蛋白质组学技术鉴定吉兰-巴雷综合征患者与正常人血清的差异表达蛋白

目的为深入理解吉兰-巴雷综合征(Guillain-Barré syndrome,GBS)分子机制,以蛋白质组技术比较GBS患者与正常对照组血清的差异表达蛋白。方法血清蛋白质以固相pH梯度等电聚焦为第一向,SDS-PAGE垂直电泳为第二向进行双向电泳,图像分析软件Image Master2DElite分析电泳图谱,MALDI-TOF/TOF串联质谱鉴定差异表达蛋白。结果 24种蛋白质的表达量在吉兰-巴雷综合征患者与正常对照组显著不同,其中17种在吉兰-巴雷综合征患者血清中表达量上调的蛋白质被鉴定为补体C3、α-2-巨球蛋白、补体因子B、血浆铜蓝蛋白、补体因子H、补体C4-B、维生素D结合蛋白、血清淀粉样P物质、丛生蛋白、α-1-抗胰凝乳蛋白酶、触珠蛋白、Afamin、血红素蛋白、视黄醇结合蛋白4、补体C1s亚成分、补体C4-A、α-2锌糖蛋白;7种在吉兰-巴雷综合征患者血清中表达量下调的蛋白质被鉴定为α-1-抗胰蛋白酶、Igγ-1-C链、Igκ-C链、CD5类抗原、载脂蛋白E、血清铁传递蛋白、维生素D结合蛋白。结论 GBS患者血清中补体蛋白及急性期反应蛋白表达量发生了明显变化,这些结果加深了我们对GBS发病分子机制的理解。     

蛋白质组学技术鉴定吉兰-巴雷综合征患者血清急性期反应蛋白的表达**☆◆

背景：吉兰-巴雷综合征患者血液中存在与发病有关的抗体、补体和细胞因子,以蛋白质组学技术分离鉴定这些标志蛋白,可为寻找新的药物靶标提供依据。 目的：以蛋白质组技术比较吉兰-巴雷综合征患者与正常对照组血清的差异表达蛋白。 方法：采集确诊的吉兰-巴雷综合征患者和正常者血清各30例,提取血清蛋白质以固相pH梯度等电聚焦为第一向,SDS-PAGE垂直电泳为第二向进行双向电泳,图象分析软件Imagemaster 2D分析电泳图谱,MALDI-TOF/TOF串联质谱鉴定差异表达蛋白。 结果与结论：在吉兰-巴雷综合征患者与正常者中24种蛋白质的表达量显著不同,其中α-2-巨球蛋白,血浆铜蓝蛋白,血清淀粉样P物质,丛生蛋白,抗糜蛋白酶,触珠蛋白,血红素蛋白,α-1-抗胰蛋白酶,血清转铁蛋白等9种蛋白质被鉴定为急性期反应蛋白。结果说明吉兰-巴雷综合征患者血清中急性期反应蛋白表达量发生了明显变化,加深了对吉兰-巴雷综合征发病分子机制的理解。     

蛋白质组学技术筛选破裂颅内动脉瘤的血清标志物

目的探讨用双向凝胶电泳结合基质辅助激光解析离子化飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF MS)分析技术从血清中筛选颅内动脉瘤标志蛋白的可行性。方法分别采集6例破裂颅内动脉瘤患者和健康成人的血清,进行双向凝胶电泳分离血清总蛋白,考马斯亮蓝染色,全自动斑点处理工作站处理差异蛋白质斑点,MALDI-TOF MS分析获取肽质量指纹图谱,对鉴定的差异蛋白质进行分析。结果两组表达差异2倍以上的蛋白质斑点有81个,质谱鉴定出5个差异蛋白质,在颅内动脉瘤血清中均呈上调表达,即α2-巨球蛋白前体、补体3前体、玻璃黏连蛋白前体、缓激肽和载脂蛋白E3。结论蛋白质组学技术平台为大规模水平筛选破裂颅内动脉瘤血清标志物提供了新方法。     

PC12细胞基础状态氧化蛋白质表达谱

目的绘制基础状态下PC12细胞氧化蛋白质的表达谱,期望为以PC12细胞为模型的实验研究提供基本理论依据。方法采用2D凝胶电泳和westernblot技术相结合的方法获得氧化修饰的蛋白点,运用MALDI-TOF质谱鉴定出被氧化的蛋白质。结果PC12细胞总蛋白中共有91个蛋白点发生氧化修饰,运用MALDI-TOF质谱鉴定出19个氧化蛋白质。结论处于基础状态的PC12细胞存在蛋白质的氧化修饰,可以为病理条件下的氧化损伤研究提供可靠的参照系统。     

