第15版日本《胃癌处理规约》及第5版《胃癌治疗指南》部分内容解读——“第90届日本胃癌学会年会”报道

第15版日本《胃癌处理规约》对胃癌分期修订了幽门下组淋巴结,将其分成No.6a、No.6v和No.6i 3个亚组。对腹膜转移分级进行修订,将P1按转移范围进一步分成P1a、P1b和P1c。如果胃窦癌侵犯十二指肠,No.13淋巴结发生转移,应该视为区域淋巴结转移。将No.14v重新归为区域淋巴结,但是未包含在D2清扫范围。重新界定了食管胃结合部癌的定义。食管胃结合部癌的诊断标准应该结合内镜所见、上消化道造影及病理学诊断。明确了SiewertⅢ型食管胃结合部癌遵循胃癌TNM分期。第5版日本《胃癌治疗指南》继续采取Minds模式一共归纳了26个临床问题,最终经过指南委员会的充分讨论并给出推荐意见。不推荐姑息手术+化疗的治疗模式,不推荐对近端非大弯侧胃癌进行脾切除,对于c T3/4期胃癌不推荐网膜囊切除。扩大了腹腔镜的手术适应证。对于选择性病例,可以采取新辅助化疗+扩大根治手术,或联合切除模式。     

日本早期胃癌治疗现状及发展趋势

微创、保胃、保功能与个体化已成为日本早期胃癌治疗的显著特色。内镜治疗的适应证与根治性评价体系进一步完善。在外科治疗方面,对于无淋巴结转移的病例,推荐D1+淋巴结清扫;对可疑或明确淋巴结转移者,行D2淋巴结清扫。尽管早期胃癌的微创手术已广泛用于临床,但基于现有临床研究,第6版日本《胃癌治疗指南》对微创手术的适应证仍较谨慎,对于临床I期病例,腹腔镜远端胃切除术获强推荐,但腹腔镜近端胃切除术、全胃切除术及机器人手术仅为弱推荐。前哨淋巴结活检结合淋巴引流区清扫、双镜联合手术有望进一步缩小胃切除与淋巴结清扫范围。保留幽门的胃切除术及近端胃切除术开展日益广泛,获指南弱推荐,近端胃切除术的消化道重建推荐食管残胃吻合、双通道吻合或间置空肠,但临床主流是双肌瓣吻合、改良食管胃侧壁吻合（mSOFY）及双通道吻合。早期胃癌手术建议保留大网膜,对迷走神经的保留仍具有一定争议。基于现有证据,无论有无淋巴结转移,早期胃癌均不推荐术后辅助治疗。今后,早期胃癌的治疗将更加精准,微无创、保胃、重功能及个体化的特点将更加显著。     

腹腔镜近端胃切除术后功能性消化道重建策略

食管胃结合部腺癌发病率逐渐上升, 长径<4 cm的胃上部癌远端淋巴结转移少见, 行近端胃切除术即可满足根治要求。近端胃切除术后反流性食管炎、食物淤滞、吻合口狭窄、营养吸收差, 都是影响患者术后生命质量的重要因素。随着腹腔镜胃癌根治术的不断推广, 腹腔镜下近端胃切除淋巴结清扫术已经标准化, 但是消化道重建方式尚未达成标准共识, 而抗反流成为近年临床关注热点。通过间置空肠达到抗反流效果, 保留或重建抗反流结构的食管残胃吻合, 包括各种抗反流的附加手术, 各有优劣。笔者全面详细介绍各种主流抗反流手术方式及其改良方案, 以期为同道提供参考, 让患者最大化获益。     

从日本《胃癌治疗指南》（第5版）修订谈日本胃癌外科发展趋势

日本《胃癌治疗指南》自2001年3月制定以来进行了5次修订,其建立在日本大量经验性数据基础上,采用教科书形式介绍,但第5版《胃癌治疗指南》体现出从经验外科向循证医学外科的转变,包括非治愈性胃癌的减瘤手术、网膜囊外切除、近端和胃体部癌合并脾切除、胃癌侵犯食管的手术入路问题等,采纳了国际多中心临床试验（MRCT）研究结果。推荐cStageⅠ胃癌为腹腔镜手术适应证,而对于进展期胃癌正在进行MRCT（JLSSG0901）研究,有待结果发表。改变单一手术模式,注重术前新辅助化疗,对于临界可切除的高度淋巴结转移病例,进行新辅助化疗（SP方案）2~3疗程后,再行D2+No.16淋巴结清扫。对于胃癌腹膜转移的腹腔镜诊断标准以及食管胃结合部癌和残胃癌区域淋巴结定义和清扫范围,指南提出了日本标准,有待循证医学检验。     

