hospital within 3 to 29 days (average, 10 days) after thoracic duct ligation. It is concluded that early recognition of a chylothorax after transhiatal esophagectomy with prompt transthoracic ligation of the injured duct results in a shorter overall hospitalization and lower morbidity and mortality from this complication. The traditional conservative management of chylothorax with intravenous hyperalimentation and no or low-residue enteral feedings has little place in this nutritionally depleted patient population.     

Postoperative chylothorax in patients with a thoracic aortic aneurysm.

OBJECTIVES: Postoperative chylothorax in patients with a thoracic aneurysm is generally infrequent. We report a mode of surgery to reduce the incidence of paraplegia. We review our experience with chylothorax after resection of an aneurysm to find its cause and to evaluate the success of management. PATIENTS AND METHODS: For descending thoracic aneurysms, intercostal arteries in the aneurysm were exposed before incising the aneurysm and, they were only sacrificed no change in motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) occurred after temporary occlusion. Between January 2001 and December 2003, out of a total of 147 aneurysms including thoracic and thoracoabdominal, 4 consecutive patients (2.7%) with chylothorax were reviewed. RESULTS: The chylothorax was diagnosed 1.5 days after operation (range 1 to 2 days). All patients were initially treated by the cessation of oral intake. This treatment was successful for 2 patients and the remaining 2 required surgical intervention to control the fistula. Chylothorax was cured in all patients. CONCLUSION: We postulate that chylothorax is caused by injury of the thoracic duct or its branch during the exposing the intercostal arteries. In the management of chylothorax, early intervention is recommended when the volume of chylous fluid is not decreased by conservative treatment.