芜湖市镜湖区2011年暗娼人群艾滋病知识及相关行为调查报告

目的了解芜湖市镜湖区暗娼人群艾滋病相关知识的知晓情况、行为特征及其在商业性性行为中的安全套使用情况,为在公共娱乐场所性服务工作者中全面推广正确使用安全套、加强艾滋病的健康教育以及预防控制提供参考依据。方法采用暗娼人群哨点监测统一的调查问卷,对芜湖市镜湖区不同档次娱乐场所中暗娼人群进行行为学调查和血清学调查。结果共调查暗娼405人,HIV抗体检测均为阴性,梅毒感染率为9.63%,丙肝感染率为0.74%;中高档与低档暗娼艾滋病知晓率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);中高档场所和低档场所暗娼最近一次安全套使用率和最近一个月安全套使用率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);低档场所暗娼的梅毒感染率和中高档场暗娼梅毒感染率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);多因素logisitic回归分析显示:娱乐场所的档次(P<0.01,OR=4.19)、文化程度(P<0.01,OR=1.82)、艾滋病知识知晓程度(P<0.01,OR=2.09)和接受同伴教育(P=0.01,OR=1.94)是安全套使用的影响因素。结论不同档次娱乐场所的暗娼艾滋病相关知识知晓率均较高,但每次性行为均使用安全套的比率仍然较低,低档场暗娼的安全套使用率更低,需要探索更有实效行为干预模式,提高安全套的全程正确使用率,以减少艾滋病经性行为传播。     

415名暗娼艾滋病知识、性行为特征及安全套使用情况调查

[目的]掌握银川市暗娼人群艾滋病防治知识、性行为特征及安全套使用情况,为开展暗娼人群干预工作提供可借鉴的依据。[方法]选择银川市娱乐场所为调查地点,开展艾滋病知识、性行为特征及安全套使用情况的问卷调查,并提供性病艾滋病相关问题的咨询服务。[结果]暗娼人群艾滋病防治知识知晓率为76.38%,最近一次安全套使用率为52.8%。[结论]银川市暗娼人群艾滋病防治知识知晓率和安全套使用率低,需加强暗娼人群艾滋病防治知识的宣传教育,提高安全套使用意识。     

415名暗娼芨滋病知识、性行为特征及安全套使用情况调座

[目的]掌握银川市暗娼人群艾滋病防治知识、性行为特征及安全套使用情况,为开展暗娼人群干预工作提供可借鉴的依据。[方法]选择银川市娱乐场所为调查地点,开展艾滋病知识、性行为特征及安全套使用情况的问卷调查,并提供性病艾滋病相关问题的咨询服务。[结果]暗娼人群艾滋病防治知识知晓率为76.38%,最近一次安全套使用率为52.8%。[结论]银川市暗娼人群艾滋病防治知识知晓率和安全套使用率低,需加强暗娼人群艾滋病防治知识的宣传教育,提高安全套使用意识。     

娱乐场所暗娼艾滋病知识态度及行为特征的调查分析

目的了解某市娱乐场所暗娼人群艾滋病病毒(H IV)感染情况及艾滋病知识态度、行为特征,为制定预防策略和措施提供理论依据。方法对目标区域的娱乐场所按档次进行分层抽样,对抽得的娱乐场所内暗娼进行问卷调查和H IV、梅毒抗体检测。结果调查对象H IV抗体检测均为阴性;检出梅毒抗体阳性2例,年龄最小为16岁,初中文化占53.5%;首次性行为和首次从事暗娼活动的平均年龄分别为17.6岁和19.6岁。调查对象虽然对艾滋病知识有一定的了解,但对艾滋病深层认识仍很缺乏;其中一部分调查对象从不使用安全套。高档与低档娱乐场所暗娼人群在艾滋病知识、态度、性行为特征和安全套使用方面无统计学差异。结论考虑到暗娼艾滋病相关危险行为发生率高。应加强健康教育和安全套推广工作,以减少H IV经性行为传播。     

马鞍山市低档涉性场所暗娼AIDS认知与安全套使用的调查分析

目的：分析低层次娱乐场所暗娼的艾滋病AIDS相关认知和安全套使用情况。方法：选择洗头房、路边店等场所的暗娼,以自行设计的调查表进行调查,收集人口学资料、AIDS相关知识及安全套使用等信息。结果：受调查的182人中对母婴传播HIV认知的正确率不高,正确预防艾滋病的知识知晓率低,女用安全套使用过的仅有2人,男用安全套正确认知率为82．1％,最近半年商业性行为中男用安全套持续使用率为42．9％。结论：对低层次娱乐场所暗娼人群进行综合干预是十分必要的。     

