肺隐球菌病16例临床分析

目的：分析16例肺隐球菌病患者的临床资料,以提高对肺隐球菌病的临床诊疗水平。方法：回顾分析2003年1月-2008年1月收治的16例肺隐球菌病病例的临床资料,对其临床特点,影像学表现,实验室检查,病理特征以及治疗方法进行综合分析。结果：16例肺隐球菌病例中,除3例患者既往有支气管哮喘外,余13例均无基础疾病。12例有临床症状,4例由体检查出。临床主要表现为咳嗽、咳痰、胸痛、气急、发热。影像学表现为肺内单发或多发结节,或片状渗出影,经病理检查证实诊断,病理学表现均为肺肉芽肿性变。6例行肺叶切除,其中2例在术前曾给予抗真菌药物治疗,仅1例术后给予抗真菌治疗。10例患者仅给予抗真菌药物氟康唑治疗,其中2例在氟康唑治疗无效后改用两性霉素治疗,全部病例均治愈。结论：肺隐球菌病可见于免疫功能正常者,临床表现和影像学表现无特异性,早期易误诊,确诊依靠病理活检。治疗包括手术切除和抗真菌药物治疗,彻底切除术后可不行抗真菌治疗;非手术治疗主要为抗真菌药物治疗,氟康唑治疗有效且不良反应小,可作为首选药物。     

原发性肺隐球菌病12例临床分析

目的分析12例原发性肺隐球菌病患者的临床特点,提高对肺隐球菌病的临床诊疗水平,减少延诊、误诊。方法回顾性分析2007年1月-2010年9月深圳市人民医院确诊的12例原发性肺隐球菌病患者的资料,包括临床症状、影像学特点、实验室检查以及治疗。结果12例肺隐球菌患者中,4例患有基础病,8例有咳嗽、咳痰、胸痛、气促、发热等临床症状。影像学表现为肺单发或多发结节,或片状渗出影。7例行肺叶切除,仅2例术后接受抗真菌治疗。4例患者给予氟康唑治疗,1例未抗真菌治疗。结论原发性肺隐球菌病可发生于免疫功能正常者,临床表现和影像学表现无特异性,易误诊,确诊依靠病理活检。治疗手段包括抗真菌药物治疗,部分病例需行手术。氟康唑有良好疗效且不良反应小,可作为该病首选药物。     

多主棒孢菌致真菌性角膜溃疡1例并文献复习

目的 报道1例多主棒孢菌引起的真菌性角膜溃疡病例并复习相关文献，提高临床对该菌引起感染性疾病的认识。方法 回顾性分析1例多主棒孢菌致真菌性角膜溃疡病例资料，并以英文关键词“Corynespora cassiicola”、中文关键词“棒孢菌”和“棒孢霉”为检索词，检索PubMed、中国知网、万方和维普数据库等国内外报道的病例，结合文献综合分析多主棒孢菌临床感染的特点。结果 该例患者临床表现和实验室检查符合真菌性角膜溃疡的临床特征，病变角膜组织培养提示多主棒孢菌生长，经右眼角膜移植术及抗真菌治疗后好转。复习文献并结合该例，共12例多主棒孢菌临床感染病例。除1例病例资料不完整外，其余11例中男8例，女3例，年龄8～84岁。患者多存在基础疾病，包括糖尿病2例、慢性阻塞性肺疾病1例、高血压1例、慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并高血压1例；感染危险因素包括胱天蛋白酶募集域蛋白9(CARD9)基因突变3例、植物暴露4例（3例农民、1例眼外伤）、长期使用激素2例、侵袭性诊疗操作1例；11例均引起暗色丝孢霉病，感染部位包括皮下感染7例、眼部感染3例、中枢神经系统感染1例，临床表现主要与受累组织系统相关；临床治疗中两...     

