基于直方图的纹理度量在超声乳腺肿瘤识别中的应用

探讨纹理特征在超声乳腺肿瘤诊断中的价值。提取超声图像中乳腺肿瘤的纹理度量,得到由均值、标准差、平滑度、三阶矩、一致性和熵组成的特征矢量,最后用反向传播人工神经网络（BP）对96幅乳腺肿瘤的良恶性进行分类识别。BP 神经网络对良、恶性肿瘤的正确识别率分别为88．4％和78．6％。基于乳腺肿瘤超声图像的纹理特征建立的神经网络系统对肿瘤的良恶性具有较好的识别能力。     

乳腺肿瘤超声图像特征参数量化研究进展

乳腺肿瘤超声图像的特征量化分析对判别肿瘤的良、恶性具有重要价值。本文总结了良性和恶性乳腺肿瘤在超声图像上的特点，将乳腺良性肿瘤和恶性肿瘤鉴别特征在形状、边缘、边界、朝向、回声特点几个方面的量化方法和量化参数进行了较为全面的梳理，并对量化特征与肿瘤良、恶性之间的关系进行了分析。     

男性乳腺疾病超声和病理诊断的十年回顾

检索2002-2011年我院男性乳腺患者的超声资料,以BI-RADS图像术语为标准,对该资料进行标准化处理,总结不同病理类型的超声图像特征,统计分析超声恶性征象在男性乳腺良恶性疾病之间的差异。结果显示除边界不完整外,其余13项超声恶性征象在男性乳腺疾病良恶性组差异有统计学意义,"毛刺征"、"强回声晕"、"钙化"、"后方回声衰减"、"腋窝淋巴结肿大"、"皮肤增厚"和"非中心性生长"独立诊断男性乳腺癌特异度在95%以上,结果提示高频超声可以较好地鉴别诊断男性乳腺良恶性疾病。     

基于模糊数的乳腺肿瘤超声图像边缘快速提取方法

乳腺肿瘤边缘的准确提取在临床上对肿瘤良恶性的判别有重要的意义。本文利用三角模糊数的概念，采用重叠式窗口从图像中得到与不同隶属度对应的模糊数，从而建立以步进方格（marching square）为基本单元的模糊数平面；通过区间阈值得到步进方格上的映射区间，根据步进方格算法将对应映射区间着色绘制出肿瘤的边界。分别对恶性和良性肿瘤超声图像进行边缘提取。结果显示，本文方法相比一般提取边缘的算法具有快速准确提取乳腺肿瘤边缘的特点。实验证明本方法可以有效用于乳腺肿瘤超声图像边缘提取。     

基于融合双模态超声瘤内瘤周影像的乳腺肿瘤分类

本研究通过135例临床乳腺肿瘤的灰阶超声和应变弹性超声的双模态图像研究,并结合肿瘤感兴趣区域(region of interest,ROI)与瘤周组织超声信息进行乳腺肿瘤的良恶性分类.首先,分别提取肿瘤ROI区域的常规灰阶超声和应变弹性超声的影像组学特征:形态学特征(14个)、强度特征(18个)和纹理特征(75个),并...     

乳腺肿瘤超声图像中感兴趣区域的自动检测

由于斑点噪声、伪影以及病灶形状多变的影响,乳腺肿瘤超声图像中肿瘤区域的自动检测以及病灶的边缘提取比较困难,已有的方法主要是由医生先手工提取感兴趣区域(ROI)。本研究提出一种乳腺肿瘤超声图像中感兴趣区域自动检测的方法,选用超声图像的局部纹理、局部灰度共生矩阵以及位置信息作为特征,采用自组织映射神经网络进行分类,自动识别乳腺肿瘤区域。对包含168幅乳腺肿瘤超声图像的数据库进行识别的结果表明:该方法自动识别ROI的准确率达到86.9%,可辅助医生提取肿瘤的实际边缘以及进一步诊断。     

