Medical management of abdominal aortic aneurysm.

Medical management of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is required for several different reasons. Since these patients have an increased risk of cardiovascular death therapy to reduce cardiovascular events is essential. Treatment is in line with the medical management of coronary artery disease including smoking cessation, statins and anti-platelet therapy. Some of these therapies also will slow aneurysm growth. Currently there is no proven focused therapy that reduces aneurysm growth, but the emerging strategies are discussed. Medical management also is required to reduce peri-operative risks and stabilise endovascular aneurysm repair. Whilst some of the therapies targeting cardiovascular risk reduction may be helpful, other emerging strategies are discussed.     

The role of arteriography in abdominal aortic aneurysm

The results of arteriography in the management of 100 consecutive patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms are presented. Arteriographic information had substantial influence upon management decisions and performance of surgery in 75 per cent of cases. We found the preoperative knowledge of the precise vascular pathology or anatomic variants not only permitted a more rational recommendation for or against surgery but aided in the selection of the most suitable surgical procedure.     

破裂性腹主动脉瘤的救治

目的 回顾总结17例破裂性腹主动脉瘤(RAAA)的救治经验.方法 对2002年5月至2008年3月救治的17例RAAA患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 17例RAAA患者中的15例采用开腹手术救治,紧急应用球囊导尿管阻断动脉以止血,自体出血回输装置进行自体输血,人工血管置换;2例采用腔内血管外科技术行带膜支架植入,成功1例,另1例转为开腹手术后仍成功救治.死亡3例,存活14例.结论 腹主动脉瘤患者一旦出现腹痛等破裂先兆症状,必须尽快争取手术时间,球囊导尿管阻断动脉可以明显缩短失血性休克时间,减少术中出血和输血是抢救成功的关键.     

The future of imaging in the management of abdominal aortic aneurysm.

The development of endovascular techniques depends on the concomitant development of imaging techniques. Imaging with ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MR) is evolving at rapid pace. Angiography has largely been replaced by these techniques as a diagnostic tool in the clinical setting. New methods, e.g., rotational angiography and intravascular ultrasound, will play an important role in endovascular treatment of vascular disease. It is necessary to have easy access to ultrasonography, CT and MR images in future hybrid angiographic/surgical suites and the operator must be able to do advanced immediate reconstructions in a sterile environment. The combined use of advanced imaging, open and endovascular techniques will further improve the treatment of vascular disease in the future.     

Non-operative or medical management of abdominal aortic aneurysm.

Non-operative management of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is required for several different reasons. Since these patients have an increased risk of cardiovascular death therapy to reduce cardiovascular events is essential. Treatment is in line with the medical management of coronary artery disease including smoking cessation, statins and anti-platelet therapy. Some of these therapies also will slow aneurysm growth, which is a target in the management of patients with small AAA. As yet there is no targeted therapy that reduces aneurysm growth, but there is active research in this area. Medical management also is required to reduce peri-operative risks, stabilise endovascular aneurysm repair and minimise the risk of rupture in those with large AAA unfit for aneurysm repair.     

趋化因子RANTES在腹主动脉瘤形成中的作用

目的探讨调节活化正常T细胞表达和趋化因子RANTES在腹主动脉瘤(AAA)形成中的作用。方法将Wistar大鼠56只随机分成7组,灌注法建立AAA模型。A组不灌注。E、F、G组腹腔注射吡咯烷二硫代氨基甲酸酯(PDTC)。分别在术后4、7、14d取标本。用苏木素伊红(HE)及免疫组织化学染色观察动脉壁炎性细胞浸润及RANTES的表达,并用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RTPCR)观察RANTESmRNA的表达。结果术后7d,RANTES及RANTESmRNA的表达最高,分别为(44.73±6.81)%和(81.58±5.73)%。术后14d形成AAA,动脉扩张率为(113.73±5.75)%。在E、F、G组,RANTES的表达受到抑制(P<0.05),且术后14d没形成AAA。结论RANTES在AAA形成之前表达升高,促进了AAA的形成。     

