辣椒素激发试验的临床应用

辣椒素激发试验已广泛用于镇咳药物疗效的判断、上下呼吸道疾病咳嗽反射的临床研究及诊断,支气管哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）、呼吸道感染、感受器高反应及间质性肺疾病时均存在辣椒素咳嗽激发试验的异常变化,表现为咳嗽反射增强,辣椒素咳嗽激发试验咳嗽阈值下降等,这些改变与气道的神经源性炎症有着重要的密切关系。     

辣椒素受体在卒中及其危险因素中的研究进展

正1997年,Caterina等[1]成功克隆出一个能被辣椒素激活的受体,并被命名为辣椒素受体,根据其通道结构及特性,属于瞬时受体电位香草醛(transient receptor potential vanilloid,TRPV)亚家族,且辣椒素受体为TRPV亚家族首次克隆出的受体蛋白,故又名TRPV1。大量研究表明,TRPV1参与了卒中及高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、肥胖等卒中危险因素的病     

辣椒素对胃黏膜的作用及其机制

辣椒素(capsaicin)、辣椒素敏感传入神经元(CSAN)及辣椒素受体(VR1)与胃黏膜损伤及修复密切地相关.研究显示辣椒素对胃黏膜具有保护作用,可能与其增加胃黏膜血流、促进胃动力、调节胃酸和前列腺素分泌等因素有关.本文对辣椒素对胃黏膜的作用及其机制的研究进展进行综述.     

辣椒素及其受体与肠易激综合征的相关研究

肠易激综合征(irritable bowel syndrome,IBS)是一种常见的肠功能紊乱性疾病,特点是慢性反复发作的腹痛、腹部不适及排便习惯的改变.发病机制目前尚未阐明.研究显示IBS可能与肠道动力、内脏感觉过敏和肠道感染等因素有关,同时辣椒素及辣椒素受体对内脏痛觉的影响也受到越来越多的关注,其表达异常与IBS究竟有无关系目前尚不清楚.本文就辣椒素及其受体在理化性质、药理作用及与内脏痛觉方面的联系,以及辣椒素及其受体在IBS中的调节作用作一简要综述.     

神经营养素在慢性阻塞性肺疾病中的作用

气道结构细胞、炎性细胞通过自分泌或旁分泌神经营养素(NTs)参与气道高反应、气道炎症、气道重塑,在肺过敏性疾病及炎性疾病中发挥重要作用.目前,NTs及受体在慢性阻塞性肺疾病研究较少,但依然可以证实NTs及受体介导了气道炎症、气道神经源性炎症、气道重塑,从而参与慢性阻塞性肺疾病的发病机制.     

血小板活化因子致豚鼠气道高反应性作用机制的研究

为探讨血小板活化因子 (PAF)导致气道高反应性的作用机制 ,我们建立PAF导致的气道高反应性的豚鼠模型 ,来研究非肽类长效神经激肽 1(NK1)和NK2 受体拮抗剂SR140 333和SR4896 8,分别在PAF导致气道高反应性中的作用 ,结果 :吸入PAF组组胺的PC2 0 值明显小于对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ,表明吸入PAF后可导致气道高反应性 ;辣椒素预处理组组胺的PC2 0 值与对照组相比无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,表明辣椒素预处理可完全抑制PAF导致气道高反应性 ;NK1受体拮抗剂组组胺的PC2 0 值与吸入PAF组相比无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,而NK2 受体拮抗剂组组胺的PC2 0 值明显大于吸入PAF组 (P <0 .0 1) ,表明NK2 受体拮抗剂能完全抑制PAF导致气道高反应性。结果 :速激肽的释放是PAF导致气道高反应性的关键步骤 ,而且NK2 受体的激活在PAF导致的气道高反应性中起主要作用     

辣椒素的临床应用进展

正辣椒素是从辣椒属植物中得到的红辣椒的活性成分,其特点为辛辣,这些化学物质是植物对食草动物和真菌的自然防御产生的。辣椒素通过选择性刺激初级传入神经元末梢和细胞膜上特殊的受体而产生作用,这一受体称为辣椒素受体(transient receptor potential vanilloid 1,TRPV1)释放多种神经肽而发挥镇痛、扩张血管、保护胃黏膜及抗肿瘤等作用。总之,辣椒素是一个令人兴奋的药物,目前正在     

辣椒素受体对肠易激综合征内脏痛觉过敏的影响

功能性胃肠疾病是近年来导致消化病谱变化的主要因素,其中肠易激综合征(IBS)是常见的功能性胃肠病之一,其发病机制尚未阐明,目前内脏高敏感性被认为是最主要的发病机制.辣椒素及辣椒素受体对痛觉过敏的作用已受到越来越多的关注.此文就辣椒素及辣椒素受体对IBS内脏高敏感的研究进展作一综述.     

