婴幼儿肺炎混合感染的病原学研究

婴幼儿肺炎中,肺炎支原体感染及支原体与病毒混合感染也占重要地位。     

儿童非典型呼吸道病原体感染与维生素D水平的相关研究

目的 探讨儿童非典型呼吸道病原体感染与维生素D(VitD)水平之间的关系.方法 应用呼吸道十一联检测试剂盒(间接免疫荧光法)对414例儿童呼吸道感染患者的血清样本进行11项非典型呼吸道病原体的IgM抗体检测,包括呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、腺病毒(Adv)、流感病毒A型(FluA)、流感病毒B型(FluB)、副流感病毒(PFlu)、肺炎支原体(MP)、肺炎衣原体(CP)、柯萨奇病毒B型(CoxB)、柯萨奇病毒A型(CoxA)和嗜肺军团菌(LP)等;同时应用电化学发光法检测血清样本的VitD水平.结果 414份标本中共有214份检出病原体IgM(51.69%),检出率居前3位的依次为FluB、FluA及MP,阳性检出率分别为32.13%、23.19%、13.77%.在IgM抗体阳性病例中,17.63%的患儿发生单一感染,34.06%的患儿为混合感染.IgM抗体阳性组的VitD水平(中位数23.60 ng/mL,3.37~71.50 ng/mL)与阴性组(中位数23.95 ng/mL,3.00~81.70 ng/mL)之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).VitD偏低组与VitD正常组之间总感染阳性率、单一感染阳性率和混合感染阳性率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),VitD偏低组与VitD正常组之间FluB、FluA及MP IgM抗体阳性率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).非典型呼吸道病原体与VitD之间无相关性(r=0.005,P=0.912).结论 非典型呼吸道病原体感染可能与VitD水平降低无关.     

血清微量间接血凝试验对诊断病毒性肺炎临床价值的研究(附19例合胞病毒性肺炎临床分析)

本文对65例支气管肺炎患儿做血清微量间接血凝试验,此法有特异性高,敏感性强等优点,是值得推荐的一种合胞病毒感染的血清学诊断方法。同时就19例合胞病毒肺炎进行分析,结果提示,我省合胞病毒肺炎有逐渐增多趋势。     

ETIOLOGIC DIFFERENTIATION IN LOWER RESPJRATORY TRACT VIRUS INFECTIONS BY INDIRECT IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE

Of t,he 00 young children diagnosed clinically as having virus pueumonia, 24 (48%) had t.ype 3 0r 7 adenovirus antigen detected in exfoliated nasopharyngeal cells and Z of them also had the same viral antigen in the lung tissue which yielde{l type 7 adenovirus. Respiratory syncytial virus antigen was detected in 5 (10%). Type I, II or Ill parainfluenr.a virus ant.igen was detect- ed in 3 (67d and the same vira.l antigen was also detected in one of them in the hmg tissue vvhich yielded type I parainfluenza virus. OI the 7 infants diagnosed clinically as brouchiolitis, 3 had type 3 0r 7 adenovirus antigen detected in exfoliatcd nasopharyngeal cells and Z had respiratory syncytial virus antigen.' Type I, II or Ill parainfluertza virus antiger] jw:s detected in exfaliated nasopharyngeal cells in l child diagnosed clinically as having pleurisy. In 11 children with diseases over than respiratory tract infections, the results of detection of these 3 kiuds of viral antigens were all negative. Of the 30 cases ot virus pneumonia. a 4-fold or greater rise iri hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody titer to types 7 and 3 adennviruses was demonstrated in 39.5% antt 17.9%, tatallini: 53.8'lo; a 4-t'old or more increase in ucutralizing antihody titer to respiratory syncytial virus and a 4-fold or more increase in hemadsarption- inhibiting antibody titer to type I paraiufluenza virus were shcnvn in lO.3% eaeh. O~ the 5 cases ot bronchiolitis, 4-fold or greater rtses were shown in antibody titers, 1 case to type 7 adeno- virus, 1 to type 3 adenovirus and 2 to respiratory syncytial virus. No elevation of antibody titers to these 3 kinds of viruscs was obscrved in the 10 children with discascs otlier than respiratory tract inLections. There was gootlcorrespondence betweenthe detection of viralantigens by indirect im-munofluorescence andantibody titer assay inpaiFcd sera.     