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯孕期暴露致仔鼠睾丸膜联蛋白A5的表达差异

背景：国内外关于邻苯二甲酸二丁酯导致雄性生殖系统畸形发生机制的探讨多集中于邻苯二甲酸二丁酯干扰胚胎期睾丸睾酮合成途径的研究，对其基因表达调控的因素及功能蛋白质之间相互干扰的网络效应却并不明了。蛋白质组学能够从整体水平反映蛋白质组分，并筛选功能相关蛋白。 目的：探讨邻苯二甲酸二丁酯胚胎期暴露对胎鼠睾丸蛋白表达谱的影响，分离并鉴定差异表达蛋白质。 设计、时间及地点：随机对照动物实验，实验于2006-08/2007-10在南京医科大学动物实验中心及南京医科大学生殖医学重点实验室完成。 材料：将孕鼠随机分为实验组和对照组，每组5只。妊娠14~18 d。 方法：实验组按800 mg/(kg?d)染毒孕鼠，对照组予大豆油5 mL/d。妊娠21d 取出胚胎大鼠睾丸，提取总蛋白，进行二维凝胶电泳分离和图像分析，筛选出的差异蛋白质点利用质谱技术进行鉴定，并选择关键蛋白进行验证。 主要观察指标：①两组蛋白的电泳差异比较。②酶切，MALDI-TOF分析，数据库检索，生物信息学检索结果。③两组蛋白Western blotting检测及免疫组织化学染色结果。 结果：共筛选出33个差异表达蛋白（t≥2.831，P < 0.05），其中14个通过质谱分析和SwissProt蛋白数据库检索得到鉴定，包括膜联蛋白A5、过氧化物酶6、泛素羧基末端水解酶L1等。运用Western blotting，验证了膜联蛋白A5在实验组表达量明显高于对照组，通过免疫组织化学方法，发现膜联蛋白A5主要定位在胎鼠睾丸Leydig细胞中。 结论：实验运用蛋白质组学方法，建立了邻苯二甲酸二丁酯孕期暴露雄性仔鼠睾丸与正常仔鼠睾丸蛋白质差异表达谱系，鉴定出14个蛋白点，确定了膜联蛋白A5在胎鼠睾丸的定位。     

海人酸颞叶癫痫大鼠海马组织中细胞骨架蛋白的差异表达

目的 研究海人酸颞叶癫痫大鼠海马组织中差异表达的细胞骨架蛋白,为阐明癫痫的发病机制提供线索,为新型抗癫痫药物的研发提供分子靶点.方法 利用双向荧光差异凝胶电泳(2D-DIGE)、DeCyder分析软件、基质辅助激光解吸附电离串联飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS)对海人酸诱导颞叶癫痫大鼠海马组织中的差异蛋白进行分离、分析及鉴定.结果 有5个差异蛋白点被鉴定为3种细胞骨架蛋白,其中微管蛋白α-1B和胶质纤维酸性蛋白表达上调,埃兹蛋白表达下调.结论 细胞骨架蛋白表达变化导致的细胞骨架受损可能与癫痫的发生发展相关,可能成为抗癫痫治疗新靶点.     

增生型胸腺组织重症肌无力相关蛋白的鉴定研究

目的 筛选出增生型胸腺组织重症肌无力（myasthenia gravis．MG）相关蛋白．并对其作出鉴定。方法 分剐利用异体MG患者血清、正常人血清和自身免疫病患者血清为第一抗体。与电泳转移到硝酸纤维素膜上的蛋白点孵育。做Western Blotting试验;然后在利用双向电泳技术获得的参考凝胶上挖取MG组特异显色点所对应的蛋白质点。经胰蛋白酶胶内酶切,对所得多肽混合物进行基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱（matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry,MALDI-TOF-MS）分析,得到肽质量指纹图谱（peptide mass fingerprinting,PMF）数据。登陆http：／／prospector．ucsf．edu／ucs fhtm14．0／msfit．htm网站,用MS Fit程序在NCBInr．10．13．2004数据库检索,鉴定蛋白质。结果Western Blotting试验共获得5个MG特异显色点。编号为2、4、6、7、9;经质谱分析得到5个蛋白质PMF图谱,数据库检索这些蛋白分别为：2号蛋白点isopeptidase T、4号蛋白点importin beta subunit和6号蛋白点SOUL protein。7号和9号蛋白点未能得到确认,需要更换检索备件或进行蛋白质测序才能进一步认定。结论运用蛋白质组学和Western Blotting研究方法,共获得5个MG相关蛋白,得到鉴定的三个蛋白分剐为2号蛋白点isopeptidase T、4号蛋白点importin beta subunit和6号蛋白点SOUL protein。     