腹腔镜下经膈肌裂孔食管胃切除治疗食管胃交界癌55例

目的 探讨腹腔镜下经膈肌裂孔食管胃切除术治疗食管胃交界癌的安全性和可行性.方法 回顾性分析2008年2月至2010年5月接受腹腔镜下经膈肌裂孔食管胃切除术治疗的55例食管胃交界癌患者的临床资料.结果 本组患者中Siewert Ⅱ型者36例,Siewert Ⅲ型者19例;行近端胃大部切除35例,全胃切除术20例;行D2淋巴结清扫53例,姑息性切除2例;行下纵隔食管旁淋巴结清扫或活检33例.5例患者中转开腹,其余50例顺利完成腹腔镜手术,手术时间（236.2±35.5） min,出血量（60.6±33.9） ml,清扫淋巴结（21.2±10.4）枚,食管切缘距肿瘤近端平均（3.5±0.7） cm.无围手术期死亡病例,无吻合口狭窄或瘘发生.术中纵隔淋巴结清扫过程中11例患者出现胸膜破裂,其中6例于术中及时修补,4例于手术结束前修补,1例于术后行胸腔穿刺,均顺利恢复.术后肺部感染3例,切口感染1例.结论 腹腔镜下经膈肌裂孔食管胃切除治疗食管胃交界癌安全可行.     

胃上部癌腹腔镜脾门淋巴结清扫术的研究进展

随着胃上部癌腹腔镜全胃切除术的不断成熟,该术式已逐渐被经验丰富的外科医师接受.不同于腹腔镜远端胃切除术中已经规范化、程序化的D2淋巴结清扫,胃上部癌腹腔镜脾门淋巴结清扫的指征和方式尚存争议,阻碍其推广的问题涉及是否联合脏器切除、手术路径选择以及对脾门区血管多变的解剖结构的认识等.同时,腹腔镜脾门淋巴结清扫的安全性和远期疗效也有待更多高级别循证医学证据的进一步证实.随着手术理念和技术的不断进步,胃上部癌腹腔镜脾门淋巴结清扫术将会不断成熟.     

腹腔镜下经膈肌裂孔食管胃切除治疗食管胃交界癌55例

目的 探讨腹腔镜下经膈肌裂孔食管胃切除术治疗食管胃交界癌的安全性和可行性.方法 回顾性分析2008年2月至2010年5月接受腹腔镜下经膈肌裂孔食管胃切除术治疗的55例食管胃交界癌患者的临床资料.结果 本组患者中Siewert Ⅱ型者36例,Siewert Ⅲ型者19例;行近端胃大部切除35例,全胃切除术20例;行D2淋巴结清扫53例,姑息性切除2例;行下纵隔食管旁淋巴结清扫或活检33例.5例患者中转开腹,其余50例顺利完成腹腔镜手术,手术时间(236.2±35.5) min,出血量(60.6±33.9) ml,清扫淋巴结(21.2±10.4)枚,食管切缘距肿瘤近端平均(3.5±0.7) cm.无围手术期死亡病例,无吻合口狭窄或瘘发生.术中纵隔淋巴结清扫过程中11例患者出现胸膜破裂,其中6例于术中及时修补,4例于手术结束前修补,1例于术后行胸腔穿刺,均顺利恢复.术后肺部感染3例,切口感染1例.结论 腹腔镜下经膈肌裂孔食管胃切除治疗食管胃交界癌安全可行.     