The place of screening in the management of abdominal aortic aneurysm

The present method of management of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAA) is ineffective in preventing AAA rupture. 5000 people still die of AAA in the UK each year. Improvements in surgery can only reduce the mortality in the minority who reach hospital following chance detection, and then only by a few percent. Screening, with detection in the community and planned treatment can reduce the mortality of the disease by 58%. Screening programmes for AAA have recently been approved for men aged 65 years, in both the UK and the USA. The proposed UK National Screening Programme is outlined briefly. CONCLUSION: If the aim of treatment is to reduce the mortality of the disease as a whole, resources would be better spent on screening programmes for AAA, rather than developing increasingly sophisticated operative techniques that could only reduce the overall death from AAA by a few percent.     

The role of inflammation in nonspecific abdominal aortic aneurysm disease

The predominant pathologic feature of abdominal aortic aneurysm is elastin destruction, and elastin destruction may be mediated by inflammation. In this investigation serial sections of abdominal aortic aneurysm specimens were selectively stained to study the relationship between inflammation and elastin degradation. In addition, soluble aortic extracts were examined for the presence of immunoglobulins. An inflammatory infiltrate was present in 8 of 10 of the abdominal aortic aneurysm specimens examined. The infiltrate was mononuclear, commonly located at the junction of the media and adventitia; it did not codistribute with loss of elastin. The presence of an inflammatory component in abdominal aortic aneurysm was associated with a large amount of immunoglobulin in soluble extracts from aneurysmal tissue compared to atherosclerotic and normal control extracts. This study further characterizes the microscopic pathology of abdominal aortic aneurysm and describes the presence of immunoglobulin in soluble tissue extracts. In addition, the possible role of inflammation in abdominal aortic aneurysm as it relates to protease expression is detailed. Presented in part at the meeting of the New England Vascular Society, September 21–22, 1989, Bretton Woods, New Hampshire.     

感染性腹主动脉瘤的诊疗进展

感染性腹主动脉瘤(IAAA)是由于各种致病菌感染所致的一类特殊类型的动脉瘤。IAAA发病急、病情进展迅速、瘤体易于破裂、临床预后差,因此对其早诊早治十分关键。依据典型病史、实验室检查、CTA影像、术中所见、血培养或组织培养阳性结果可做出诊断。诊断明确后,应在足量应用抗生素的基础上尽早手术治疗。但有关抗生素具体使用方案、手术方案等治疗选择上尚未达成一致。目前推荐术后用抗生素至少6个月以上。伴随微创技术的发展,腔内修复术治疗IAAA的比例越来越高,且短期效果良好,未来有望成为首选的手术方式。     

The mortality of abdominal aortic aneurysm.

During a five year period 153 patients presented with abdominal aortic aneurysms and 135 received grafts. The mortality was 4.2% (3 of 71) for elective cases, 16.7% (2 of 12) for acute cases (the preoperative diagnosis of rupture found to be incorrect) and 55.8% (29 of 52) for patients with ruptured aneurysms. For patients with ruptured aneurysms there was a trend towards larger amounts of blood and colloid infusion in patients who died compared with those who survived, but there was no statistically significant difference either for the amount transfused, or for age, distance of referral, preoperative blood pressure, operating theatre time, or seniority of operating surgeon, between the two groups. It is possible that increased attention to cardiac and renal disease might reduce mortality following elective surgery. Measures to reduce the high mortality from ruptured aneurysm must be early detection and treatment of intact aneurysms, rapid diagnosis of rupture and expeditious surgery with minimal blood loss and the accurate exclusion of rupture in acute cases to achieve the same mortality as elective surgery.     

The role of estrogen in the formation of experimental abdominal aortic aneurysm

Objective

The current study sought to investigate the role of estrogen in the formation of experimental abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA).