人脑星形胶质细胞瘤恶性程度相关蛋白表达谱的分析与鉴定

目的 应用蛋白质组学技术确定与人脑星形胶质细胞瘤恶性程度相关的差异表达蛋白质分子. 方法 二维电泳技术比较分析12例正常脑组织和52例不同恶性程度星形胶质细胞瘤组织(Ⅱ级23例、Ⅲ级15例、Ⅳ级14例)差异表达蛋白质斑点,高效液相色谱-电喷雾(ESI)串联质谱技术、生物信息学方法分析鉴定与恶性程度相关的差异表达蛋白质分子. 结果 共鉴定出15种差异表达的蛋白质分子,其中热休克蛋白27、抑制素、葡萄糖调节蛋白78、过氧化物氧化酶1、过氧化物氧化酶6、膜联蛋白Ⅱ、组织蛋白酶D、纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1、肌动蛋白(胞浆型1)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶M这10种蛋白的表达在Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级星形胶质细胞瘤组织中升高,二硫键异构酶A3、αB晶体蛋白质、T复合体蛋白1(ε亚单位)、泛素C-末端水解酶同T酶L1、胶质纤维酸性蛋白这5种蛋白的表达降低. 结论 蛋白质组学技术可有效鉴定与肿瘤恶性程度相关的差异表达蛋白,为星形胶质细胞瘤的分子个体诊断和分子靶向治疗提供实验依据.     

脑血管痉挛中差异表达蛋白质的实验研究

目的 建立兔脑血管痉挛(CVS)基底动脉和正常兔基底动脉双向凝胶电泳图谱,鉴定差异表达蛋白,从中发现有意义的CVS相关标志物.方法 采用双向凝胶电泳(2-DE)分离痉挛基底动脉和正常基底动脉总蛋白,银染显色,通过imagemaster5.0软件分析,从中选取差异表达蛋白质点,应用基质辅助激光解析飞行时间串联质谱(MALDI-TOF/TOF)鉴定差异表达的蛋白质.结果 获得重复性和分辨率较好的兔基底动脉双向凝胶电泳图谱;发现49个差异表达点,其中35个点得到鉴定,在CVS中高表达的有24个,其余11个在CVS中呈低表达.结论 建立了痉挛基底动脉和正常基底动脉双向凝胶电泳图谱,并应用质谱技术鉴定了35个差异表达点,这些差异表达蛋白质可能与CVS的发生相关.     

儿童结核性脑膜炎脑脊液蛋白质组学初步研究

目的 结核性脑膜炎是致残、致死率较高的儿童时期常见中枢神经系统感染性疾病。本实验拟通过建立正常中国儿童及结核性脑膜炎患儿脑脊液蛋白质双向凝胶电泳图谱,筛选结核性脑膜炎特异性蛋白,为结核性脑膜炎的早期诊断提供线索,同时也为进一步探讨结核性脑膜炎的发病机制提供新思路。方法 收集结核性脑膜炎患儿和同年龄正常儿童脑脊液各4 ml,固相PH梯度二维聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（2-DE）技术分离蛋白质,考马斯亮蓝染色,Imagescanner扫描仪以及LabScan扫描软件对凝胶进行扫描获取图像,利用图像分析软件PDQuest 7.0进行强度校正、点检测、背景消减、均一化和匹配等分析,以正常儿童脑脊液的2-DE凝胶为参考胶,将结核性脑膜炎患儿脑脊液的凝胶与之进行比较分析,寻找两组患儿脑脊液蛋白质谱的差异表达斑点。结果 正常儿童脑脊液分离获得蛋白质斑点546个,结核性脑膜炎患儿脑脊液分离获得蛋白质斑点533个,发现有64个蛋白质点存在质或量的差别,其中有14个蛋白质点仅在正常儿童CSF表达,有27个点仅在结脑患儿CSF中表达,与正常儿童CSF蛋白质点表达量比较发现,结脑患儿CSF有15个蛋白质点表达量有2倍以上上调,8个蛋白质点表达量有2倍以上下调。共选出20个差异蛋白质点进行MALDI-TOF-MS分析,获得了20张肽质量指纹图谱。进入数据库进行搜索后有15个差异蛋白质已经通过MALDI-TOF-MS鉴定。结论 本实验成功建立了正常儿童和结核性脑膜炎患儿脑脊液蛋白质2-DE图谱,通过凝胶图像分析和计算机信息处理,发现了一些与结核性脑膜炎相关的蛋白质差异位点。经质谱分析及生物信息学技术初步鉴定了部分差异蛋白质,发现载脂蛋白A-I、抗肿瘤坏死因子α抗体、HLA-II 类抗原DRB1-4、MRP14蛋白可能与结核性脑膜炎的发生发展密切相关,这些蛋白能否成为结核性脑膜炎诊断的标记物,值得进一步的研究。     