免疫正常宿主隐球菌血症伴嗜酸粒细胞增多一例并文献复习

目的探讨外周血嗜酸粒细胞(EC)与免疫功能正常宿主隐球菌肺炎、菌血症的相关性及其治疗方法,提高对本病的认识。方法报道1例经病理及血培养确诊的免疫功能正常宿主隐球菌肺炎、菌血症伴嗜酸粒细胞增多病例并进行相关文献复习。以"隐球菌"和"菌血症"、"隐球菌"和"嗜酸性粒细胞"为关键词通过CHKD期刊全文数据库及万方数据库进行检索;以"Cryptococcus"和"eosinophilia"、"Cryptococcus"和"fungemia"为关键词通过Pub Med、Elsevier、Springer、Wiley、OVID、EBSCO数据库进行检索,检索时间截止2013年12月31日。结果患者男,33岁,因"发热、咳嗽、气喘1周"于2013年9月15日入院。外周血EC比例为0.31,EC计数为6.12×109/L,拟诊"肺炎、支气管哮喘",经静脉滴注广谱抗菌药及口服糖皮质激素治疗无效。后经支气管镜穿刺纵隔淋巴结活检血培养确诊为新生隐球菌血症、隐球菌肺炎。给予氟康唑联合氟胞嘧啶治疗2周无效,改用两性霉素B联合氟胞嘧啶治疗,病情缓解,持续治疗2个月改用氟康唑联合氟胞嘧啶治疗。再次持续治疗2个月,病情反复,改用伏立康唑治疗,病情好转,此后维持治疗1年,并随访至今未再次复发。数据库上共检索到国内外相关文献93篇,其中共6篇报道免疫功能正常宿主新型隐球菌血症和(或)播散性隐球菌病6例。本例与此6例均有发热,除1例未描述外周血EC外,其余均有不同程度EC升高,经治疗后1例死亡,其余均好转。结论外周血EC增多可能是免疫功能正常宿主新型隐球菌病儿童患者或全身播散患者的早期或急性期特点,且可作为隐球菌病好转与反复的一个提示。隐球菌血症首先按标准方案治疗,而伏立康唑则可作为难治性隐球菌病的备选方案之一。     

特殊隐球菌病一例诊治分析及文献复习

【目的】探讨隐球菌病的临床诊治方法。【方法】回顾性分析1例隐球菌病诊治经过并结合文献复习。【结果】患者既往健康,无免疫力缺陷。因右侧胸背部疼痛1年,头痛、发热、呕吐2个月入院。采用抗结核及支持疗法后,病情无缓解。行右侧肩胛骨脓肿穿刺术及腰椎穿刺术,脓液及脑脊液真菌培养证实为新型隐球菌。抗真菌治疗3个月出院,临床随访半年无复发。【结论】对骨关节疼痛、发热、头痛的患者,诊断考虑结核感染的同时,要高度警惕新型隐球菌感染的可能,而反复脑脊液真菌培养及微创针刺取材细菌学检查是明确诊断的主要方法。     

新型隐球菌感染病原学鉴定与临床分析

目的为提高对新型隐球菌所致肺部感染和脑膜炎的病原学鉴定、临床表现及其危害性的认识,回顾性分析1例不典型新型隐球菌肺炎和2例脑膜炎患者的临床经过、治疗反应及转归。方法收集河南省人民医院收治的3例新型隐球菌感染患者的临床资料,并进行文献复习。结果发现1例不典型新型隐球菌肺炎患者免疫力正常,肺部感染仅表现为左肺上叶占位性病变,但是在妊娠期和剖宫产后占位有增大趋势。2例脑膜炎患者均为非人类免疫缺陷病毒感染免疫功能低下患者,其中1例脑膜炎患者无明显中枢神经系统的感染症状。质谱是鉴定新型隐球菌的快速手段。结论新型隐球菌肺炎易于与感染、肿瘤、结核相混淆,容易误诊,应加以鉴别;新型隐球菌性脑膜炎中枢症状有时不典型,容易漏诊,应引起重视。     

艾滋病并发隐球菌病1例

隐球菌病是由新型隐球菌感染引起的深部真菌病.新型隐球菌为条件致病菌,通常不感染正常人,免疫功能低下者易感染榷患.我院于2008年9月收治1例艾滋病并发隐球菌病患者,经中西医结合治疗好转,现报道如下,并对相关文献进行复习和总结.     

1例肺隐球菌病误诊为涂阴肺结核的病例报告

<正>患有获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)、糖尿病或使用大量免疫抑制剂和糖皮质激素的患者很容易感染新型隐球菌,但是临床表现和影像学检查结果使其诊断困难。肺隐球菌病在临床和影像学表现上与肺结核相似,有时被误诊为肺结核^[1]。笔者对1例被误诊为不典型涂阴肺结核的新型隐球菌感染病例进行报道,回顾了该例多发肺结节的肺隐球菌病患者的诊断过程(包括影像学表现、微生物检验、病理资料)及治疗情况,以帮助降低临床误诊的可能性。     

