平均血小板容积、纤维蛋白原含量及血液流变学在青年脑梗死患者外周血中的变化

本研究旨在探讨平均血小板容积(MPV)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)含量及血液流变学改变与青年脑梗死患者梗死体积的相关性,为其临床早期诊断和治疗提供依据。根据头部CT或MRI病灶大小及神经功能受损程度将我院109例脑梗死患者(18-45岁)分为大梗死组(梗死体积>10 cm3)、中梗死组(梗死体积4-10 cm3)、小梗死组(梗死体积<4 cm3),30例健康查体正常人作为对照组,进行MPV、FIB及血液流变学指标检查,包括:全血黏度低切(Lηb)、全血黏度中切(Mηb)、全血黏度高切(Hηb)、血浆黏度值(ηP)、全血还原黏度低切(Lηr)、全血还原黏度中切(Mηr)、全血还原黏度高切(Hηr)、血沉方程K值(KVE)、红细胞积聚指数(EAI)、红细胞刚性指数(ERI)、红细胞变形指数(EDI)、红细胞电泳指数(EEI)、红细胞比容、血沉,共计16项指标。结果表明:各组脑梗死患者MPV、FIB含量和血液流变学指标均高于健康对照组(P<0.05);大梗死组MPV、FIB含量和血液流变学指标均高于小梗死组(P<0.05);各组脑梗死患者在病程恢复期MPV、FIB含量和血液流变学指标均有明显下降,但未达到健康对照组水平(P<0.05)。脑梗死体积与MPV、FIB含量及血液流变学水平呈正相关(r=0.36,0.29,0.48)。结论:青年脑梗死病情的严重程度与MPV、FIB及血液流变学水平密切相关,定期检查上述指标对预防青年脑梗死很有价值。     

卡松方程参数在血液流变检测中的应用

目的 探讨卡松方程参数在血液流变检测中的应用价值。方法 分别测定197例常见老年病患者(糖尿病44例、冠心病59例、高血压30例、高血脂11例、慢支30例、脑梗塞23例)和54例中老年正常健康体检者的血流变指标及卡松方程参数,并按疾病分组,统计分析其相关性。结果 卡松屈服应力τ_0与全血低切粘度η_p,(2s~(-1))、红细胞聚集指数EAI间,卡松粘度η_c与全血高切粘度η_P(200s~(-1))、全血低切粘度η_b(2s~(-1))、红细胞压积HCT、红细胞刚性指数IR,红细胞聚集指数EAI间均具有较显著的相关性(P<0.05～0.01)。结论 卡松屈服应力τ_0和卡松粘度η_c分别作为血流变检测指标全血低切粘度η_b(2s~(-1))和全血高切粘度η_b(200s~(-1))的补充延伸指标,有助于临床血流变检测结果间的统一性和标准化及质控管理。     

西藏高原移居昆明藏族青年血液流变学检测分析

本文检测分析了由西藏高原进入昆明半年后的藏族青年血液流变学指标,并与昆明当地正常汉族青年血液流变结果进行比较,报告如下。1　材料和方法1 1　仪器　R80A自动血液流变测定仪(北京中勤世帝科学仪器公司生产) ,测量前对R80A流变仪用标称粘度(37℃)为2 6 4 5mpa·s和10 5 7     

血液流变学检测在一例真性红细胞增多症疗效观察中的应用

目的　认识血液流变学指标检查的临床应用价值。方法　一例真性红细胞增多症患者 ,自血光量子疗法治疗前、后和干扰素、羟基脲等药物治疗前、后均分别进行血液流变学指标检查。结果　真性红细胞增多症自血光量子疗法治疗前、后血液流变学检测指标血浆粘度、红细胞聚集指数、红细胞变形指数、红细胞刚性指数四项指标显著改变 (P <0 0 1或 0 0 5 ) ,全血粘度 (高切、低切 )、红细胞压积改变不明显 (P >0 0 5 ) ,干扰素、羟基脲等药物治疗前、后血液流变学检测指标全血粘度(高切、低切 )、血浆粘度、红细胞压积、红细胞聚集指数、红细胞变形指数、红细胞刚性指数等七项指标均显著改变 (P <0 0 1)。结论　血液流变学指标的检查对真性红细胞增多症的临床观察和疾病控制具有十分重要的意义。     

吸入液氧对海拔3 700m高原人体力竭运动后血液流变学的影响

目的观察吸入液氧对高原人体力竭运动血液流变学的影响.方法对进驻海拔3 700m高原3个月的10名健康青年在吸入液氧(吸氧组,4L/min)和不吸液氧(对照组)的条件下,采用功率自行车进行递增负荷运动,并在安静时,运动后测定红细胞压积(HCT)、血液粘度(ηb)、血浆粘度(ηp),还原粘度(ηr)、红细胞刚性指数(IR),红细胞变形系数(TK)、红细胞聚集系数(VAI)和血栓形成系数(TFL)等血液流变学指标.结果运动后吸氧组较对照组HCT、ηb、ηp、ηr、TK、IR、VAI、TFL均降低(P<0.01).结论吸入液氧能延长供氧时间,加快运动机体血液流变学各指标的恢复,可能是运动后疲劳消除的重要方法之一.     

