微创颅内血肿与小骨窗开颅血肿清除术治疗重症高血压脑出血的疗效对比

目的探讨微创颅内血肿清除术与小骨窗开颅血肿清除术治疗重症高血压脑出血的疗效。方法回顾性分析2010-02—2014-03我院收治的重症高血压脑出血患者102例,采用微创颅内血肿清除术治疗的52例患者为观察组,采用小骨窗颅内血肿清除术治疗50例患者为对照组,观察2组患者手术前后血肿量、神经功能缺损情况与并发症发生率。结果观察组术后第1、3天血肿量高于对照组(P<0.05);第7天血肿量与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),2组神经功能缺损情况均有所改善,观察组改善程度优于对照组(P<0.05);观察组并发症发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论微创颅内血肿清除术对重症高血压脑出血患者神经功能缺损改善程度与并发症控制程度优于小骨窗开颅血肿清除术,值得临床推广应用。     

紧急钻孔减压联合开颅术抢救外伤性颅内血肿合并脑疝的临床疗效

外伤性颅内血肿合并脑疝形成,若不及时抢救治疗,其病死率、致残率明显增高。我科2008年1月至2010年6月将收治急性外伤性颅内血肿合并脑疝78例患者,随机分为开颅术前行紧急钻孔减压(治疗组)和直接开颅术组(对照     

标准大骨瓣开颅术治疗合并脑疝形成的外伤性颅内血肿

目的：探讨标准大骨瓣开颅术治疗合并脑疝形成的外伤性颅内血肿的疗效。方法：治疗32例病人，采用大骨瓣开颅术切口．清除血肿、止血后去除骨瓣，减张缝合硬脑膜。结果：本组病人治愈19例，中残3例，重残1例，植物状态1例，死亡8例，死亡牢为25％。结论：标准大骨瓣开颅术是治疗合并脑疝形成的外伤性颅内血肿的较好方法，可减少死亡率，提高患的生存质量。     

小骨窗开颅血肿清除术治疗高血压性基底节区出血

目的探讨小骨窗开颅血肿清除术治疗高血压性基底节区出血的短期疗效及其影响因素。方法回顾性分析2012年6月至2015年12月收治的159例高血压性基底节区出血的临床资料,采用小骨窗开颅血肿清除术治疗62例(小骨窗开颅组),采用骨瓣开颅血肿清除术治疗97例(骨瓣开颅组);术后6个月采用改良Rankin量表(m RS)评分评估短期疗效。结果术后1~2 d复查CT示,两组脑内血肿清除率无明显差异(P0.05)。两组术后颅内感染发生率、住院期间病死率、术后6月m RS评分等差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),但小骨窗开颅组术后6个月癫痫发生率(12.90%)明显低于骨瓣开颅组(26.80%;P0.05)。血肿量大和脑疝是小骨窗开颅手术预后的独立危险因素,而出血后12 h内手术对患者预后有益。结论对于高血压性基底节区出血,小骨窗开颅较骨瓣开颅可显著减少术后6个月癫痫发生率,手术时机、血肿量和脑疝显著影响患者短期预后。     

快速钻颅减压抢救脑疝期颅内血肿40例分析

目的　评价脑疝期颅内血肿快速钻颅减压的临床效果。方法　对 78例脑疝期颅内血肿随机分为治疗组 40例 ,采用快速钻颅吸出部分积血和血凝块 ,迅速缓解颅内高压后再行开颅血肿清除术 ;对照组 3 8例 ,采用常规骨瓣开颅血肿清除术。结果　治疗组有效降低颅内高压时间需 15～ 2 8min(平均 18min) ;对照组 45～ 74min(平均 5 5min) ,经wilcoxon检验P <0 0 5 ,有显著性差异。治疗组总死亡率低于对照组 ,其中治疗组双侧瞳孔散大死亡率显著低于对照组 (P <0 0 5 )。治疗组良好率显著高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　快速钻颅减压抢救脑疝期颅内血肿 ,能有效降低死亡率及致残率     

微骨窗入路对高血压脑出血的临床疗效细胞免疫及预后影响

目的观察微骨窗入路对高血压脑出血患者临床疗效、细胞免疫及预后的影响。方法选取2014-08-2016-08于我院行手术治疗的108例高血压脑出血患者的临床资料,按手术方式不同分为2组,每组54例,观察组行微骨窗入路血肿清除术,对照组行传统骨瓣开颅血肿清除术,比较2组临床疗效及预后。结果观察组手术时间(2.61±0.71)h较对照组(4.33±1.36)h短,出血量(225.42±82.66)mL较对照组少,血肿清除率(94.55±5.68)%较对照组高(P0.05);观察组白细胞、C反应蛋白水平较对照组低(P0.05);观察组NIHSS评分、ADL评分均优于对照组(P0.05)。结论微骨窗入路血肿清除术可有效清除血肿,减少出血量,对细胞免疫影响小,且可提高神经功能、生活能力,改善预后。     

