右旋柠烯乳剂对人胃癌移植瘤生长和转移的抑制作用

目的　研究并探讨右旋柠烯乳剂 (D limonene)对人胃癌生长和转移的抑制作用及其机制。　方法　采用人胃癌BGC 82 3细胞株经反复传代成实体瘤的完整组织块 ,建立人胃癌裸小鼠原位移植瘤模型。将 4 0只荷瘤裸小鼠随机分成 4组 ,移植后第 5d开始分别用生理盐水灌胃、5 氟尿嘧啶 (5 FU)腹腔注射、D limonene灌胃、D limonene灌胃 +5 FU腹腔注射共 7周。第 8周处死动物 ,测量原位肿瘤瘤重并计算抑瘤率 ,检测肿瘤细胞凋亡指数 (AI)、肿瘤微血管密度 (MVD)及免疫组织化学测定肿瘤组织血管内皮生长因子 (VEGF)的表达变化 ,光镜与电镜观察组织细胞超微结构变化 ;观察荷瘤鼠腹膜、肝、其他脏器肿瘤转移及腹水情况。　结果　D limonene组、联用组分别与对照组相比 ,胃癌的原位肿瘤瘤重与抑瘤率、AI、MVD、VEGF下调 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。腹膜、肝转移受到明显抑制 (P <0 0 5 )。　结论　D limonene通过抑制肿瘤微血管形成 ,诱导胃癌细胞凋亡 ,抑制了体内胃癌的生长和转移。     

胰腺癌中内皮抑素表达与微血管密度测定的意义

目的探讨内皮抑素(endostatin)表达与微血管密度(MVD)在胰腺癌发生、发展中的作用及对预后的影响。方法采用免疫组化SP法检测endostatin、MVD在50例胰腺癌、10例正常胰腺组织中的表达,分析它们与胰腺癌临床病理参数及患者生存率的关系。结果(1)endostatin在正常胰腺组织、胰腺癌中的阳性表达率分别为40%、78%,差异有显著性(P<0.05),其表达强度与胰腺癌临床分期及淋巴结转移相关(P<0.01,P<0.01),与性别、年龄、肿瘤部位、肿瘤直径及分化程度无关。(2)胰腺癌中MVD均值(33.74±11.44),明显高于正常胰腺组织(17.40±4.74)(P<0.01),Ⅲ～Ⅳ期胰腺癌MVD均值(40.89±10.33)高于Ⅰ～Ⅱ期(25.35±5.38)(P<0.01),淋巴结转移组MVD均值(40.84±10.70)高于未转移组(26.64±6.90)(P<0.01),与性别、年龄、肿瘤部位、肿瘤直径及分化程度无关。(3)生存分析提示endostatin及MVD与胰腺癌的预后有关(P<0.01)。结论endostatin及MVD在胰腺癌发展中起重要作用,可对胰腺癌恶性程度的判定和预后评估提供有效的依据。     

乳腺癌MMP-2表达与间质微血管密度和肿瘤转移的关系

目的 :研究乳腺癌组织中基质金属蛋白酶 2 (MMP 2 )的表达特点 ,探讨其与间质微血管密度及肿瘤转移的关系。方法 :应用免疫组化S P法 ,检测 49例乳腺癌、10例癌旁正常组织MMP 2的表达 ,并在CD34染色切片上检测间质微血管密度(MVD)。结果 :乳腺癌组织MMP 2的表达 (75 5 % )明显高于癌旁正常组织 (30 % ) ,二者之间差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1) ;MMP 2阳性组MVD均值 (5 4 93± 13 86 )高于MMP 2阴性组 (4 1 2 8± 11 6 9) ,MMP 2的表达与MVD呈正相关 (P <0 0 1)。此外 ,乳腺癌MMP 2的表达与组织学分级、淋巴结转移密切相关 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而与患者年龄、肿瘤大小、组织学分型、临床分期无关。结论 :MMP 2促进乳腺癌间质血管生成 ,促进肿瘤的侵袭和转移 ,有可能成为判定乳腺癌生物学行为和预后的重要指标     

结肠癌组织中MMP-10、VEGF表达和MVD的相关性

目的　探讨结肠癌组织MMP -10、VEGF的表达和MVD值在血管生成、侵袭和转移中的作用及其相关性。方法　采用免疫组化S P法,检测44例结肠癌和5例正常结肠组织的MMP 10、VEGF、FⅧRAg、Ⅳ型胶原的表达情况。结果　44例结肠癌中MMP- 10和VEGF的表达阳性率分别为77 .2%和81. 8%,MMP 10表达阳性的结肠癌组织MVD值明显高于表达阴性者(P<0 .01); MMP- 10、VEGF的表达和MVD值与肿瘤分化、淋巴结转移、Dukes分期有明显相关(P<0 .01或<0 .05);MMP- 10与VEGF在结肠癌组织中表达呈正相关。结论　MMP -10和VEGF的表达以及MVD值与结肠癌侵袭转移密切相关,可能成为结肠癌治疗的标靶和预后指标。     