乳腺肿物的超声诊断价值

目的 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的69例乳腺肿物的声像图特征和彩色多普勒特点,以提高乳腺肿瘤超声定性诊断的符合率.方法 对乳腺肿物进行二维超声检查,了解其形态、边界、边缘、内部回声、有无后方衰减及侧方声影等,然后进行了彩色多普勒血流检查,观察肿物内部及周边血流情况,并分别与病理结果对照.结果 在乳腺肿物声像图诊断中,以肿物边界回声特征最为重要.及内部血流的多少是肿物良、恶性鉴别的关键.本组大多数恶性肿物形态不规则,边界不清,内部回声不均匀,肿物前侧缘有不规则强回声,同时彩色多普勒检出丰富血流信号.良性肿瘤多表现为边界光滑,侧缘回声减弱,彩色多普勒不能检出或检出少量星点状血流信号.结论 超声声像图及彩色多普勒特征,对乳腺肿瘤性质的判断有较大的临床应用价值.     

乳腺肿块的超声影像学表现与病理学对照分析

目的：探讨超声影像学诊断与鉴别乳腺肿块良恶性的价值。方法对262例乳腺肿块患者进行彩色多普勒超声检查,观察肿块的形态、边缘、包膜、内部回声、微钙化、纵横比、腋窝淋巴结及乳腺肿块的彩色多普勒血流信号,与术后病理结果进行对比观察。结果所有病例共检出314个肿块,超声影像学诊断乳腺良性肿块与病理诊断的符合率为97．3%,误诊率为2．7%;超声影像学诊断乳腺恶性肿块与病理诊断的符合率为92．9%,误诊率为7．1%。超声检查结果显示,良恶性肿块在肿块形态、边缘、回声、微钙化、纵横比、腋窝淋巴结等影像学特征比较,差异均有统计学意义( P<0．01)。结论超声影像学可较为准确地诊断并鉴别乳腺肿块的良恶性。     

用于乳腺肿瘤分级诊断超声图像增强的算法

为提高乳腺肿瘤分级诊断的能力,提出一种基于超声信号用于乳腺肿瘤分级诊断的图像增强算法。通过分析良性和不同恶性程度肿瘤的超声图像的特征差异,提出了一种将灰度的动态变换方法和利用局部标准差及熵特征相结合的办法,对图像对比度进行增强处理,增强了乳腺超声图像的细节,提高了图像质量。该算法可对良性、恶性肿瘤等不同超声图像进行增强处理,使得图像之间差异更加明显,为临床医生分级诊断提供更加清晰的图像,具有一定的实际应用价值。     

基于定量影像组学的乳腺肿瘤良恶性诊断

乳腺癌是女性致死率最高的恶性肿瘤之一。为提高诊断效率,提供给医生更加客观和准确的诊断结果。借助影像组学的方法,利用公开数据集BreaKHis中82例患者的乳腺肿瘤病理图像,提取乳腺肿瘤病理图像的灰度特征、Haralick纹理特征、局部二值模式(LBP)特征和Gabor特征共139维影像组学特征,并用主成分分析(PCA)对影像组学特征进行降维,然后利用随机森林(RF)、极限学习机(ELM)、支持向量机(SVM)、k最近邻(kNN)等4种不同的分类器构建乳腺肿瘤良恶性的诊断模型,并对上述不同的特征集进行评估。结果表明,基于支持向量机的影像组学特征的分类效果最好,准确率能达到88.2%,灵敏性达到86.62%,特异性达到89.82%。影像组学方法可为乳腺肿瘤良恶性预测提供一种新型的检测手段,使乳腺肿瘤良恶性临床诊断的准确率得到很大提升。     

A methodology for evaluation of boundary detection algorithms on breast ultrasound images

Image segmentation is the partition of an image into a set of non-overlapping regions that comprise the entire image. The image is decomposed into meaningful parts, which are uniform with respect to certain characteristics, such as grey level or texture. This study presents a novel methodology to evaluate ultrasound image segmentation algorithms. The sonographic features can differentiate between various sized malignant and benign breast tumours. The clinical experiment can determine whether a tumour is benign or not, based on contour, shape, echogenicity and echo texture. Further study of the standardized sonographic features, especially the tumour contour and shape, will improve the positive predictive value and accuracy rate in breast tumour detection. The effectiveness of using this methodology is illustrated by evaluating image segmentation on breast ultrasound images. Via definite segmentation, the appreciated tumour shape and contour can be ascertained. Furthermore, this method can enhance the ability of ultrasound to distinguish between benign and malignant breast lesions.     