颅脑外伤术后并发对侧硬膜外血肿的危险因素分析

目的分析颅脑外伤患者颅内血肿清除术后并发对侧硬膜外血肿危险因素,以便为临床诊疗提供依据。方法回顾性分析2014年01月至2017年01月在我院接受急诊颅内血肿清除术治疗的颅脑外伤患者的,依据患者术后24h内是否并发手术区对侧硬膜外血肿分为观察组(并发手术区对侧硬膜外血肿)和对照组(未并发血肿),并比较所有患者术前一般临床资料,分析颅脑外伤患者急诊颅内血肿清除术后并发手术区对侧硬膜外血肿的危险因素。结果共纳入90例患者,其中观察组患者45例,对照组45例。单因素分析显示:观察组患者入院时昏迷状态、Babinski征阳性、合并脑挫伤、合并颅骨骨折、合并脑疝、术前中线偏移≥1cm、基底池受压、手术去除骨瓣比例显著高于对照组(P0.05);观察组患者术后手术时间、GCS评分显著低于对照组(P0.05);观察组患者舒张压、血浆凝血酶时间(thrombin time,TT)显著高于对照组。Logistic多因素回归模型分析显示:颅骨骨折、合并脑疝、中线偏移≥1cm、去除骨瓣、术后手术时间、GCS评分高低是颅脑外伤患者急诊颅内血肿清除后并发对侧硬膜外血肿的独立危险因素。结论外伤性颅脑损伤患者血肿清除术后并发手术区对侧硬膜外血肿患者入院时通常为颅内占位效应明显且多合并颅骨骨折的重型颅脑损伤,合并脑疝、中线偏移≥1cm、手术去除骨瓣、手术时机短、GCS评分低、TT时间延长是外伤性颅脑损伤术后并发对侧硬膜外血肿的高危因素,对于合并高危因素的外伤性颅脑损伤患者术后应当更加注意预测发生对侧硬膜外血肿机率。     

小骨窗开颅经外侧裂显微血肿清除术治疗中等量基底节区脑出血的预后分析

目的探讨小骨窗开颅经外侧裂显微血肿清除术对中等量高血压基底节区脑出血预后的影响。方法选取中等量(30~60mL)高血压基底节区脑出血患者80例为研究对象,采用数字随机表将患者分为对照组和观察组各40例,观察组行小骨窗开颅经外侧裂显微血肿清除术治疗,对照组行传统经颞开颅血肿清除术治疗,术后1周采用格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)评估近期预后,术后6个月采用日常生活能力(ADL)评分评估远期预后,术后1周行神经功能缺损程度评分(NIHSS),对比2组再出血率。结果观察组近期恢复良好率25.0%,显著高于对照组的7.5%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组ADL评分Ⅰ级占34.21%,显著高于对照组的13.88%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组治疗后NIHSS评分(4.52±1.71)显著低于对照组,ADL评分(89.27±5.33)显著高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论小骨窗开颅经外侧裂显微血肿清除术治疗中等量高血压基底节区脑出血近远期疗效显著。     

立体定向术与小骨窗开颅术治疗高血压脑出血的疗效分析

目的 探讨立体定向血肿抽吸术与小骨窗开颅血肿清除术治疗高血压脑出血的疗效.方法 分别对33例和29例高血压脑出血患者采用立体定向血肿抽吸术及小骨窗开颅血肿清除术治疗.结果 立体定向血肿抽吸术与小骨窗开颅血肿清除术患者术后偏瘫开始恢复时间分别为12±3.2天、18±4.5天,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05);术后肺部感染(P＞0.05)、上消化道出血(P＞0.05)差异无统计学意义;立体定向血肿抽吸术预后(Activity of daily living,ADL)优于小骨窗开颅血肿清除术(P＜0.05).结论 与小骨窗开颅术相比,立体定向血肿抽吸术具有创伤小、偏瘫恢复快的优点,是治疗高血压脑出血的理想方法.     

快速钻颅减压抢救脑疝期颅内血肿的临床观察

目的 观察紧急钻颅减压在抢救特急性颅内血肿中的疗效.方法 将急症证实为脑疝期颅内血肿随机分为钻颅减压组20例,行紧急钻颅减压后再行开颅血肿清除术;常规手术组20例,行常规骨瓣开颅血肿清除术.结果 钻颅减压组有效降低颅内高压时间需15min,常规手术组需55min,钻颅减压组双侧瞳孔散大、病死率显著低于常规手术组,良好率显著高于常规手术组(P＜0.005).结论 快速钻颅减压抢救脑疝期颅内血肿,能有效降低病死率和致残率.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.