100例晚期癌症患者24小时血液流变学变化的观察

目的 探讨晚期癌症患者24小时血液流变学变化的规律及在指导临床治疗和判断预后的临床意义。方法 对100例晚期癌症患者在24小时内分别于3：30、7：30、11：30、15：30、19：30、23：30采手指血6次，测定全血粘度(1ηb)、血浆粘度(ηp)、红细胞压积(HCT)、纤维蛋白原(PFC)、红细胞刚性指数(IR)、红细胞聚集系数(VAJ)、血栓形成系数(TFL)和红细胞变形系数(TK)，并作显著性t检验。结果 100例患者的八项血液流变学指标24小时中都有不同程度的变化，其中HCT、ηb、IR、VAI、TK等五项指标的变化较为明显，其高峰值均在23：30—3：；30，低峰值在15：30，最高值与最低值之间有显著性差异(P＜0．05和P＜0．01)。呈现出的“一高三低”(ηp、PFC、TFL降低，IR增高)趋势中Ⅲ期患者占90．9％(40／44)、Ⅳ期占66．1％(37／56)。结论 微循环功能紊乱是导致癌细胞转移的首要条件。血液流变学改变随着病情的加重而增加，肿瘤病期越晚血浆粘度越高，提示血液流变学异常在恶性肿瘤转移时可能有促进作用。恶性肿瘤的血液流变学变化是以“高凝高粘血症”为主，其次为“高凝低粘血症”为特点。肿瘤昼夜血液流变学改变与时辰有一定的关系，因此可针对血液流变紊乱的时辰变化定时活血化淤治疗或化疗，同时检测的血液流变学结果还可作为判断病情和预后、判断手术治疗效果的参考指标。     

非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病患者的血液流变学及细胞流变学分析

目的：探讨非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病(Ⅱ糖尿病，NIDM)患者的血液流变学和细胞流变学改变。方法：对380例Ⅱ糖尿病患者进行全血粘度(高切、低切)和血浆粘度、血沉、红细胞压积、红细胞电泳时间、纤维蛋白原及红细胞变形指数和聚集指数等有关血液流变和细胞流变指标进行测定。结果：NIDM患者全血粘度(高切、低切)和血浆粘度增高，血沉增快，红细胞压积增高，红细胞电泳时间延长，纤维蛋白原增加，红细胞变形能力下降，红细胞聚集增强。结论：NIDM患者存在有明显的血液流变和细胞流变的异常。     

老年冠心病患者血液流变学检测分析

目的探讨老年冠心病患者血液流变学和细胞流变学的改变。方法对111例老年冠心病患者进行全血粘度(高切、低切)和血浆粘度、红细胞压积、血沉、红细胞最大变形指数、红细胞最大聚集指数、纤维蛋白原等有关血液流变学和细胞流变学指标进行测定。结果老年冠心病患者全血粘度(高切、低切)明显高于正常(P<0．01);红细胞压积明显增高(P <0．01);红细胞变形能力均有下降(P<0．01);红细胞聚集指数明显增高(P<0．01)。结论老年冠心病患者的红细胞变形能力均有下降,红细胞聚集指数明显增高,血液流变和细胞流变明显异常。     

硬膜外麻醉对高血压病人围手术期血液流变性影响的临床研究

目的探讨硬膜外麻醉对高血压病人围麻醉期间血液流变性的影响。方法选择ASAⅠ～Ⅱ,拟在硬膜外麻醉下行择期腹部手术的成年高血压病人15例,在麻醉前、麻醉后30min、术毕时、术后24h、48h、72h分别采集肘静脉血5mL,用FASCO-3010型全自动血流变快测仪检测高切全血粘度(Hnb)、低切全血粘度(Lηb)、全血还原粘度(ηr)、血浆粘度(ηp)、红细胞聚集指数(EAI)、红细胞变形指数(TK)、红细胞刚性指数(ERI)等指标。结果麻醉前患者静脉血各项指标均高于正常值;麻醉后30min各项指标与麻醉前比较无明显变化;术毕时,Hηb、Lηb、ηr、ηp、EAI较麻醉前均明显降低,TK明显升高(P<0.05);术后24h时,ηp仍维持低水平,其余各指标呈升高趋势;72h时,Hηb、Lηb、ηr、ηp、EAI、ERI等指标高于术前。结论高血压患者在硬膜外麻醉期间血液粘度明显降低,是高血压患者实施手术治疗可选用的麻醉技术之一。     

驻守海拔5000m以上高原1年返回平原后血液流变学的随访调查

目的研究驻守海拔5 000m以上地区1年返回平原5个月的健康青年血液流变学恢复情况。方法对进驻高原前(对照组,n=30)、守防1年(高原组,n=54)及返回平原5个月(返平组,n=54)的青年分别检测全血粘度、全血还原粘度、血浆粘度、红细胞刚性指数、红细胞聚集指数、红细胞变形指数等指标。结果高原组较对照组和返平组全血粘度、血浆粘度、红细胞压积、全血还原粘度、红细胞刚性指数、红细胞高切相对指数和低切相对指数、红细胞变形指数均增高,有显著性差异(P<0．05-0．001),红细胞聚集指数无统计学差异(P>0．05)。对照组较平原组各指标均无统计学差异(P> 0．05)。结论超高海拔地区使机体红细胞代偿增多,血液粘度增加,返回平原5个月可完全恢复到上高原前的水平。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.