高血压大鼠ACE2的表达及其与一氧化氮相关性分析

目的探讨血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)在自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)中的表达情况并对其与血清一氧化氮(NO)水平作相关性分析。方法分别采用实时荧光定量PCR,Northern印迹以及免疫印迹技术测定心、肾组织中ACE2的mRNA与蛋白表达情况,同时用硝酸还原酶法检测血清NO含量。结果与WKY对照组相比,SHR大鼠心、肾组织中ACE2的mRNA和蛋白表达均明显下降(ACE2/GAPDH mRNA拷贝数比值为:心脏0·043±0·012vs1.291±0·619;肾脏0·051±0·016vs0·914±0·433,P均<0·01;蛋白相对OD值为:心脏0·729±0·046vs1±0·053;肾脏0·734±0·063vs1.005±0·05,P均<0·01),同时出现血清NO浓度下降[(24.3±8.0vs78.4±27.9)μmol/L,P<0·01)。相关分析发现,大鼠血清NO水平与心、肾组织中ACE2/GAPDH的mRNA拷贝数比值呈正相关(r=0·610,0·521,P均<0·05),而与血压水平则呈负相关(r=-0·656,P<0·05)。结论SHR大鼠心、肾组织中ACE2的mRNA和蛋白表达均明显下降,很可能与体内NO水平降低及血压上升有关。特异性影响ACE2转录和表达的药物将对高血压病的防治有重要的临床应用价值。     

高血压大鼠ACE2的表达及其与一氧化氮相关性分析

目的探讨血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)在自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)中的表达情况并对其与血清一氧化氮(NO)水平作相关性分析.方法分别采用实时荧光定量PCR,Northern印迹以及免疫印迹技术测定心、肾组织中ACE2的mRNA与蛋白表达情况,同时用硝酸还原酶法检测血清NO含量.结果与WKY对照组相比,SHR大鼠心、肾组织中ACE2的mRNA和蛋白表达均明显下降(ACE2/GAPDH mRNA拷贝数比值为心脏0.043±0.012 vs 1.291±0.619;肾脏0.051±0.016 vs 0.914±0.433,P均<0.01;蛋白相对OD值为心脏0.729±0.046 vs 1±0.053;肾脏0.734±0.063 vs 1.005±0.05,P均<0.01),同时出现血清NO浓度下降[(24.3±8.0 vs 78.4±27.9)μmol/L,P<0.01).相关分析发现,大鼠血清NO水平与心、肾组织中ACE2/GAPDH的mRNA拷贝数比值呈正相关(r=0.610, 0.521,P均<0.05),而与血压水平则呈负相关(r=-0.656,P<0.05).结论 SHR大鼠心、肾组织中ACE2的mRNA和蛋白表达均明显下降,很可能与体内NO水平降低及血压上升有关.特异性影响ACE2转录和表达的药物将对高血压病的防治有重要的临床应用价值.     

联合应用缬沙坦和雷米普利对心脑血管组织血管紧张素Ⅱ受体的影响

目的 探讨小剂量联合应用血管紧张素Ⅱ 1型受体阻滞剂(ARB)缬沙坦和血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(ACEI)雷米普利对自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)体内血管紧张素Ⅱ 1型受体(AT1R)和2型受体(AT2R)基因表达的影响及该方法治疗高血压的可行性.方法 7～8周龄雄性SHR大鼠24只,WKY大鼠8只.SHR大鼠分成4组,每组6只.其中3组分别用缬沙坦30 mg/(kg·d),雷米普利1 mg/(kg·d)和缬沙坦15 mg/(kg·d) 雷米普利0.5 mg/(kg·d)灌胃.3月后,分别测定血压、心质量与体质量比值、血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ(Ang Ⅱ)值,血清一氧化氮(NO)值及心肌组织NO值.应用心肌胶原纤维特殊染色法及图像分析评估大鼠心肌纤维化程度.用RT-PCR方法测定各组大鼠左室心肌,主动脉及脑组织ACE mRNA、AT1R mRNA和AT2R mRNA表达情况.结果 联合应用半量的缬沙坦和雷米普利比单用组更全面抑制了SHR心肌、主动脉和脑组织中AT1R mRNA和ACE mRNA的表达(AT1R mRNA:P＜0.01 vs雷米普利组;ACE mRNA:P＜0.01 vs 缬沙坦组).联合组明显提升了AT2R mRNA与AT1R mRNA比值(约为SHR组、WKY组或雷米普利组3～4倍),增高了局部心肌组织NO的含量[联合组(7.2±1.2) vs SHR组(4.7±1.2),P＜0.05].结论 小剂量联合应用缬沙坦和雷米普利比单用组在高血压治疗方面获益更大.     