Methods

Elastase perfusion of infrarenal AAA animal model was performed in 20 female and 20 male Wistar rats that were randomly divided into an ovariectomized/sham-operated group and an estradiol (E2) experimental/saline control group, respectively. At day 14, E2 was detected, while the mRNA and protein expressions of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP-2 and -9) in AAA tissue were detected by immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Results

The ovariectomized group showed lower estrogen levels and a higher aneurysm dilatation rate and significantly higher MMP-2 and -9 expression compared with the sham-operated group (P < .01), which was in accordance with MMP-2 and -9 mRNA expression. The E2 group showed higher estrogen levels and a lower aneurysm dilatation rate and significantly lower MMP-2 and -9 expression than did the saline control group (P < .01), which was in accordance with MMP-2 and -9 mRNA expression.

Conclusions

In the pathogenesis of AAA, estrogen may play an inhibitory role by decreasing expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 synthesis.     

基质金属蛋白酶在腹主动脉瘤形成中的作用研究进展

介绍基质金属蛋白酶在腹主动脉瘤形成中的作用。腹主动脉瘤的形成是多因素共同作用的结果 ,而基质金属蛋白酶对主动脉璧结缔组织的降解 ,导致动脉璧受损 ,是形成动脉瘤的一个重要原因。对于基质金属蛋白酶的深入研究 ,有助于进一步揭示主动脉瘤的发病机制     

Cyclophilin A在腹主动脉瘤形成中的作用

腹主动脉瘤是常见的血管疾病.炎性反应与细胞基质退化在该病形成中起到关键作用,其主要分子机制包括血管平滑肌细胞衰老、氧化应激、局部促炎性因子释放增多及基质金属蛋白酶活化增强.亲环素A(CypA)是亲环蛋白家族中最重要的成员,参与体内多种生理功能.其在血管平滑肌细胞大量表达,与腹主动脉瘤形成密切相关,可作为临床治疗的新靶点...     

Literature review of surgical management of abdominal aortic aneurysm.

OBJECTIVES: To review the natural history and the outcome of surgical repair of aortic abdominal aneurysm (AAA). DESIGN: An English and Scandinavian language search of papers between 1985-1997. RESULTS: After review, 132 papers with 54 048 patients remained. The mean postoperative mortality (30 days or in-hospital) for elective repair was approximately 5% and for emergency operations 47% (range 27-69%), both with significant heterogeneity. Results did not improve over time. Increasing age, presence of renal failure and atherosclerotic cardiac disease were identified as pre-operative risk factors. AAA expansion averaged 0.2-0.4 cm per year for aneurysms smaller than 4 cm, 0.2-0.5 cm for aneurysms 4-5 cm and 0.3-0.7 cm for those larger than 5 cm. The rupture risk at four years was 2, 10 and 22% respectively. The overview revealed several methodological problems in the reported studies. CONCLUSIONS: The results can be used as the basis of quality assurance or in decision trees or other models. Better reporting standards are needed.     

破裂腹主动脉瘤的外科治疗

目的探讨急诊腹主动脉瘤切除人工血管移植术治疗破裂腹主动脉瘤的经验。方法总结1999年4月至2005年4月外科手术治疗破裂腹主动脉瘤20例，采用钳夹阻断膈下腹主动脉或Foley氏球囊管腔内阻断瘤颈上腹主动脉后行急诊腹主动脉瘤切除人工血管移植术，应用分叉型人工血管12例，直型人工血管8例。结果急诊腹主动脉瘤切除人工血管移植手术30d围手术期死亡率40％（8例），死亡原因包括急性肾功能衰竭4例，多器官功能衰竭2例，呼吸循环衰竭2例。存活12例，术后合并症包括急性肾功能不全、肺部感染、凝血机制障碍和腹泻等共11例，均经治疗后痊愈。随访观察6～60个月，无人工血管血栓形成和感染等并发症以及随访期死亡发生。结论破裂腹主动脉瘤外科手术治疗死亡率仍然很高，早期确定诊断，紧急外科手术治疗，术后加强围手术期管理是降低破裂腹主动脉瘤死亡率的关键。