海南西部地区儿童非典型病原体感染病原学分析

目的分析海南西部地区非典型呼吸道病原体在儿童急性呼吸道感染中的分布情况。方法对2012年7月。2013年6月临床诊断为呼吸道感染的患儿1824例,分为婴儿组（〈1岁）、幼儿组（1～3岁）、少儿组（4～14岁）,应用间接免疫荧光法进行9种病原体血清IgM抗体联合检测,对阳性病例进行回顾性分析。结果海南西部地区儿童患者急性呼吸道感染中非典型性病原体抗体阳性率59．21％（1080／1824）,9种病原体血清抗体的阳性率为肺炎支原体抗体43．97％（802／1824）,嗜肺军团菌I型抗体33．99％（620／1824）,乙型流感病毒抗体29．11％（531／1824）、副流感病毒1、2、3型抗体10．58％（193／1824）,甲型流感病毒抗体9．48％（173／1824）,腺病毒抗体9．27％（169／1824）,呼吸道合胞病毒抗体8．77％（160／1824）,肺炎衣原体抗体1．97％（36／1824）,Q热立克次体抗体1．26％（23／1824）、混合感染占33．99％（620／1824）。结论肺炎支原体、嗜肺军团菌I型和乙型流感病毒是海南西部地区儿童呼吸道感染的主要病原体,混合感染是该地区发病一大特点;病原体感染在各年龄组间存在差异。     

Human bocavirus in children suffering from acute lower respiratory tract infection in Beijing Children’s Hospital

Background Human bocavirus （HBoV） is a parvovirus recently found to possibly cause respiratory tract disease in children and adults. This study investigated HBoV infection and its clinical characteristics in children younger than five years of age suffering from acute lower respiratory tract infection in Beijing Children＇s Hospital. Methods Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from children suffering from acute lower respiratory tract infection during the winters of 2004 to 2006 （from November through the following February）. HBoV was detected by polymerase chain reaction amplification and virus isolation and the amplification products were sequenced for identification. Results HBoV infection was detected in 16 of 333 study subjects. Coinfections with respiratory syncytial virus were detected in 3 of 16 HBoV positive patients with acute lower respiratory tract infection. The median age for HBoV positive children was 8 months （mean age, 17 months; range, 3 to 57 months）. Among the HBoV positive children, 14 were younger than 3 years old, 9 were younger than 1 year old and 7 were younger than 6 months. These 16 positive HBoV children exhibited coughing and abnormal chest radiography findings and more than 60% of these children had wheezing and fever. Ten children were clinically diagnosed with pneumonia, 2 bronchiolitis, 2 acute bronchitis and 2 asthma. One child died. Conclusions HBoV was detected in about 5% of children with acute lower respiratory infection seen in Beijing Children＇s HosPital. Further investigations regarding clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of HBoV infection are needed.     

Simultaneous occurrence of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, cytomegalovirus infection, Kaposi's sarcoma, and B-immunoblastic sarcoma in a homosexual man

The most common manifestations of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome include Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and/or Kaposi's sarcoma. High-grade B-cell lymphomas have also been reported in homosexual men at risk for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. We herein present the case of a homosexual man, who presented simultaneously with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, acute cytomegalovirus infection, Kaposi's sarcoma, and B-cell immunoblastic sarcoma. Severe compromise of both the B- and T-cell arms of the immune system was documented. The patient had evidence of exposure to the human T-lymphotropic retrovirus III, evidence of reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus infection, and cytomegalovirus inclusions within Kaposi's sarcoma tissue. We conclude that exposure to these viral agents in the setting of severe immunocompromise may have led to the observed "opportunistic" neoplasms.     

Detection of rotavirus antigen in tracheal aspirates of infants and children with pneumonia.

Clinical manifestations of respiratory tract infection often precede or coincide with rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants and children. To investigate the possible association between respiratory tract manifestations and rotavirus infection, the authors determined human rotavirus (HRV) antigen and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antigen in tracheal aspirates of 58 children with clinically diagnosed pneumonia by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunofluorescent antibody techniques. HRV antigen was detected in 16 out of the 58 cases (27.6%) and RSV antigen was found positive in 27 cases (46.5%). In four cases both HRV and RSV antigens were detected. The results of our study suggest that rotavirus may occasionally by one of the etiologic agents of acute lower respiratory infections of infants and children and that rotavirus infection may be transmitted via respiratory route. However, further extensive studies are needed for confirmation of the association between rotavirus and respiratory tract infection.

     

Reye syndrome with associated influenza A and B infection.

In early 1974, seventeen children were treated for Reye syndrome. Thirteen of these were studied for laboratory evidence of concomitant viral infection. Influenza B/Hong Kong was isolated from the pharynx in four of nine 1974 cases tested. One child had just recovered from varicella. Adenovirus type 2 and respiratory syncytial virus were isolated from two additional patients. Serologic tests for influenza suggested concomitant or recent influenza B infection in ten of 13 of 1971 cases. During February 1975, six children were treated for this syndrome. Influenza A/Port Chalmers was recovered from three in six 1975 cases, and all six showed significant antibody rises to influenza A. These studies suggest that influenza viruses provide a trigger mechanism for the development of Reye syndrome in susceptible children.     

Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in hospitalized children diagnosed at acute stage by paired sera

Background Mycoplasma pneumoniae （M. pneumoniae） is a frequent cause of respiratory tract infections. However,there is deficient knowledge about the clinical manifestations of M. pneumoniae infection. We described the clinical and laboratory findings of M. pneumoniae pneumonia in hospitalized children who were all diagnosed by a ≥ fourfold increase in antibody titer.Methods M. pneumoniae antibodies were routinely detected in children admitted with acute respiratory infection during a one-year period. The medical history was re-collected from children whose M. pneumoniae antibody titer increased≥fourfold at the bedside by a single person, and their frozen paired serum samples were measured again for the M.pneumoniae antibody titer.Results Of the 635 children whose sera were detected for the M. pneumoniae antibody, paired sera were obtained from 82 and 29.3% （24/82） showed a ≥ fourfold increase in antibody titer. There were 24 cases, nine boys and 15 girls, aged from two to 14 years, whose second serum samples were taken on day 9 at the earliest after symptom onset; the shortest interval was three days. All children presented with a high fever （≥38.5℃） and coughing. Twenty-one had no nasal obstruction or a runny nose, and five had mild headaches which all were associated with the high fever. The disease was comparatively severe if the peak temperature was ＞39.5℃. All were diagnosed as having pneumonia through chest X-rays. Four had bilateral or multilobar involvement and their peak temperatures were all ≤ 39.5℃. None of the children had difficulty in breathing and all showed no signs of wheezing.Conclusions The second serum sample could be taken on day 9 at the earliest after symptom onset meant that paired sera could be used for the clinical diagnosis of M. pneumoniae pneumonia in children at the acute stage. M. pneumoniae is a lower respiratory tract pathogen. Extrapulmonary complications were rare and minor in our study. High peak temperature （＞39.5℃） is correlated with the severity of M. pneumoniae pneumonia in children.     

小儿呼吸道疾病CVB、CMV和EBV感染状态的研究

目的：探讨柯萨奇病毒B组（CVB）、巨细胞病毒（CMV）、EB病毒（EBV）在小儿呼吸道感染性疾病中的感染状态及其检测的临床意义。方法：290例患儿,男158例,女132例,年龄6个月－12岁。以ELISA法检测CVB抗原（CVB－Ag) IgM抗体（CVB－IgM),CMV-IgM,EBV-IgM。结果（1）病毒感染率,上呼吸道感染（上感）、支气管炎、肺炎CVB感染率均明显高于同期住院的非感染组（P＜0．01）;肺炎组CMV阳性率高于上感和非感染组（P＜0．05）。各组CVB感染明显高于CMV和EBV的感染率（P＜0．01）。（2）3种病毒交叉感染率;上感、支气管炎和肺炎存在交叉病毒阳性情况,以CVB合并其他病毒感染多见。肺炎患儿交叉病毒感染率高于上感（P＜0．05）。（3）肺炎病毒感染状态与临床病程的关系。单纯CVB感染性肺炎的病程较全部志物阴性的肺炎患儿长（P＜0．01）,但较合并多种标志物阳性的肺炎短（P＜0．01）。多种病毒阳性的肺炎,其年龄相对较小,发热时间和病程均较单纯CXVB感染的肺炎长,结论：CVB感染在小儿呼吸道感染性疾病中最常见。要注意多种病毒阳性的肺炎。     

Long-term survival of patients with AIDS, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and respiratory failure

OBJECTIVE.--To evaluate the long-term survival of patients admitted to the medical intensive care unit, Cook County Hospital, Chicago, Ill, with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and acute respiratory failure. DESIGN.--Cohort study over a 4-year period. SETTING.--Municipal teaching hospital. PATIENTS.--Seventy-three consecutive patients who had 75 episodes of P carinii pneumonia and acute respiratory failure were followed up from the time of hospital admission until their deaths or the termination of the study. OUTCOME MEASURES.--Duration of survival from the time of initial hospital admission with diagnoses of P carinii pneumonia and acute respiratory failure. RESULTS.--Consistent with recent reports of improved short-term outcome, the immediate hospital survival was 47% (35/75). The 1-year survival was 37% (95% confidence interval, 26% to 49%). Two patients have survived for 40 months. Almost three quarters of the patients who survived hospitalization lived for at least 1 year. CONCLUSIONS.--The long-term prognosis for patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, P carinii pneumonia, and acute respiratory failure is now substantially better than anticipated. Respiratory failure due to P carinii pneumonia does not necessarily signify the terminal phase of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Accordingly, patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, P carinii pneumonia, and acute respiratory failure can be appropriate candidates for life support in medical intensive care units.     