蛋白酶激活受体-2激动剂在大鼠应激性溃疡中的作用

目前认为应激性溃疡的发生机制涉及机体神经内分泌失调、胃黏膜保护功能削弱及胃黏膜损伤因素作用增强等。蛋白酶激活受体-2（protease-activated receptor-2，PAR-2）属于蛋白酶激活受体超家族成员，其受体激动剂可刺激辣椒素敏感性感觉神经元，起到保护胃黏膜的作用。本实验分别用PAR-2激动剂辣椒素和奥美拉唑预防大鼠应激性溃疡，从而为胃黏膜损伤的治疗提供新的靶点。     

辣椒素对高盐致大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增殖的抑制作用

目的研究辣椒素对高盐诱导的大鼠血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)增殖的抑制作用。方法组织贴壁法培养原代大鼠血管平滑肌细胞,根据MTT结果绘制大鼠血管平滑肌细胞的生长曲线,大鼠血管平滑肌细胞传至第4代去血清同步化24 h,不同浓度辣椒素(0.01μmol/L、0.1μmol/L、1μmol/L、10μmol/L、100μmol/L)进行高盐培养72 h,MTT比色法检测大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增殖情况,选取抑制血管平滑肌细胞增殖的辣椒素浓度进行后续实验。CCK-8检测渗透压对大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增殖的影响,流式细胞仪分析细胞增殖周期,免疫荧光染色法和Western blot检测增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)的表达,实时荧光定量PCR检测瞬时受体电位家族香草醛1型受体(TRPV1)mRNA的表达,Western blot检测瞬时受体电位家族香草醛1型受体的蛋白表达。结果 MTT结果显示,辣椒素浓度为10μmol/L时大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增殖开始受抑制,100μmol/L时抑制作用增强(P0.05),选取10μmol/L辣椒素进行后续实验。CCK-8结果显示,高盐组细胞明显增殖,而甘露醇组、正常组和高盐+辣椒素组无差异。流式细胞仪测得高盐组G0/G1、G2/M期细胞比例减少(P0.05),S期细胞比例增多(P0.05);与高盐组比较,高盐+辣椒素组G0/G1、G2/M期细胞比例增加(P0.05),S期细胞比例下降(P0.05)。免疫荧光及Western blot结果显示,高盐组增殖细胞核抗原阳性细胞核增多,蛋白表达增加(P0.05),而高盐+辣椒素组增殖细胞核抗原阳性细胞核减少,蛋白表达减少(P0.05)。实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot结果显示高盐组瞬时受体电位家族香草醛1型受体mRNA及蛋白表达减少(P0.05),辣椒素组则增加(P0.05)。结论辣椒素可抑制高盐所致的大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增殖,其作用机制可能与激活瞬时受体电位家族香草醛1型受体表达有关。     