腹腔镜胃癌保脾脾门淋巴结清扫术的价值与实践

根据2010版《日本胃癌治疗指南》,对局部进展期胃上部癌行全胃切除加D2淋巴结清扫时,必须清扫包括脾门区淋巴结在内的第1~12组淋巴结。局部进展期胃上部癌腹腔镜脾门淋巴结清扫是其重要组成部分,目前该术式仍处于探索性开展阶段。现有的研究显示其近期疗效令人满意,但远期临床获益尚缺乏循证医学证据。我院已成功开展346例腹腔镜胃癌保脾脾门淋巴结清扫术,总结出一整套完整的手术操作流程,笔者将其称为"三步     

胃上部癌根治术中脾门淋巴结清扫的现状与争议

淋巴结清扫是胃癌手术达到D2根治的关键,更与患者的预后息息相关。从开腹联合脾切除到腹腔镜下保留脾脏的脾门淋巴结清扫,No.10组淋巴结清扫始终是进展期胃上部癌根治术的难点所在。虽然有研究证实胃上部癌根治术清扫脾门淋巴结可取得好的短期疗效但目前仍缺乏高级别的循证医学证据,而且脾门区域淋巴结解剖复杂,盲目的清扫,常易造成不必要的损伤,甚至导致严重的并发症。胃上部癌根治术中脾门淋巴结清扫不同学者对手术安全性、手术入路、是否联合脾切除、脾血管后方淋巴结是否常规清扫,仍有较多争议。本文将从脾门淋巴结清扫的现状、腹腔镜下不同手术入路、脾门淋巴结清扫的争议等方面综述目前对胃上部癌根治术中脾门淋巴结的研究情况。     

近端胃癌手术切除与重建方式的发展现状

胃癌是常见的恶性肿瘤,近年来近端胃癌和食管胃结合部腺癌发生率明显增加。多项研究表明,对于近端胃癌或食管胃结合部腺癌,当肿瘤直径≤4 cm,无论浸润深度,此时淋巴结转移到第4、第5、第6组淋巴结的可能性很低。对于早期近端胃癌和食管胃结合部腺癌,近端胃切除术与全胃切除术5年总体生存率相当。近端胃切除术在术后保留残胃和幽门功能、改善患者营养状况方面更有优势。针对近端胃切除术术后反流性食管炎,有多种重建术式。其中,双浆肌瓣吻合术具有良好的抗反流效果,可以明显减少食物残留发生率,提高了患者术后生存质量,实现了现代胃癌外科“个体化-精准化-保功能-重质量”的要求。     

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??Reports from the 90th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association LIANG Han. Department of Gastrointestinal Oncological Surgery, Tianjin Cancer Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laborary of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China
Abstract According to the 15th Japanese Classification of Gastric Carcinoma??No.6 lymph nodes are redefined as No.6a??No.6v and No.6i. Revision of macroscopic peritoneal metastasis ??P1?? has been made according to the metastasis extent??P1 is divided into P1a??P1b and P1c. In case with duodenal invasion of gastric cancer??if No.13 lymph nodes metastasis is present??such metastasis is considered to be regional but not M1. No.14v re-defined as regional node??but it is not recommended including to the D2 dissection. EGJ was re-defined and the definition of EGJ cancer is depended on the endoscopic findings??upper gastrointestinal series and pathological study. In the Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines??the 5th edition??26 clinical questions were collected the final recommendations were made by the Guideline Committee. Palliative gastrectomy plus chemotherapy is not recommended as a treatment for advanced gastric cancer. Splenectomy is not recommended to the standard D2 procedure for proximal gastric cancer that does not invade the greater curvature. Bursectormy is not recommended as a standard treatment for cT3/4 gastric cancer. The indication for laparoscopy-assisted gastrectomy is extended. Neu-adjuvant chemotherapy plus extended lymphadenectomy or co-resection are recommended for the selected patients.     

Modern treatment of early gastric cancer: review of the Japanese experience

BACKGROUND: Recently, detections of early gastric cancer (EGC) have been increasing, and the treatment strategies for gastric cancer have been changing. To demonstrate recent clinical experience of EGC in Japan and to assess modern strategies for the treatment of EGC, we investigated the English-language literature of the past 10 years through computer searches. METHODS: This article intends to provide gastric surgeons with recent Japanese experience of the treatment for EGC. In a search for modern treatments of EGC, we selected 100 papers published in well-known medical journals, and focused on the following items of EGC: (1) prognostic factors, (2) endoscopic treatment, (3) surgical procedures, and (4) Japanese guidelines. RESULTS: The most important factor influencing the survival of patients with EGC is the status of lymph node metastasis. The incidence of lymph node metastasis is 1-3% for mucosal cancers and 11-20% for submucosal cancers. Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is a technique for the treatment of EGC, and the recent indication includes the tumors confined to the mucosa up to 3 cm in size or those invading the superficial submucosa. Surgical procedures include conventional Billroth I gastrectomy, limited resections, and laparoscopic surgery. Laparoscopic wedge resection using the lesion-lifting method and laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy provide less pain, faster recovery and shorter hospital stay. Guidelines for the treatment of gastric cancer proposed by the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association show that patients with mucosal cancer can be managed by EMR or distal gastrectomy, whereas patients with submucosal cancer are candidates for distal gastrectomy with lymph node dissection. CONCLUSION: Although the prognosis of patients with EGC depends on the presence or absence of lymph node metastasis, most are successfully treated by modern endoscopic or surgical techniques. Laparoscopic surgery and limited resections will contribute to the better quality of life of patients with EGC.     