Gianotti-Crosti syndrome associated with infections other than hepatitis B

Although the Gianotti-Crosti syndrome (GCS) is regularly associated with hepatitis B infection elsewhere, in North America that association is rarely made. Accordingly, we studied nine children with acral, symmetrical eruptions typical of GCS for evidence of other infections. All were negative for hepatitis B surface antigen. Viral cultures were done in nine patients, and viruses isolated in two. One patient with a respiratory prodrome had respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) isolated, and a second patient studied simultaneously showed serological evidence of RSV infection. A third patient with both respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract symptoms yielded a polio-vaccine enterovirus. Two patients with fever and pharyngitis had group A beta-hemolytic streptococci isolated from the throat. Skin biopsies were done in three cases, and findings were consistent with GCS. Electron microscopy of two lesional biopsy specimens failed to demonstrate viral particles. Epstein-Barr virus serological findings were negative in six cases and showed evidence of past infection in three cases. This study strengthens the observation that hepatitis B is not the causative agent of GCS in this country and suggests that multiple infectious agents may be associated with this distinctive exanthem.     

九项呼吸道病原体IgM抗体联合检测的临床意义

目的：为了解我院住院患者呼吸道病原体的感染状况,为临床提供一种快速诊断呼吸道感染病原体的方法。方法：对3 449例呼吸道疾病患者运用九项呼吸道联检试剂同时检测9种病原体的IgM抗体,包括嗜肺军团菌（LP）、肺炎支原体（MP）、Q热立克次体（QFR）、肺炎衣原体（CP）、腺病毒（ADV）、呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）、甲型流感病毒（IFA）、乙型流感病毒（IFB）和副流感病毒1、2和3型（PIVS）。结果：3 449例呼吸道疾病患者总感染率为30.3%,其中以肺炎支原体最为常见,占13.38%,其次为乙型流感病毒,再次为呼吸道合胞病毒。混合感染率达14.4%（495/3 449）;感染人群以儿童和老人多见,多为肺炎支原体合并乙型流感病毒感染,2~4岁年龄段感染率差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：肺炎支原体、乙型流感病毒是呼吸道疾病中非典型病原体的主要病原体,临床表现不特异,应重视多种病原体联合检测,以免漏诊误诊,以达到快速诊断的目的。     

老年气管切开患者罹患卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎的临床分析

目的提高临床对非人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染者罹患卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎(PCP)的认识。方法对5例长期住院的老年气管切开患者感染PCP的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果5例患者平均90岁,有多种严重基础疾病,平均住院时间为548d,均反复发生肺部感染并因呼吸衰竭而开放气道,长期大量使用广谱抗生素,发病时均有发热(37.3～39.0°)及肺部感染的临床表现;X线胸片示肺内有纹理增加或新出现的浸润影;痰涂片找卡氏肺孢子虫(PC)及PCR查PC均阳性;乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)为91～489U/ml;血清HIV检测阴性;在应用原治疗的基础上加用复方磺胺甲恶唑(SMZco)治疗后有效,5例复查痰涂片找PC及PCR查PC均阴性;在治愈后1～6个月,2例又出现PCP。结论老年人伴有多种严重基础疾病,其机体免疫功能降低,长期反复使用广谱抗生素,气道开放,即使无HIV的感染,也有可能发生PCP。     

儿童与成人呼吸道病原体九联检结果对比分析

目的了解呼吸道感染儿童与成人非细菌性感染病原体情况,为临床合理选用抗微生物治疗药物提供依据。方法采集静脉血4.0 ml,离心分离血清,采用间接免疫荧光法（IFA）检查嗜肺军团菌血清1型（LP）;肺炎支原体（MP）、Q热立克次体（CB）;肺炎衣原体（CP）;腺病毒（ADV）;呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）;甲型流感病毒（Influenza A virus）;乙型流感病毒（Influenza B virus）;副流感病毒1、2、3型（HPIVs1、2、3）病原体Ig M抗体,分析该院2013年1~12月1 650例儿童患者与2 656例成人患者呼吸道感染病原体Ig M抗体检出情况。结果 1 650例儿童患者Ig M抗体阳性775份,其Ig M抗体阳性检出率为46.97%,2 656例成人患者Ig M抗体阳性835份,其Ig M抗体阳性检出率为31.44%;儿童患者同时检出两种Ig M抗体296份,三种54份,两种及以上病原体抗体检出率45.16%。成人患者同时检出两种Ig M抗体162份,三种16份,两种及以上病原体抗体检出率21.32%,儿童与成人均未检出三种以上Ig M抗体;儿童乙型流感病毒Ig M抗体占第一位,成人肺炎支原体Ig M抗体占第一位,嗜肺军团菌血清1型、腺病毒、甲型流感病毒Ig M抗体以成人为主,儿童检出率低。结论呼吸道病原体九联检结果儿童与成人有差异,临床应根据检测结果合理选用抗微生物治疗药物。     