甘露聚糖、壳聚糖、α-酸性糖蛋白和姜黄素对脂蛋白(a)和去唾液酸脂蛋白(a)代谢影响的对比分析

分析多糖和姜黄素对脂蛋白 (a)和去唾液酸脂蛋白 (a)代谢的影响 ,从刺猬腋下静脉注入甘露聚糖、壳聚糖、α -酸性糖蛋白和姜黄素 ,2min后注射12 5I-脂蛋白 (a)或12 5I-去唾液酸脂蛋白 (a) ,1h后处死动物 ,测定血、肝、肾、脾、胆汁和肾上腺的同位素含量。结果发现 ,脂蛋白 (a)去唾液酸后能大量进入肝脏 ,加速在体内的分解代谢 ,使血中浓度迅速降低。α -酸性糖蛋白抑制组织对脂蛋白 (a)和去唾液酸脂蛋白 (a)的摄入 ,使血中脂蛋白 (a)和去唾液酸脂蛋白 (a)含量显著增高。壳聚糖和姜黄素增加肝脏和肾上腺对脂蛋白 (a)的摄取 ,使血中脂蛋白 (a)含量略降低 ,但对去唾液酸脂蛋白 (a)代谢无明显影响。甘露聚糖增加脾脏对脂蛋白 (a)的摄取 ,减少胆囊中脂蛋白 (a)含量 ,但增加肾脏和胆囊对去唾液酸脂蛋白 (a)的摄取 ,降低肾上腺对去唾液酸脂蛋白 (a)的摄取。结果提示 ,脂蛋白 (a)去唾液酸后能使脂蛋白 (a)分解代谢加快 ,脂蛋白 (a)分子中的唾液酸在结构稳定中起重要的作用。α -酸性糖蛋白抑制脂蛋白 (a)和去唾液酸脂蛋白 (a)代谢 ,而壳聚糖和姜黄素则促进脂蛋白 (a)代谢     

Influence of Tool Geometry and Process Parameters on Torque,Temperature, and Quality of Friction Stir Welds in Dissimilar Al Alloys

In the current investigation, the influence of the tool geometry, the position of the materials in the joint, the welding speed on the temperature and torque developed, and on the quality of the welds in dissimilar and tri-dissimilar T joints were analysed. The aluminium alloys used were AA2017-T4, AA6082-T6, and AA5083-H111 and the friction stir welds were performed with identical shoulder tools, but with either a pin with simple geometry or a pin with progressive geometry. Progressive pin tools proved to be a viable alternative in the production of dissimilar and tri-dissimilar welds, as they provide a larger tool/material friction area and a larger volume of dragged material, which promotes an increase in the heat generated and a good mixing of the materials in the stir zone, although they require a higher torque. Placing a stronger material on the advancing side also results in a higher temperature in the stir zone but requires higher torque too. The combination of these factors showed that tools with a progressive pin provide sound dissimilar and tri-dissimilar welds, unlike single-pin tools. The increase in the welding speed causes the formation of defects in the stir zone, even in tri-dissimilar welds carried out with a tool with a progressive pin, which impairs the fatigue strength of the welds.     

Regenerative phenotype in mice with a point mutation in transforming growth factor beta type I receptor (TGFBR1)

Regeneration of peripheral differentiated tissue in mammals is rare, and regulators of this process are largely unknown. We carried out a forward genetic screen in mice using N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis to identify genetic mutations that affect regenerative healing in vivo. More than 400 pedigrees were screened for closure of a through-and-through punch wound in the mouse ear. This led to the identification of a single pedigree with a heritable, fast, and regenerative wound-healing phenotype. Within 5 wk after ear-punch, a threefold decrease in the diameter of the wound was observed in the mutant mice compared with the wild-type mice. At 22 wk, new cartilage, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands were observed in the newly generated tissue. This trait was mapped to a point mutation in a receptor for TGF-β, TGFBR1. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts from the affected mice had increased expression of a subset of TGF-β target genes, suggesting that the mutation caused partial activation of the receptor. Further, bone marrow stromal cells from the mutant mice more readily differentiated to chondrogenic precursors, providing a plausible explanation for the enhanced development of cartilage islands in the regenerated ears. This mutant mouse strain provides a unique model to further explore regeneration in mammals and, in particular, the role of TGFBR1 in chondrogenesis and regenerative wound healing.     

Right trisegmentectomy with thoracoabdominal approach after transarterial embolization for giant hepatic hemangioma

Hepatic hemangiomas need to be treated surgically in cases where they are accompanied with symptoms, have a risk of rupture, or are hardly distinguishable from malignancy. The present authors conducted embolization of the right hepatic artery one day before an operation for a huge hemangioma accompanied with symptoms and confirmed a decrease in its size. The authors performed a right trisegmentectomy through a J-shape incision, using a thoracoabdominal approach, and safely removed a giant hemangioma of 32.0 cm × 26.5 cm× 8.0 cm in size and 2300 g in weight. Even for inexperienced surgeons, a J-shape incision with a thoracoabdominal approach is considered a safe and useful method when right-side hepatectomy is required for a large mass in the right liver.     

Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in human disease

Apoptosis is a highly regulated process of cell deletion and plays a fundamental role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis in the adult organism. Numerous studies in recent years have revealed that apoptosis is a constitutive suicide programme expressed in most, if not all cells, and can be triggered by a variety of extrinsic and intrinsic signals. Many human diseases can be attributed directly or indirectly to a derangement of apoptosis, resulting in either cell accumulation, in which cell eradication or cell turnover is impaired, or cell loss, in which the apoptotic programme is inadvertently triggered. In addition, defective macrophage engulfment and degradation of cell corpses may also contribute to a dysregulation of tissue homeostasis. An increased understanding of the signalling pathways that govern the execution of apoptosis and the subsequent clearance of dying cells may thus yield novel targets for therapeutic intervention in a wide range of human maladies.     

Synchronous occurrence of a hepatic myelolipoma and two hepatocellular carcinomas

Myelolipoma is a rare tumor composed of fat and bone marrow components, most of which are located in the adrenal gland. Myelolipoma in the liver is extremely rare. To date, only 10 cases have been reported in the English-language medical literature. In one of these cases, the hepatic myelolipoma was found within a hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). In the present study, we report the first case of the synchronous occurrence of hepatic myelolipoma and HCCs in different liver sections of one patient, a 26-year-old female who was admitted to our hospital because of a 4-d history of upper abdominal pain. The unenhanced computed tomography(CT) images showed a well-defined lowdensity mass with adipose components in the right liver lobe, 4.2 cm × 4.1 cm in size. Two inhomogeneous low-density masses were found in the left liver lobe, 8.6 cm × 7.7 cm and 2.6 cm × 2.6 cm in size. The masses in both the right and left liver lobes were heterogeneously enhanced in the contrast-enhanced CT images. Based on the results of the imaging examination, the mass in the right liver lobe was preliminarily considered to be a hamartoma, and the two masses in the left liver were preliminarily considered to be HCCs. We performed a right hepatectomy, a left hepatic lobectomy, and a cholecystectomy. Microscopic and immunohistochemical results revealed that the tumor in the right liver lobe was a hepatic myelolipoma, and that the two tumors in the left liver lobe were HCCs.     

Cytokeratms and carcinoembryonic antigen in diagnosis, staging and prognosis of colorectal adenocarcinoma

AIM: To evaluate the serum levels of cytokeratins and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in diagnosis, staging and prognosis of patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma. METHODS: The sample consisted of 169 patients. One hundred blood donors formed the control group. Radical surgery was performed on 120 patients, with an average follow-up duration of 22.3 mo. Relapses occurred in 23 individuals after an average of 18.09 mo. CEA was assayed via the Delfia method with a limit of 5 ng/mL Cytokeratins were assayed via the LIA-mat TPA-M Prolifigen method with a limit of 72 U/L. RESULTS: In the diagnosis of patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma, CEA showed a sensitivity of 56%, a specificity of 95%, a positive predictive value of 94%, a negative predictive value of 50% and an accuracy of 76.8%. TPA-M had a sensitivity of 70%, a specificity of 96%, a positive predictive value of 97%, a negative predictive value of 66% and an accuracy of 93.6%. The elevation of one of the markers was shown to have a sensitivity of 76.9%, a specificity of 91%, a positive predictive value of 93.5%, a negative predictive value of 70% and an accuracy of 83.6%. There was no variation in the levels of the markers according to the degree of cell differentiation while there was an elevation in their concentrations in accordance with the increase in neoplastic dissemination. There was a statistically significant difference between the patients with stage IV lesions and those with stages I, II and III tumors. With regard to CEA, the average level was 14.2 ng/mL in patients with stage I lesions, 8.5 ng/mL in patients with stage II lesions, 8.0 ng/mL in patients with stage III lesions and 87.7 ng/mL in patients with stage IV lesions. In relation to TPA-M, the levels were 153.1 U/L in patients with stage I tumors, 106.5 U/L in patients with stage II tumors, 136.3 U/L in patients with stage III tumors and 464.3 U/L in patients with stage IV tumors. There was a statistical difference in patients with a high CEA level in relation to a shorter survival (P<0.05). However, there was no correlation between patients with high TPA-M levels and prognostic indices of patients undergoing radical surgery. CONCLUSION: Cytokeratins demonstrate a greater sensitivity than CEA in the diagnosis of colorectal adenocarcinoma. There is an increase in the sensitivity of the markers with tumor dissemination. Cytokeratins cannot identify the worse prognosis in patients undergoing radical surgery, Cytokeratins constitute an advance in the direction of a perfect tumor marker in the treatment of patients with colorectal cancer.     