Surgical treatment of early gastric cancer

Around half the cases of gastric cancer are found in the early stage in Japan. With an expected good prognosis, many treatment options have been developed to maintain a good quality of life of the patients after the treatment. Gastric cancer is diagnosed with endoscopy, and the depth of invasion is diagnosed with endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasound. One of the new treatments is endoscopic submucosal dissection. Improvements in surgical treatment are minimizing lymph node dissection, reconstruction methods, laparoscopy-assisted surgery, and sentinel node navigation surgery. Minimizing lymph node dissection for early gastric cancer is well described in the Guidelines for Gastric Cancer Treatments. Pylorus-preserving gastrectomy, jejunal interposition, pouch reconstruction, and Roux-en-Y reconstruction after distal gastrectomy are improvements in reconstruction after gastrectomy. More and more surgeons start laparoscopy-assisted gastrectomy with lymph node dissection. Even with these improvements, the 5-year survival of early gastric cancer is more than 90% in Japan. Further improvements would be possible in the future.     

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??Reports of plenary session from the 89th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association LIANG Han. Department of Gastrointestinal Oncological Surgery, Tianjin Cancer Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laborary of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China
Abstract According to the Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines, the 5th edition, splenectomy is not recommended to the standard D2 procedure for proximal gastric cancer that does not invade the greater curvature. Bursectormy is not recommended as a standard treatment for cT3/4 gastric cancer. “Surgery first followed by chemotherapy” strategy is not recommended but chemotherapy first can be a choice for patients with stage IV gastric cancer. Absolute indication for standard EMR/ESD is expanded for early gastric cancer. Oxaliplatin and Ramucirumab are approved for chemotherapy and target therapy for gastric cancer. The indication of Capecitabine and oxaliplatin to perioperative chemotherapy is expanded. 30-40 clinical questions were selected and best possible answers after discuss are be done. Based on IGCA TNM Project, the 15th Japanese and 8th UICC/AJCC Classification are integrated and for the first time, it has international view. According to the 15th Japanese Classification of Gastric Carcinoma, No.6 lymph nodes are redefined as No.6a, No.6v and No.6i. Revision of macroscopic peritoneal metastasis (P1) has been made. According to the metastasis extent, P1 is divided into P1a, P1b and P1c. In case with duodenal invasion of gastric cancer, if No.13 lymph nodes metastasis is present, such metastasis is considered to be regional but not M1. R concept is not suitable in endoscopic resection. The definition of EGJ cancer is depended on the endoscopic findings, upper gastrointestinal series and pathological study. The criteria of pathological response rate is modified and the 10% of residual tumors cutoff is defined.     

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??Development and trends in Japanese gastric surgery: experiences from Japanese Gastric Cancer Treatment Guidelines (ver. 5) HAN Fang-hai, YANG Bin. Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery??Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital??Sun Yat-sen University??Guangzhou 510120??China
Corresponding author: HAN Fang-hai, E-mail: FH_han@163.com
Abstact The Japanese Gastric Cancer Treatment guidelines has been revised for 5 times since it was first issued on March 2001. The original versions were mainly based on retrospectively studies and expert consensus. The New guideline and classification are established based on the best recent clinical evidence??and it addresses several important clinical issues including non-curative surgery for advanced gastric cancer with non-curable factors??bursectomy??splenectomy for advanced proximal gastric cancer??gastric cancers invading distal esophagus??etc. New edition also releases the clinical questions of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, D2+paraaortic lymph node dissection, diagnostic criteria of peritoneal dissemination by staging laparoscopy??the definition and extent of the lymph node dissection for EGJ cancer and remnant gastric cancer.     