儿童呼吸道感染支原体、衣原体和常见呼吸道病毒病原学分析

目的分析本院儿童呼吸道感染支原体、衣原体和常见呼吸道病毒的感染特点,为临床诊治提供参考。方法选取我院儿科收治的486例呼吸道感染患儿为观察对象,检测肺炎支原体、肺炎衣原体、呼吸道合胞病毒、腺病毒、甲型流感病毒、乙型流感病毒、副流感病毒1、2和3型的感染情况,分析不同年龄段患儿以上病原菌的感染特点。结果 486例呼吸道感染患儿中肺炎支原体感染125例,阳性率为25.72%;肺炎衣原体感染114例,阳性率为23.46%;呼吸道合胞病毒感染120例,阳性率为24.69%;腺病毒感染10例,阳性率为2.06%;甲型流感病毒感染7例,阳性率为1.44%;乙型流感病毒感染2例,阳性率为0.41%;1型副流感病毒感染3例,阳性率为0.62%;2型副流感病毒感染1例,阳性率为0.21%;3型副流感病毒感染33例,阳性率为6.79%。肺炎支原体感染阳性率随患儿年龄增加逐渐升高,比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）肺炎衣原体和呼吸道合胞病毒感染阳性率随患儿年龄增加逐渐降低,比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;不同年龄组别患儿腺病毒、甲型流感病毒、乙型流感病毒、1型副流感病毒和2型副流感病毒感染阳性率无明显差别,比较差异无统计学意义（均P〉0.05）。不同年龄组别患儿3型副流感病毒感染阳性率不同,比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论本院儿科呼吸道感染非细菌性病原菌主要为肺炎支原体、衣原体以及呼吸道合胞病毒。肺炎支原体感染主要见于学龄儿童,肺炎衣原体和呼吸道合胞病毒感染主要见于婴幼儿。     

沈阳地区呼吸道合胞病毒肺炎的病原学及临床探讨

本文对沈阳地区婴幼儿病毒性肺炎进行了呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)的病原学研究。结果表明:RSV是该地区婴幼儿病毒性肺炎的重要病原。并对其临床进行了探讨。     

280例儿童社区获得性肺炎住院患儿病毒病原学研究

目的 分析280例儿童社区获得性肺炎(CAP)住院患儿病毒病原感染状况,为临床经验性治疗提供依据.方法 选取2007年5月～2008年5月间于大连市儿童医院住院的CAP患儿280例,采取自然病程7～10天时血清标本进行6种常见病毒的IgM抗体检测.6种病毒包括:呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、流感病毒(IFV)、副流感病毒(PFV)、腺病毒(ADV)、EB病毒(EBV)和柯萨奇病毒(COX).结果 280例患儿病毒病原学检测阳性79例,占28.2%;阳性病毒构成比中,以RSV为主,占34%,其次是ADV,占30%,PFV占20%;学龄期阳性率为54.0%,明显高于其他年龄组,其次是幼儿组(31.4%).结论 病毒感染仍为本地区儿童CAP的重要致病原,且RSV感染最为常见,其次是ADV及PFV;学龄期血清病毒IgM抗体检测阳性率最高,对此类患儿应注意及时抗病毒治疗.     

Clinical and laboratory correlates of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in children infected with HIV.

The case histories of 27 children with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) who were followed up in the AIDS Program at the Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark, are reviewed. The mean and median age at PCP diagnosis were 10.8 and 7.7 months, respectively. All of the children had other clinical evidence of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus that was documented prior to the diagnosis of PCP or found at the time of PCP diagnosis. Most patients who presented to the hospital were acutely ill, and complications of treatment occurred in 70%. Overall, 89% of the patients died and 70% survived for less than 6 months after diagnosis of PCP. Median survival after the diagnosis of PCP was only 2.0 months and the median life span of children with PCP was only 14.4 months. Only 40% of children with PCP had CD4 lymphocyte counts at or below the threshold for institution of PCP prophylaxis in adults of 200 x 10(6) cells/L (200 cells/mm3).