Cytokeratins and carcinoembryonic antigen in diagnosis, staging and prognosis of colorectal adenocarcinoma

AIM: To evaluate the serum levels of cytokeratins and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in diagnosis, staging and prognosis of patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma.METHODS: The sample consisted of 169 patients. One hundred blood donors formed the control group. Radical surgery was performed on 120 patients, with an average follow-up duration of 22.3mo. Relapses occurred in 23individuals after an average of 18.09mo. CEA was assayed via the Delfia method with a limit of 5ng/mL. Cytokeratins were assayed via the LIA-mat TPA-M Prolifigen method with a limit of 72U/L. RESULTS: In the diagnosis of patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma, CEA showed a sensitivity of 56%, a specificity of 95%, a positive predictive value of 94%, a negative predictive value of 50% and an accuracy of 76.8%. TPA-M had a sensitivity of 70%, a specificity of 96%, a positive predictive value of 97%, a negative predictive value of 66% and an accuracy of 93.6%. The elevation of one of the markers was shown to have a sensitivity of 76.9%, a specificity of 91%, a positive predictive value of 93.5%, a negative predictive value of 70% and an accuracy of 83.6%. There was no variation in the levels of the markers according to the degree of cell differentiation while there was an elevation in their concentrations in accordance with the increase in neoplastic dissemination. There was a statistically significant difference between the patients with stage Ⅳ lesions and those with stages Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ tumors.With regard to CEA, the average level was 14.2ng/mL in patients with stage Ⅰ lesions, 8.5ng/mL in patients with stage Ⅱ lesions, 8.0ng/mL in patients with stage Ⅲ lesions and 87.7ng/mL in patients with stage Ⅳ lesions. In relation to TPA-M, the levels were 153.1U/L in patients with stage Ⅰ tumors, 106.5U/L in patients with stage Ⅱ tumors, 136.3U/L in patients with stage Ⅲ tumors and 464.3U/L in patients with stage Ⅳ tumors. There was a statistical difference in patients with a high CEA level in relation to a shorter survival (P&lt;0.05). However, there was no correlation between patients with high TPA-M levels and prognostic indices of patients undergoing radical surgery.CONCLUSION: Cytokeratins demonstrate a greater sensitivity than CEA in the diagnosis of colorectal adenocarcinoma. There is an increase in the sensitivity of the markers with tumor dissemination.Cytokeratins cannot identify the worse prognosis in patients undergoing radical surgery.Cytokeratins constitute an advance in the direction of a perfect tumor marker in the treatment of patients with colorectal cancer.     

甘露聚糖、壳聚糖、α-酸性糖蛋白和姜黄素对脂蛋白(a)和去唾液酸脂蛋白(a)代谢影响的对比分析

分析多糖和姜黄素对脂蛋白（ａ）和去唾液酸脂蛋白（ａ）和去唾液酸脂蛋白（ａ）代谢的影响,从刺猥腋下静脉注入甘露聚糖、壳聚糖、α－酸性糖蛋白和姜黄素,２ｍｉｎ后注射＾１２５Ｉ－脂蛋白（ａ）或＾１２５Ｉ－去唾液酸脂蛋白（ａ）,１ｈ后处死动物,测定血、肝、肾、脾、胆汁和肾上腺的同位素含量。结果发现,脂蛋白（ａ）去唾液酸后能大量进入肝脏,加速在体内的分解代谢,使血中浓度迅速降低。α－酸性糖蛋白抑制组织对脂蛋白（ａ）和去唾液酸脂蛋白（ａ）的摄入,使血中脂蛋白（ａ）和去唾液酸脂蛋白（ａ）含量显著增高。壳聚糖和姜黄素增加肝脏和肾上腺对脂蛋白（ａ）的摄取,使血中脂蛋白（ａ）含量略降低,但对去唾液酸脂蛋白（ａ）代谢无明显影响。甘露聚糖增加脾脏对脂蛋白（ａ）的摄取,减少胆囊中脂蛋白（ａ）含量,但增加肾脏和胆囊对去唾液酸脂蛋白（ａ）的