自身免疫性脑炎并发培养阴性抗原阳性肺隐球菌病的临床研究

目的 分析1例隐球菌培养阴性,宏基因组测序检出新型隐球菌序列,隐球菌抗原检测阳性的自身免疫性脑炎并发肺隐球菌感染病例的诊治过程,旨在为临床诊断和治疗肺隐球菌病提供帮助。方法 分析1例血清隐球菌荚膜多糖抗原阳性、自身免疫性脑炎患者的临床资料,分别采用常规检测、生化检测、微生物培养和气管镜肺泡灌洗液宏基因组二代测序(mNGS)等方法进行复查,明确肺炎感染类型,并结合文献对肺隐球菌病进行复习讨论。结果 该例患者HIV检测阴性,痰液Xpert MTB/RIF结核分枝杆菌检测阴性;痰液、肺泡灌洗液细菌培养结果为正常菌群生长,隐球菌培养阴性;血培养阴性。脑脊液常规检测、生化检测、微生物培养结果均正常,隐球菌抗原阴性,墨汁染色未检出隐球菌;气管镜肺泡灌洗液mNGS结果提示新型隐球菌,序列数6,相对丰度46.15%,覆盖度0.001 0%。口服氟康唑治疗3个月后患者肺部CT检查结果显示右肺下叶类圆形结节影伴空洞较之前缩小。结论 临床工作中遇到免疫功能低下、且肺部影像学检查出空洞的患者,血清隐球菌荚膜多糖抗原和呼吸道标本mNGS联合检测可以有效辅助临床对肺隐球菌病的诊疗。     

肺隐球菌病1例报告并国内文献复习

目的：了解肺隐球菌病的发病特点，提高认识水平。方法：报告1例肺隐球菌病患者的临床资料，并通过检索中国医院数字图书馆系统，复习了60篇相关文献，总结其临床表现、影像学特点、诊断方法及治疗手段。结果：肺隐球菌病的临床表现无特异，影像学改变因患者的免疫功能不同而有差异，诊断依赖病理学，治疗尚存在争议。结论：肺隐球菌病的发病率逐年增高，应当受到重视，以提高诊断准确性。     

重庆市艾滋病患者新型隐球菌临床分离株基因分型和临床特点分析

目的 了解重庆市艾滋病患者临床分离新型隐球菌的基因型和药敏谱,分析病例的临床特征,为新型隐球菌感染的诊断和治疗提供依据.方法 收集重庆市公共卫生医疗救治中心感染科2017年3月1日—2018年7月31日送检的艾滋病患者行真菌培养的体液标本,对培养分离出的真菌采用商品化真菌鉴定和抗菌药物MIC试剂盒进行菌种鉴定,对两性霉...     

Primary cutaneous cryptococcosis in a lung transplant recipient

Cryptococcal skin lesions are found in 10 to 15% of patients with disseminated cryptococcosis. Primary skin inoculation by Cryptococcus neoformans is rare but has been reported. We report the first known case of primary cutaneous cryptococcosis in a lung transplant recipient. Our patient, a 57-year-old man, underwent left single-lung transplantation and presented with a nonhealing ulcer 50 months later. Skin histopathology and culture confirmed C. neoformans. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid cryptococcal antigen tests were negative. The lesion healed after treatment with fluconazole. To date, disseminated disease is not evident. Primary cutaneous cryptococcosis has been reported in kidney and liver recipients but not in lung transplantation recipients. Nonhealing ulcers in immunocompromised patients mandate aggressive diagnostic procedures. Differential diagnosis of these cutaneous lesions should consider fungi, including C. neoformans.     

Pulmonary cryptococcosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

A patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia developed extensive pneumonia due to Cryptococcus neoformans. A presumptive diagnosis based on results of a Wright's stain of the sputum was made and appropriate antifungal therapy was started. C neoformans was cultured in COUNTS AS HIGH AS 8 X 10(5)/ml of sputum and was present morphologically for three weeks after sputum cultures had become negative. During the patient's first week of hospitalization, C neoformans was cultured from sputum and on cough plates but from no other source in his room. This suggests the possibility of transmitting the fungus to susceptible persons by droplets from patients having extensive pulmonary cryptococcosis.     

肝移植后肺部细菌合并真菌感染的诊治

背景：肝移植患者因常规服用免疫抑制剂,免疫力低下,极易发生肺部病原微生物感染。目的：回顾分析1例肝移植后突发肺部细菌联合真菌感染患者诊疗经过,总结相关临床治疗经验。方法：1例乙肝肝硬化失代偿期女性患者行同种异体原位肝移植后8个月余突发畏寒高热入院,经实验室检查结合胸部CT检测考虑为细菌引起的肺部感染,给予头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦钠抗菌治疗。结果与结论：治疗后临床症状缓解。1周后复查胸部CT提示：双肺下叶片状渗出较前有所吸收,但背段出现片状＂毛玻璃样改变＂,考虑合并真菌感染,停用头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦钠,改用氟康唑针,治疗1周后行胸部CT：双肺下叶背段渗出较前吸收,出院继续口服氟康唑10d,复查CT：双肺渗出性改变完全吸收。     