Standard strategy for lymph node dissection in advanced gastric cancer patients

The standard strategy for lymph node dissection in advanced gastric cancer patients is defined as D2 lymph node dissection based on the Japanese Classification of Gastric Cancer and Gastric Cancer Treatment Guidelines 2010 edited by the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association. Lymph nodes that should be dissected for D2 are also defined according to whether the surgical method is total gastrectomy or distal gastrectomy. The locations of those lymph nodes are anatomically described in the Japanese Classification of Gastric Cancer: No. 1 to 12. The efficacy of prophylactic extended lymph node dissection in the paraaortic area (No. 16) was not confirmed in a randomized clinical trial (JCOG9501). Splenectomy aiming for complete lymph node dissection at the splenic hilum is under evaluation in a clinical trial (JCOG0110). Optional dissection of the lower mediastinal lymph nodes (No. 110, 111) is recommended for junctional tumors, although the dissection of lymph nodes at the root of the supramesenteric vein (No. 14v) and behind the pancreas (No. 13) remains controversial.     

A Phase-II Clinical Trial of Laparoscopy-Assisted Distal Gastrectomy with D2 Lymph Node Dissection for Gastric Cancer Patients

Objectives This study was conducted to determine whether laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy (LADG) with complete D2 lymph node dissection for gastric cancer is a safe and effective surgical option. Methods During an 8-month period, 64 patients, who were diagnosed preoperatively as having T1-2, N0-1 or M0 gastric cancer, were prospectively enrolled to undergo LADG with D2 lymph node dissection; two surgeons with experience of over 50 cases of laparoscopic gastrectomy performed the procedures. The compliance rate, defined as cases with no more than one missing lymph node station according to the Japanese Research Society of Gastric Cancer (JRSGC) lymph node grouping, for the open gastrectomy with D2 lymph node dissection was 66.0% in a pilot study and was used for calculations of sample size. Compliance rate and other surgical outcomes, including the number of retrieved lymph nodes from each lymph node station, morbidities, mortalities and conversion rate, were analyzed. Results The compliance rate was 67.2% and was similar to that of open distal gastrectomy reported in the pilot study. The mean number of retrieved lymph nodes was 50.1 (range 20–100). The most frequently missed lymph node station was no. 5 (31.2%) followed by no. 3 (25.0%). There were no missed lymph nodes at stations no. 6 and 9. The complication rate was 3.1% (2/66); there were two conversions (3.0%) and no mortalities. Conclusions The current study suggests that LADG with D2 lymph node dissection is oncologically feasible, and phase-III clinical trials will be needed.     

腹腔镜胃癌手术淋巴结不符合与预后相关性及其影响因素分析

目的 分析腹腔镜胃癌根治术中淋巴结不符合与胃癌病人预后的相关性及其影响因素。方法 回顾性分析2007年6月至2013年12月福建医科大学附属协和医院胃外科同一组医师收治的1745例行腹腔镜胃癌D2根治术病人的临床资料。分析淋巴结不符合对病人术后远期疗效的影响,并分析淋巴结不符合的术前高危因素。结果 所有病人的淋巴结不符合率为39.3%,其中根治性全胃切除和远端胃切除病人的淋巴结不符合率分别为52.1%和23.6%。淋巴结不符合与年龄、BMI、腹部手术史、肿瘤部位和胃切除类型具有相关性（P均<0.05）。淋巴结符合组病人5年存活率高于淋巴结不符合组（65.8% vs. 53.2%,P<0.001）。基于临床T分期进行分层,cT1期胃癌病人淋巴结符合组与不符合组的5年存活率差异无统计学意义（84.6% vs. 91.2%,P=0.369）,而cT2~cT4期胃癌病人淋巴结符合组的5年存活率高于淋巴结不符合组（56.0% vs. 40.0%,P<0.05）。Cox回归分析显示,淋巴结不符合为胃癌病人远期预后不良的独立危险因素。Logistic回归模型分析显示,年龄≥65岁、BMI≥25、腹腔镜全胃切除为淋巴结不符合的独立危险因素。结论 淋巴结不符合是行腹腔镜胃癌根治术病人预后不良的独立危险因素;高龄、高BMI及腹腔镜根治性全胃切除术是术中出现淋巴结不符合的高危因素。