全反式维甲酸对高血压大鼠体内apelin-APJ信号系统的影响

目的:探讨全反式维甲酸(atRA)对高血压大鼠体内心血管活性多肽apelin及其受体APJ信号的影响。方法:采用12周龄雄性自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)及其同源对照WKY大鼠,经腹腔注射atRA,为期1月。分别用实时荧光定量多聚酶链式反应(PCR)与免疫印迹技术测定atRA治疗后SHR体内apelin和APJ受体的表达情况。结果:与WKY对照组相比,SHR心脏组织中apelin及其受体APJ的 mRNA和蛋白表达明显下调(P均<0.01)。而atRA治疗后SHR(低、高剂量atRA组)大鼠心脏组织中apelin、APJ表达出现上调(P均<0.05)。结论:长期atRA治疗促进SHR大鼠心脏组织中apelin及其受体APJ的表达增加,提示转录调节剂atRA很可能对人类高血压病防治具有积极作用。     

全反式维甲酸对高血压大鼠心脏氧化应激水平的影响

目的:探讨全反式维甲酸(atRA)对高血压心脏还原型辅酶I氧化酶P22亚单位(p22phox)表达以及氧化应激水平的影响。方法:采用12周龄雄性自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)及其同源对照WKY大鼠,经腹腔注射at-RA,为期1月。分别采用免疫印迹、硫代巴比妥酸比色以及透射电镜技术测定atRA治疗后SHR心脏p22phox的表达、丙二醛(MDA)含量以及心肌超微结构情况。结果:与WKY对照组相比,SHR心脏组织中p22phox蛋白表达与MDA含量明显升高(P均<0.01)。而atRA治疗后SHR(低、高剂量atRA组)大鼠心脏组织中p22phox蛋白表达与MDA水平出现下调(P均<0.05),同时伴有心肌损伤减轻。结论:长期atRA治疗可降低SHR大鼠心脏组织中p22phox表达与MDA水平,提示atRA在高血压病中具有一定的抗氧化效应。     

自发性高血压大鼠心脏重构与ACE2 mRNA的表达

目的:观察不同月龄的自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)的心脏血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)mRNA表达水平,探讨心脏重构与ACE2的内在联系。方法:将12周龄雄性SHR 18只和12周龄WKY Wistar-Kyoto rats大鼠18只随机分为两组,从WKY大鼠组和SHR组中各抽取9只处死,剩余的9只再喂养12周后处死。测量大鼠心脏的质量(HW)与体质量(BW)并计算HW/BW的比值。以实时定量RT-PCR法检测ACE2 mRNA的表达。结果:①与同周龄WKY大鼠组比较,SHR组HW/BW的比值显著增加(P0.01);与12周龄SHR组比较,24周龄SHR组的HW/BW显著增加(P0.05)。②与同周龄的WKY大鼠组比较,SHR组ACE2 mRNA的表达显著降低(P0.01);与12周龄的SHR组比较,24周龄的SHR组ACE2 mRNA的表达显著降低(P0.01)。结论:自发性高血压大鼠心脏重构伴随着心脏中ACE2 mRNA的表达下调。     

卡维地洛增加心力衰竭大鼠心肌细胞血管紧张素转换酶2

目的 探讨卡维地洛对心肌梗死后大鼠心肌组织血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)的影响.方法 结扎大鼠左冠状动脉前降支复制心肌梗死后心力衰竭(CHF)模型,随机分为CHF组,卡维地洛组和假手术组.2月后检测血流动力学指标,计算左心室质量指数.放射免疫法测定心肌组织和血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)水平,RTPCR方法检测心肌组织ACE2 mRNA表达,Western-Blot方法检测心肌组织ACE2蛋白表达.结果 CHF组与卡维地洛组8周死亡率都是20%,而假手术组为0%.卡维地洛明显改善CHF大鼠的血流动力学参数(LVEDP,LVSP, dp/dtmin和-dp/dtmin),但仍然比假手术组差.CHF组大鼠循环和心肌组织Ang Ⅱ水平明显升高[循环Ang Ⅱ:(194±19)比假手术组(132±15)ng/L.心肌Ang Ⅱ:(6.7±0.4)比假手术组(3.8±0.3)ng/g,P均＜0.01],心肌组织ACE2 mRNA和蛋白表达增强[ACE2 mRNA:(1.09±0.07)比假手术组(0.81±0.06),P＜0.01;ACE2蛋白:(0.68±0.08)比假手术组(0.54±0.07),P＜0.05].卡维地洛改善大鼠血流动力学指标(P＜0.01),下调心肌组织Ang Ⅱ水平[(6.0±0.5)比CHF组(6.7±0.4),P＜0.05],心肌组织ACE2 mRNA和蛋白表达显著增强[ACE2 mRNA(1.38±0.08)比CHF组(1.09±0.07),ACE2蛋白(0.93±0.09)比CHF组(0.68±0.08),P均＜0.01].结论 CHF大鼠心肌组织ACE2表达上调,卡维地洛改善心功能同时伴有ACE2表达增强,这一现象对CHF的作用是通过什么机制有待进一步研究.     