艾滋病合并新型隐球菌脑膜炎临床分析

目的通过对25例艾滋病合并新型隐球菌脑膜炎的临床分析,提高对艾滋病合并新型隐球菌脑膜炎的认识。方法对本院2000年8月—2006年2月收治的25例艾滋病合并新型隐球菌脑膜炎病例进行回顾性分析。结果25例新型隐球菌脑膜炎患者均为艾滋病晚期患者,T细胞亚群检测11例:CD4<50/mm39例,CD450~100/mm32例;平均26.18/mm3。在确诊时已合并多种机会感染。结论艾滋病患者合并新型隐球菌脑膜炎病情重,预后差,实验室病原学检查结果是诊断新型隐球菌脑膜炎的主要依据。     

Lanoconazole, a new imidazole antimycotic compound, protects MAIDS mice against encephalitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans

The protective effect of a new antifungal compound, lanoconazole, against Cryptococcus neoformans infection in C57BL/6 mice exposed to LP-BM5 murine leukaemia virus (MuLV) (MAIDS mice) was investigated. Mice were infected intratracheally with C. neoformans, strain 613D, 40 days after infection with LP-BM5 MuLV. They were treated orally with various doses of lanoconazole or with fluconazole 10 mg/kg (a positive control) once daily beginning 1 day after the fungal infection and continuing until the end of the experimental period. The number of C. neoformans cells in the lungs and brains of infected mice was determined. Lanoconazole and fluconazole had a similar inhibitory effect on the growth of C. neoformans in the brains and lungs of normal mice. Whereas lanoconazole inhibited the growth of C. neoformans in the brains and lungs of MAIDS mice, the pathogen grew in the brains of MAIDS mice treated with fluconazole. Lanoconazole reduced the number of C. neoformans in the brains of normal mice treated with a type 2 cytokine mixture, whereas fluconazole did not. A predominance of type 2 T-cell responses was demonstrated in MAIDS mice. Splenic T cells from MAIDS mice, but not those from normal mice, released interleukins 4 and 10 into the culture medium when they were stimulated with an anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody. These results suggest that lanoconazole may have the potential to inhibit the growth of C. neoformans in AIDS patients with a predominance of type 2 T-cell responses.     

侵袭性深部真菌感染45例临床和病原学分析

目的了解本院深部真菌感染的发病状况、病原菌特性及对常用抗真菌药的敏感度，为临床深部真菌感染的治疗药物选用提供依据。方法回顾性分析我院2004年1月1日12月31日血、无菌体腔液真菌培养阳性患者的病史，并对收集的病原菌进行体外药敏测定。结果根据诊断标准，确诊为深部真菌感染患者45例。其中社区获得性深部真菌感染22例，医院深部真菌感染23例。社区获得性深部真菌感染的部位以中枢神经系统最常见，共21例，占95．5％；其次为下呼吸道感染1例。医院深部真菌感染最常见的部位为血流感染，共15例，占65．2％；其次为中枢神经系统感染5例；下呼吸道感染2例；腹腔感染2例。社区获得性感染最常见的病原菌为新型隐球菌，共17株，占77．3％；其次为白念珠菌4株；烟曲霉1株。医院感染最常见的病原菌为白念珠菌，共8株；其次为其他念珠菌属。医院感染可能与住院天数较长、高龄、大手术、长时间应用广谱抗生素、深静脉置管等因素有关。结论我院2004年深部真菌感染确诊病例中，医院感染以白念珠菌所致的血流感染最常见；社区获得性感染以隐球菌性脑膜炎最多见。氟康唑仍是治疗敏感念珠菌属尤其是白念珠菌感染的有效药物。     