金荞麦E对小鼠网状内皮系统吞噬功能的影响

本文报道用印度墨汁法测定金荞麦E对小鼠网状内皮系统吞噬功能的影响。正常小鼠po金荞麦E 200、100、50mg/kg/day连续七天,测得小鼠吞噬指数K分别为0.026±0.008,0.024±0.007,0.021±0.008,与对照组比较(对照K值0.014±0.009)200、100mg/kg/day两组均有显著性差异;而吞噬系数α分别为5.335±1.048,5.095±1.047,5.061±1.164,与对照组比较(对照α值4.057±0.837)100,     

大黄素抑制小鼠移植宫颈癌生长及其机制

目的观察大黄素对小鼠宫颈癌U14细胞移植瘤生长的影响,并初步探讨大黄素的抗肿瘤作用机制。方法建立615近交系小鼠U14细胞移植瘤模型,随机分为对照组(二甲基亚砜)、低剂量大黄素组(20mg/kg)、高剂量大黄素组(40mg/kg)、顺铂组(3mg/kg),每组10只。接种后第26天处死全部小鼠,检测肿瘤体积及质量,计算抑瘤率;通过CD34免疫组织化学染色检测肿瘤组织微血管密度(MVD),采用荧光实时定量PCR和Westernblot法检测肿瘤组织缺氧诱导因子1α(HIF-1α)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(MIF)的mRNA及蛋白表达,原位末端标记法(TUNEL)测定肿瘤细胞凋亡指数(AI),通过Westernblot法检测肿瘤组织Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达。结果大黄素低、高剂量组及顺铂组抑瘤率分别为15.83%、46.92%、51.22%,后2组的抑瘤率高于低剂量大黄素组。与对照组及低剂量大黄素组比较,高剂量大黄素组和顺铂组肿瘤体积、肿瘤质量、MVD及HIF-1α、VEGF、MIF、Bcl-2表达水平明显降低,而AI、Bax表达水平则升高,但低剂量大黄素对上述参数无明显影响。结论大黄素可能通过减少肿瘤血管形成、降低MIF表达以及促进肿瘤细胞凋亡抑制小鼠宫颈癌的生长。     

金荞麦E对小鼠网状内皮系统吞噬功能的影响

本文报道用印度墨汁法测定金荞麦E对小鼠网状内皮系统吞噬功能的影响。正常小鼠PO金荞麦E200、100、50mg/kg/day,测得小鼠吞噬指数K分别为0.026±0.008、0.024±0.007、0.021±0.008,吞噬系数α分别为5.335±1.048、5.095±1.047、5.061±1.164,与对照组比较(对照K值0.014±0.009,α值4.057±0.837)100、200两组K值、α值均显著提高。荷瘤小鼠PO金荞麦E200、100mg/kg/day,K值分别为0.047±0.0098、0.0521±0.0096,α值分别为6.5557±0.5154,6.8298±0.9750,与对照组比较(对照K值     

益气活血解毒方对小鼠Lewis肺癌生长转移及血管生成的作用

目的：研究益气活血解毒方对小鼠Lewis肺癌生长及自发性肺转移的作用并探讨其作用机制。方法:复制小鼠Lewis肺癌模型并随机分组,腹腔注射给药 10 d 后，观察抑瘤率，HE染色观察瘤组织病理学变化，免疫组化法检测瘤组织增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）的表达；给药 20 d 后，观察肺转移瘤结节数、瘤组织微血管密度（MVD），免疫组化法和ELISA法分别检测瘤组织及血清血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）的表达。结果:益气活血解毒方能减少小鼠Lewis肺癌肿瘤重量和肺转移灶数，高低剂量(24 mg·kg^-1·d^-1,12 mg·kg^-1·d^-1)抑瘤率分别为48.29%、37.26%，肺转移结节数分别为1.67、3.50，对照组为6.44；并能抑制肿瘤细胞PCNA的表达，降低肿瘤组织微血管密度,抑制肿瘤细胞及血清中VEGF的表达。结论:益气活血解毒方能抑制小鼠Lewis肺癌的生长与转移,其机制可能与抑制VEGF表达,减少肿瘤血管生成有关。     