ACE2和ACE在自发性高血压大鼠心肌中的变化

目的:观察自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)心肌的血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)和ACE2的表达,以探讨ACE2和ACE在高血压发生发展中的变化。方法:取15只SHR,处死,分离左心室,行RT-PCR、Western blot蛋白质免疫印迹和免疫组织化学检测ACE及ACE2表达;同步取10只WKY大鼠作为正常血压对照组。结果:SHR组心肌ACE的mRNA和蛋白质表达都显著高于WKY组[(1.68±0.34)∶(0.33±0.12),P<0.05;(1.21±0.14)∶(0.71±0.11),P<0.05],而ACE2的mRNA和蛋白质表达皆明显低于WKY组[(0.50±0.15)∶(1.16±0.24),P<0.05;(0.71±0.24)∶(1.22±0.14),P<0.05)]。免疫组织化学染色显示,SHR组ACE的阳性率明显高于WKY组(87%∶50%,P<0.05),而ACE2的阳性率明显低于WKY组(27%∶70%,P<0.05)。结论:SHR心肌ACE明显升高,ACE2显著降低;SHR高血压发生发展过程中存在着ACE和ACE2表达的失衡。     

缬沙坦对代谢综合征大鼠心脏血管紧张素转换酶2表达的影响

目的 探讨代谢综合征(MS)大鼠心肌组织中血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)表达,及其与血浆心肌局部血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)的关系并观察缬沙坦对其影响.方法 SPF级雄性Wistar大鼠50只,随机分5组,每组各10只:正常对照组;MS模型组;MS 缬沙坦10 mg/(kg·d)组;MS 缬沙坦20 mg/(kg·d)组;MS 缬沙坦30 mg/(kg·d)组.6周后用逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)法测定心肌ACE2 mRNA表达;免疫组化法测定心肌ACE2;放射免疫法测定血浆及心肌局部AngⅡ水平.结果 与正常大鼠组比较,MS大鼠收缩压升高(P<0.01),心肌组织中ACE2 mRNA及ACE2表达降低(mRNA:0.6±0.02 vs 0.85±0.03,P<0.01;蛋白:113.69±5.62 vs 168.20±3.46,P<0.01),心肌及血浆AngⅡ水平明显升高(P<0.01).缬沙坦干预后收缩压明显下降,心肌及血浆AngⅡ水平进一步升高(P<0.01),心肌组织中ACE2 mRNA及ACE2表达增加(mRNA,10 mg/d:0.45±0.02,20 mg/d:0.65±0.03,30 mg/d:0.75±0.03;蛋白:10 mg/d:127.58±5.48,20 mg/d:140.66±4.18,30 mg/d:157.63±3.50)明显高于MS模型组(mRNA:0.26±0.02,P<0.01;蛋白:113.69±5.62,P<0.01),呈剂量依赖型(P<0.01).结论 MS大鼠心肌ACE2表达降低.缬沙坦降低收缩压水平,还可能通过升高血浆及心肌局部Ang Ⅱ水平来提高MS大鼠心肌组织中ACE2 mRNA及蛋白表达.     

氯沙坦对自发性高血压大鼠心脏血管紧张素转换酶2-血管紧张素(1～7)-MAS-ERK通路的影响

目的探讨氯沙坦对自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)心肌中血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)-血管紧张素(1～7)[Ang(1-7)]-MAS-ERK通路的影响。方法30周龄SHR随机分为SHR组(n=11)、氯沙坦组[氯沙坦灌胃30mg/(kg·d),n=12],以Wistar大鼠(WKY)作正常对照(n=12)。处理12周后,应用放射免疫法检测大鼠血浆及心肌组织血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)、血管紧张素(1～7)[Ang-(1-7)]水平;采用RT-PCR法检测各组大鼠心肌血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)、ACE2和MAS受体mRNA水平;采用Western blot法检测ACE、ACE2和磷酸化细胞外信号调节激酶(pERK1/2)蛋白表达水平。结果用药12周后,氯沙坦组血压明显低于SHR组[(164.3±21.6)比(241.3±24.5)mmHg,P<0.01];SHR组心肌ACE mRNA和蛋白表达水平显著高于WKY组,而ACE2 mRNA和蛋白表达、心肌MAS受体mRNA表达水平明显低于WKY组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);氯沙坦组ACE2 mRNA和蛋白表达、MAS mRNA表达水平高于SHR组(P<0.01),心...     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.