上海市闸北区暗娼安全套使用及其影响因素研究

目的了解上海市闸北区暗娼安全套使用率及影响安全套使用的因素,为相关部门开展干预提供科学依据。方法采用立意抽样方法对闸北区部分娱乐场所的167名暗娼进行安全套使用情况调查。结果暗娼第一次提供商业性服务的平均年龄为(24.77±5.34)岁;在167名应答的调查对象中,过去一个月暗娼每次性行为都使用安全套的比例为68.9%,过去一周的比例为75.6%,最近一次使用的比例为92.7%,且差异有显著性(χ2=62.161,P=0.000);与顾客每次都使用安全套的比例高于她们与固定性伴(主要是男朋友或丈夫)的比例,差异有显著性(χ2=53.513,P=0.000);月收入高低、有否其他非顾客男性性伴是安全套使用的影响因素。结论暗娼安全套使用率随周期延长有下降趋势,且安全套使用在不同性伴间存在差异,应进一步采取有效干预措施,提高安全套坚持使用率。     

四川省某地暗娼人群的艾滋病相关行为调查

[目的]了解四川省某地暗娼人群艾滋病相关行为现状,分析最近1个月每次发生商业性行为时坚持使用安全套的影响因素,为开展有效的行为干预提供依据。[方法]采用分层抽样对娱乐场所内的暗娼进行面对面的问卷调查,采用非条件Logistic回归方法分析安全套使用情况的相关因素。[结果]共调查302名暗娼,平均年龄(27.12±7.23)岁,艾滋病相关知识综合得分为(6.33±1.35)分。最近1次与客人发生性关系时安全套的使用率为79.5%,但最近1个月与客人发生性关系时每次坚持使用安全套的比例为52.0%。经非条件Logistic回归分析发现,暗娼人群最近1个月每次发生商业性行为时是否坚持使用安全套与年龄、娱乐场所档次、婚姻状况、文化程度等因素有关。[结论]应针对不同档次娱乐场所的特点,不同年龄、不同婚姻状况和不同文化程度的暗娼开展行为干预工作,特别是对低档场所、年龄20岁及以下或30岁以上、受教育程度较低的暗娼要加大干预力度,大力推广安全套的使用。     

青州市基层派出所协助疾控系统在低档娱乐场所开展预防艾滋病宣传教育活动效果评价

[目的]评价基层派出所协助疾控系统在低档娱乐场所开展预防艾滋病宣传教育活动效果。[方法]2007年9月至2009年12月,由基层派出所协助,采用培训、讲座等方法,对青州市娱乐场所业主和暗娼人群进行艾滋病宣传教育活动,并评价活动效果。[结果]活动开展前调查暗娼228人,活动开展后调查暗娼250人。艾滋病相关知识知晓率,活动开展前为35.09%,活动开展后为80.80%(P<0.01);最近1个月与客人发生性行为时每次都使用安全套者所占比例,开展前为47.81%,开展后为74.80%(P<0.01);最近一次与客人发生性行为时使用安全套者所占比例,开展前为47.81%,开展后为74.80%(P<0.01)。[结论]基层派出所协助开展宣传教育工作,可以提高暗娼人群艾滋病防治知识水平和安全套使用率。     

河南省某县娱乐场所暗娼人群艾滋病知识行为调查

目的分析河南省某县娱乐场所暗娼人群(FSW)艾滋病相关认知危险行为及其影响因素。方法按照统一制定的艾滋病防治活动参与知识知晓情况调查表进行调查,收集人口学、血清学以及安全套使用情况资料。结果调查110名暗娼,艾滋病相关知识知晓率为74.55%,在商业性行为中安全套的使用率为94.55%;小年龄、文化程度高,艾滋病知识知晓率和戴套率较高,反之亦然。结论加强艾滋病防治知识的宣传,在农村地区青少年中开展健康教育和实施综合干预措施是控制经性途径传播艾滋病的有效手段。     

2008年深圳市暗娼综合监测调查报告

目的了解深圳市娱乐场所暗娼艾滋病相关知识和行为情况,为进行艾滋病行为干预提供依据。方法按国家综合监测点方案抽样方法抽取4个区娱乐场所暗娼335名,采用一对一匿名问卷式调查并采血检测。结果调查对象平均年龄为22.5±3.9岁,该人群艾滋病知识较缺乏,对蚊虫叮咬会感染艾滋病问题的全对率为50.0%、同桌吃饭会感染艾滋病问题全对率为70.3%、不共用注射器能预防艾滋病的全对率为91.0%、艾滋病传播途径全对率为77.6%。安全套使用率低,最近一次与嫖客发生性关系时只有74.0%的暗娼使用安全套。调查的暗娼感染艾滋病的人数为0;感染梅毒的有8例,占2.4%。结论多数暗娼对艾滋病严重性认识不足,在卖淫活动中未能100%地使用安全套,存在着感染与传播艾滋病的危险性,应加强综合监测与科学防控。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.