Evaluation of radiological features for breast tumour classification in clinical screening with machine learning methods

OBJECTIVE: In this work, methods utilizing supervised and unsupervised machine learning are applied to analyze radiologically derived morphological and calculated kinetic tumour features. The features are extracted from dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) time-course data. MATERIAL: The DCE-MRI data of the female breast are obtained within the UK Multicenter Breast Screening Study. The group of patients imaged in this study is selected on the basis of an increased genetic risk for developing breast cancer. METHODS: The k-means clustering and self-organizing maps (SOM) are applied to analyze the signal structure in terms of visualization. We employ k-nearest neighbor classifiers (k-nn), support vector machines (SVM) and decision trees (DT) to classify features using a computer aided diagnosis (CAD) approach. RESULTS: Regarding the unsupervised techniques, clustering according to features indicating benign and malignant characteristics is observed to a limited extend. The supervised approaches classified the data with 74% accuracy (DT) and providing an area under the receiver-operator-characteristics (ROC) curve (AUC) of 0.88 (SVM). CONCLUSION: It was found that contour and wash-out type (WOT) features determined by the radiologists lead to the best SVM classification results. Although a fast signal uptake in early time-point measurements is an important feature for malignant/benign classification of tumours, our results indicate that the wash-out characteristics might be considered as important.     

Combination of Radiological and Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix Textural Features Used to Distinguish Solitary Pulmonary Nodules by Computed Tomography

The objective of this study was to investigate the method of the combination of radiological and textural features for the differentiation of malignant from benign solitary pulmonary nodules by computed tomography. Features including 13 gray level co-occurrence matrix textural features and 12 radiological features were extracted from 2,117 CT slices, which came from 202 (116 malignant and 86 benign) patients. Lasso-type regularization to a nonlinear regression model was applied to select predictive features and a BP artificial neural network was used to build the diagnostic model. Eight radiological and two textural features were obtained after the Lasso-type regularization procedure. Twelve radiological features alone could reach an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.84 in differentiating between malignant and benign lesions. The 10 selected characters improved the AUC to 0.91. The evaluation results showed that the method of selecting radiological and textural features appears to yield more effective in the distinction of malignant from benign solitary pulmonary nodules by computed tomography.     

Improvement in specificity of ultrasonography for diagnosis of breast tumors by means of artificial intelligence.

A set of ultrasonograms of lesions from 200 patients between the ages of 14 and 93 years who underwent mammography followed by ultrasonographic examination and excisional biopsy has been studied with computer vision techniques to improve the ultrasonographic specificity of the diagnosis. Selected features representing the texture of the lesion were calculated and then classified by an artificial neural network. This network was biased toward correctly classifying all the malignant cases at the expense of some misclassification of the benign cases. The network diagnosed the malignant cases with 100% sensitivity and 40% specificity (compared with 0% specificity for the radiologists diagnosing the same set of cases in the breast imaging setting), and tests performed with a leave-one-out technique indicate that the network will generalize well to new cases. This suggests that methods based on neural network classification of texture features show promise for potentially decreasing the number of unnecessary biopsies by a significant amount in patients with sonographically identifiable lesions.     