肝移植后巨细胞病毒感染：对排斥反应与移植物的影响

背景：巨细胞病毒是肝移植后较为常见的条件致病病毒,它可以对机体产生多方面直接或间接效应,严重影响患者的长期存活,应引起高度重视。 目的：对肝移植后巨细胞病毒感染的流行病学、危险因素、对机体的影响、临床表现、诊治及预防进行分析总结。 方法：通过计算机分别检索康健外文数据库、PubMed数据库和中国知网数据库2006年1月至2013年12月有关肝移植后巨细胞病毒感染的文献,以及通过手工查阅书籍,以“liver transplantation,cytomegalovirus infection,risk factors”为英文检索词,“肝移植,巨细胞病毒感染,危险因素”为中文检索词。共检出200余篇相关文献,选择代表性好、相关领域权威杂志的文献共40篇做进一步分析。 结果与结论：人群中血清巨细胞病毒-IgG的阳性率较高,肝移植后巨细胞病毒感染的危险因素包括供受者的血清巨细胞病毒状态、较低的肌酐清除率、女性患者、移植物排斥反应、使用的免疫抑制剂方案及供受者的MBL-2和FCN-2基因多态性等。肝移植后巨细胞病毒感染对机体有直接和间接等多方面影响,如巨细胞病毒综合征、器官侵袭病变、移植物失功、加速肝移植后丙肝复发、增加急性或慢性排斥反应的发生率、增加机会性或其他感染的发生率、免疫损失、加速动脉硬化、与β-疱疹病毒之间的相互作用等。因此预防及尽早诊治显得至关重要。用pp65抗原检测进行筛查,再用实时RT-PCR技术进一步诊断,将两者相结合可能是诊断巨细胞病毒感染的一个最佳、且成本较低的方案。目前更昔洛韦仍作为肝移植后抗病毒治疗的首选药物,而口服缬更昔洛韦与静脉更昔洛韦在肝移植后巨细胞病毒感染的抢先治疗上同样安全有效。实体器官移植后对发生巨细胞病毒病的患者进行抗病毒治疗时,治疗前CXCL16、PTX3、血管性?     

Incorporation of amphotericin B in tuftsin-bearing liposomes showed enhanced efficacy against systemic cryptococcosis in leucopenic mice

OBJECTIVES: The role of the immunomodulator tuftsin in enhancing the antifungal activity of liposomal amphotericin B against Cryptococcus neoformans in leucopenic mice was assessed. METHODS: In the present study, we investigated the antifungal activity of amphotericin B liposomes with tuftsin grafted on the surface. Mice were treated with free amphotericin B as well as liposomal formulations after C. neoformans infection. For prophylactic studies, mice were pre-treated with liposomal tuftsin (50 microg/mL) for three consecutive days prior to C. neoformans infection (7 x 10(5) cfu/mouse). Chemotherapy, with tuftsin-free and tuftsin-bearing amphotericin B liposomes, was started 24 h post C. neoformans infection. The role of tuftsin in immunoaugmentative therapy was assessed by survival and cfu of treated mice. RESULTS: Amphotericin B entrapped in tuftsin-bearing liposomes showed increased anticryptococcal activity in the murine model. Moreover, tuftsin pre-treatment further augmented the antifungal activity of liposomal amphotericin B in leucopenic mice. Incorporation of tuftsin in liposomes resulted in increased anticryptococcal activity of liposomal amphotericin B compared with amphotericin B deoxycholate and conventional liposomal amphotericin B formulations. CONCLUSIONS: The enhanced anticryptococcal activity of amphotericin B in tuftsin-liposomes can be attributed to the immune-stimulating property of tuftsin. Tuftsin activates the key immune cells, due to the presence of its receptors on macrophages and neutrophils, for a better fight against pathogens. Simultaneous liposome-mediated delivery of amphotericin B to the site of infection kills the pathogens more effectively.     

Enhanced anticryptococcal activity of chloroquine in phosphatidylserine-containing liposomes in a murine model

OBJECTIVES: The anticryptococcal activity of chloroquine was assessed after incorporation in phosphatidylserine (PS)-containing negatively charged liposomes in a murine model. METHODS: In the present study, we investigated the antifungal activity of chloroquine entrapped in PS liposomes against Cryptococcus neoformans in the macrophage cell line J 774 and in a murine model. Mice were treated with free as well as liposomal formulations of chloroquine before and after challenging with C. neoformans infection. The anticryptococcal activity of chloroquine was also evaluated in combination with fluconazole in the treatment of systemic murine cryptococcosis. The efficacy of chloroquine treatment was assessed by continued survival as well as by colony forming units (cfu) in liver and brain of treated mice. RESULTS: Chloroquine entrapped in PS liposomes shows increased activity against C. neoformans infection both in in vitro and in vivo studies. Moreover, the antifungal activity of fluconazole increases when used in combination with liposomal chloroquine. Chloroquine in PS liposomes was found to be more effective in comparison with the same dose of free chloroquine or chloroquine entrapped in neutral liposomes. CONCLUSIONS: The enhanced anticryptococcal activity of chloroquine in PS liposomes seems to be due to uptake of drug-containing PS liposomes by macrophages. It can be assumed that liposome-mediated delivery of chloroquine to macrophages results in an unfavourable (alkaline) environment for the growth of C. neoformans inside macrophages.