ISO-1对结直肠癌生长和微血管形成的影响

目的 观察选择性巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(MIF)互变异构酶活性抑制剂ISO-1对结直肠癌生长及其微血管形成的影响,并探讨其可能机制.方法 MTT法检测不同浓度ISO-1(0.01-100umol/L)在不同时间点(24、48和72 h)对CT26细胞增殖的影响.盲肠造疝原位移植瘤块术建立小鼠结直肠癌模型.将30只成功建模小鼠随机分为3组,分别每周两次腹腔注射相同体积ISO-1(0.2 ml,20 mg/kg)、5%DMSO和无菌生理盐水(NS).治疗后每周两次观察小鼠盲肠肿瘤大小,第4周时处死小鼠.ELSIA法测定小鼠血清中VEGF浓度;CD31染色标记血管内皮细胞测定肿瘤微血管密度(MVD).结果 在体外,ISO-1明显抑制CT26细胞增殖.在体内,ISO-1明显抑制小鼠肿瘤生长,第4周ISO-1组和DMSO组的抑瘤率分别为25.22%和9.65%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);并且,ISO-1组移植瘤质量明显小于DMSO组[(1.50±0.14)g比(1.80±0.14)g,P=0.017];与DMSO组比较,ISO-1降低小鼠血清中VEGF的水平[(14.62±6.49)ng/L比(63.34±10.22)ng/L,P<0.01]及肿瘤组织MVD[(16.6±3.7)比(35.8±7.3),P=0.002].结论 ISO-1抑制结直肠癌细胞增殖及原位移植瘤生长,其机制可能为LSO-1抑制MIF生物学活性,从而抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、下调VEGF表达与MVD.     

肝细胞肝癌肿瘤血管生成及其临床病理意义

目的　探讨肝细胞肝癌 (HCC)肿瘤血管生成与临床病理的意义 ,及其调控因素 p5 3与血管内皮生长因子 (VEGF)和微血管密度 (MVD)之间的内在联系。方法　经手术治疗的HCC 6 0例 ,分别进行HE染色和 p5 3、VEGF和CD34的免疫组化染色。根据CD34阳性结果计数测定MVD。记录HCC患者的手术及临床病理特征如AFP结果、包膜情况、肝内转移、病理分级汇管区癌栓等资料 ,并将 p5 3、VEGF和MVD结果分别与上述指标进行统计分析。 结果　MVD值在汇管区癌栓组 (2 2 0 76± 89 84 )和肝内转移组 (2 2 5 31± 87 17)高于无汇管区癌栓组 (16 8 79± 87 5 7)和无肝内转移组 (173 0 5± 89 4 0 ) ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。VEGF表达的阳性率在汇管区癌栓组 (71 4 3% )、肝内转移组 (75 % )和包膜完整组 (75 % )中均高于无汇管区癌栓组 (4 1 0 3% )、无肝内转移组 (4 3 18% )和无包膜 (4 0 % )或包膜不完整组 (35 2 9% ) ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。p5 3蛋白表达的阳性率在汇管区癌栓组 (5 7 14 % )、肝内转移组 (6 2 5 0 % )和中低分化组 (4 1 30 % )中均高于无汇管区癌栓组(2 0 5 1% )、无肝内转移组 (2 2 75 % )和高分化组 (7 14 % ) ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。当 p5 3蛋白表达阳性时 ,MVD值增高(2 2 1 90± 73     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

The development of the ligament of the head of the femur

The hip joints of 30 human male and female fetuses and stillborns between 20 mm and 350 mm crown-rump length were studied by light microscopy. The ligament of the head of the femur developed in situ as a condensation of mesenchyme at the end of the second month of intra-uterine life (IUL), and was vascularized by branches of acetabular vessels early in the fourth month. In the majority of fetuses older than 5.5 months IUL, vessels in the ligament passed a short way into the femoral head within cartilage canals, to supply a small region around the fovea capitis. The remainder of the head was supplied by vessels in canals from around the upper part of the neck. The ligament changed from predominantly cellular to fibrous during the last 4 months of IUL. This increase in strength suggested significant mechanical functions in utero: limitation of adduction-flexion and opposition to postero-superior dislocation were the most likely.     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Involvement of the striatum in the central regulation of the hormonal functions of the gonads

Studies reported here show that intrastriatal administration of corticoliberin to rats decreases the blood testosterone level. However, in conditions of chemical deficiency of dopaminergic transmission in the dorsal striatum induced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, the effect of this neurohormone did not appear. It is concluded that extrahypothalamic corticoliberin is involved in regulating the hormonal reproductive system acting via dopaminergic mechanisms. Translated from Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 594–597, April, 1999.     

Ultrastructure of the endothelium of the drainage system of the eye

The endothelium of the ocular drainage system (Schlemm’s canal, collector tubules, and aqueous veins) in primary juvenile glaucoma undergoes degenerative dystrophic changes with compensatory hypertrophy and proliferation at the initial stages of the glaucomatous process and atrophy and desquamation at advanced and terminal stages. Progressive decrease in the pinocytous function of endotheliocytes, reduction of the protein-synthesizing and mitochondrial compartments of the cytoplasm, and formation of autophagosomes reflect the process of endotheliocyte degeneration in general. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 145, No. 5, pp. 574–577, May, 2008