基于Local Jet变换空间纹理特征的肺结节分类方法

为了在纹理特征下改善肺结节良、恶性的模式识别,提出一种基于local jet变换空间的纹理特征提取方法。首先利用二维高斯函数的前三阶偏微分函数将结节原图像变换到local jet纹理图像空间,然后利用纹理描述子在该空间提取特征参数。以灰度值的前四阶矩和基于灰度共生矩阵的特征参数作为纹理描述子,分别提取结节原图像和变换后纹理图像的特征参数,以BP神经网络作为分类器,对同一纹理描述子下的2个不同图像空间的经核主成分分析优化后的特征参数集进行结节良、恶性分类。以157个肺结节(51个良性,106个恶性)作为实验数据进行对比实验,结果显示:两种纹理描述子基于local jet变换空间提取的特征参数分别获得82.69%和86.54%的分类正确率,较原图像空间提高6%～8%,同时AUC值提高约10%。实验结果表明,基于local jet变换空间提取的纹理特征可以有效地改善肺结节良、恶性的模式识别。     

基于Curvelet变换的肺结节CT图像良恶性分类研究

目的早期肺癌患者的CT图像表现为结节状（在肺野内直径≤3cm的病灶），需要与结核球等良性病变鉴别开，以提高患者的5年生存率。方法本文基于Curvelet变换提取能量、熵、灰度均值及灰度标准差四种纹理特征值，按7：3比例将样本分为训练集与验证集。使用BP（back propagation）神经网络作为分类器。每一种纹理参数测试集的神经网络仿真值结合病理诊断结果绘制受试者工作特征曲线（receiver operator characteristic cllrve，ROC曲线），根据ROC下面积得到最优的几种纹理参数用于良恶性分类，并将分类结果与病理诊断结果进行比较。结果四种纹理参数构建的BP网络均具有诊断价值，每种纹理参数诊断价值各不相同，其中熵与灰度标准差的诊断价值优于能量与灰度均值，并且通过组合多种纹理参数可以提高诊断准确性。结论使用熵与灰度标准差两种纹理特征值构建BP神经网络能达到最好的分类效果，在一定程度上有利于肺癌的早期诊断。     

Expert system support using Bayesian belief networks in the diagnosis of fine needle aspiration biopsy specimens of the breast.

AIM--To develop an expert system model for the diagnosis of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of the breast. METHODS--Knowledge and uncertainty were represented in the form of a Bayesian belief network which permitted the combination of diagnostic evidence in a cumulative manner and provided a final probability for the possible diagnostic outcomes. The network comprised 10 cytological features (evidence nodes), each independently linked to the diagnosis (decision node) by a conditional probability matrix. The system was designed to be interactive in that the cytopathologist entered evidence into the network in the form of likelihood ratios for the outcomes at each evidence node. RESULTS--The efficiency of the network was tested on a series of 40 breast FNAC specimens. The highest diagnostic probability provided by the network agreed with the cytopathologists' diagnosis in 100% of cases for the assessment of discrete, benign, and malignant aspirates. Atypical probably benign cases were given probabilities in favour of a benign diagnosis. Suspicious cases tended to have similar probabilities for both diagnostic outcomes and so, correctly, could not be assigned as benign or malignant. A closer examination of cumulative belief graphs for the diagnostic sequence of each case provided insight into the diagnostic process, and quantitative data which improved the identification of suspicious cases. CONCLUSION--The further development of such a system will have three important roles in breast cytodiagnosis: (1) to aid the cytologist in making a more consistent and objective diagnosis; (2) to provide a teaching tool on breast cytological diagnosis for the non-expert; and (3) it is the first stage in the development of a system capable of automated diagnosis through the use of expert system machine vision.     

Computer-Aided Diagnosis Scheme for Distinguishing Between Benign and Malignant Masses on Breast DCE-MRI Images Using Deep Convolutional Neural Network with Bayesian Optimization

Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has a higher sensitivity of early breast cancer than mammography, the specificity is lower. The purpose of this study was to develop a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) scheme for distinguishing between benign and malignant breast masses on dynamic contrast material-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) by using a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) with Bayesian optimization. Our database consisted of 56 DCE-MRI examinations for 56 patients, each of which contained five sequential phase images. It included 26 benign and 30 malignant masses. In this study, we first determined a baseline DCNN model from well-known DCNN models in terms of classification performance. The optimum architecture of the DCNN model was determined by changing the hyperparameters of the baseline DCNN model such as the number of layers, the filter size, and the number of filters using Bayesian optimization. As the input of the proposed DCNN model, rectangular regions of interest which include an entire mass were selected from each of DCE-MRI images by an experienced radiologist. Three-fold cross validation method was used for training and testing of the proposed DCNN model. The classification accuracy, the sensitivity, the specificity, the positive predictive value, and the negative predictive value were 92.9% (52/56), 93.3% (28/30), 92.3% (24/26), 93.3% (28/30), and 92.3% (24/26), respectively. These results were substantially greater than those with the conventional method based on handcrafted features and a classifier. The proposed DCNN model achieved high classification performance and would be useful in differential diagnoses of masses in breast DCE-MRI images as a diagnostic aid.     

High-temporal resolution DCE-MRI improves assessment of intra- and peri-breast lesions categorized as BI-RADS 4

Grading of cancer histopathology slides requires more pathologists and expert clinicians as well as it is time consuming to look manually into whole-slide images. Hence, an automated classification of histopathological breast cancer sub-type is useful for clinical diagnosis and therapeutic responses. Recent deep learning methods for medical image analysis suggest the utility of automated radiologic imaging classification for relating disease characteristics or diagnosis and patient stratification. To develop a hybrid model using the convolutional neural network (CNN) and the long short-term memory recurrent neural network (LSTM RNN) to classify four benign and four malignant breast cancer subtypes. The proposed CNN-LSTM leveraging on ImageNet uses a transfer learning approach in classifying and predicting four subtypes of each. The proposed model was evaluated on the BreakHis dataset comprises 2480 benign and 5429 malignant cancer images acquired at magnifications of 40×, 100×, 200× and 400×. The proposed hybrid CNN-LSTM model was compared with the existing CNN models used for breast histopathological image classification such as VGG-16, ResNet50, and Inception models. All the models were built using three different optimizers such as adaptive moment estimator (Adam), root mean square propagation (RMSProp), and stochastic gradient descent (SGD) optimizers by varying numbers of epochs. From the results, we noticed that the Adam optimizer was the best optimizer with maximum accuracy and minimum model loss for both the training and validation sets. The proposed hybrid CNN-LSTM model showed the highest overall accuracy of 99% for binary classification of benign and malignant cancer, and, whereas, 92.5% for multi-class classifier of benign and malignant cancer subtypes, respectively. To conclude, the proposed transfer learning approach outperformed the state-of-the-art machine and deep learning models in classifying benign and malignant cancer subtypes. The proposed method is feasible in classification of other cancers as well as diseases.     

Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Breast DCE-MRI Images Using Bilateral Asymmetry of Contrast Enhancement Between Two Breasts

Dynamic contrast material-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) of breasts is an important imaging modality in breast cancer diagnosis with higher sensitivity but relatively lower specificity. The objective of this study is to investigate a new approach to help improve diagnostic performance of DCE-MRI examinations based on the automated detection and analysis of bilateral asymmetry of characteristic kinetic features between the left and right breast. An image dataset involving 130 DCE-MRI examinations was assembled and used in which 80 were biopsy-proved malignant and 50 were benign. A computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) scheme was developed to segment breast areas depicted on each MR image, register images acquired from the sequential MR image scan series, compute average contrast enhancement of all pixels in one breast, and a set of kinetic features related to the difference of contrast enhancement between the left and right breast, and then use a multi-feature based Bayesian belief network to classify between malignant and benign cases. A leave-one-case-out validation method was applied to test CAD performance. The computed area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve is 0.78 ± 0.04. The positive and negative predictive values are 0.77 and 0.64, respectively. The study indicates that bilateral asymmetry of kinetic features between the left and right breasts is a potentially useful image biomarker to enhance the detection of angiogenesis associated with malignancy. It also demonstrates the feasibility of applying a simple CAD approach to classify between malignant and benign DCE-MRI examinations based on this new image biomarker.