皮质基底节变性患者的蛋白质组研究

目的 探讨皮质基底节变性的分子机制并寻找诊断治疗该疾病的蛋白质标记物.方法 尸检来自解放军总医院死亡24 h内、经病理证实的男性皮质基底节变性患者(4例)脑及无神经系统疾患的正常老年男性(4例)脑组织,额叶、颞叶和纹状体部位取材,应用HE染色、Gallyas-Braak银染色和Tau蛋白免疫组织化学染色观察皮质基底节变性患者的脑组织学改变;额叶部位取材,以固相pH梯度等电聚焦为第一向,SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)电泳为第二向进行双向电泳,分析电泳图谱后采用MALDI-TOFTOF串联质谱仪进行蛋白质的鉴定.结果 HE染色显示皮质基底节变性患者额叶神经元明显脱失,伴胶质细胞大量增生,Gallyas-Braak和Tau免疫组化染色结果显示纹状体中大量球形团样缠结;与正常老年人脑组织比较,皮质基底节变性患者脑组织9个蛋白表达增加(经鉴定为coflin、尿嘧啶DNA糖苷水解酶、Cu-Zn超氧化物歧化酶、异柠檬酸脱氢酶亚单位、突触结合蛋白Ⅰ、硫氧还蛋白过氧化物酶1、胶质纤维酸性蛋白、P25alpha、Peroxircdoxin 5),5个蛋白表达下降(经鉴定为碳酰还原酶[NADPH]1、铁蛋白H链、肽基脯氨酸顺反异构酶A、血清白蛋白前体、二氢嘧啶酶相关蛋白2),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 上述差异蛋白有助于探讨皮质基底节变性的分子机制及其早期诊断和新药开发.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the molecular mechanism of corticobasal degeneration and search the protein markers ofdiagnoseis and treatment of this disease. Methods The brains of subjects died without clinical or pathological involvement of nervous system (n=4) and brains of patients with corticobasal degeneration (n=4) were obtained at autopsy. Tissues samples were cut from the frontal and temporal lobes, and the striatum. Histological changes of the tissue samples were observed by HE staining, Gallyas-Braak silver staining and Tau protein immunohistochemistry. The samples extracted from the frontal lobe were performed dimensional electrophoresis with immobilized pH gradient (IPG)isoelectric focusing electrophoresis as the first dimension and with vertical sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) as the second dimension; the maps were visualized by Coomassie brilliant blue staining and analyzed with ImageMaster 2D Elite software; the protein profiles were in-gel digested and identified by mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFTOF). Results Significant neuron loss in the temporal lobe of patients with corticobasal degeneration was noted by HE staining, with mass proliferation of gliocyte in the temporal lobe; sphere-like entanglement in the striatum was noted by Gallyas-Braak silver staining and Tau immunohistochemistry. Fourteen protein spots in the brains of patients with corticobasal degeneration were differentially expressed as compared with those in age-matched nondemented control brains; the expression of 9 proteins (cofilin, uracil DNA glycosylase,Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase, isocitrate dehydrogenase subunit, synaptotagmin Ⅰ, thioredoxin peroxidase 1, glial fibrillary acidic protein, P25 alpha and peroxiredoxin 5) in brains of patients with corticobasal degeneration was up-regulated as compared with that in the normal brain tissue (P＜0.05); the expression of 5 proteins (carbonyl reductase [NADPH] 1, ferritin heavy chain, peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A,serum albumin precursor and dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 2) in brains of patients with corticobasal degeneration was down-regulated as compared with that in the normal brain tissues (P＜0.05).Conclusion We get a number of related-proteins of corticobasal degeneration. Some proteins are quite useful in discovering the molecular mechanisms of corticobasal degeneration and may be helpful in the ealry diagnosis and treatment of corticobasal degeneration and in the development of new medicine.     

老年和成年APP转基因小鼠脑蛋白质组2-DE图谱比较

目的:比较老年和成年APP转基因小鼠脑蛋白质组双向电泳(2-DE)图谱差异,从蛋白质水平初步探索老年痴呆发病机制。方法:以固相pH梯度等电聚焦(IPG)为第一向,SDS-PAGE垂直电泳为第二向进行2-DE。图象分析软件Imagemaster 2D Elite分析电泳图谱。结果:老年和成年转基因小鼠脑组织2-DE图谱分别检出964和947个蛋白点。对两张电泳图进行匹配后,发现有17个蛋白点仅在老年转基因小鼠脑蛋白2-DE图谱检测到表达,而有5个蛋白点只在成年转基因小鼠检测到。部分蛋白在2组小鼠脑组织中含量发生了明显变化。结论:初步建立了AD动物模型差异表达蛋白质组学的技术方法;差异点的发现为研究AD机理及治疗AD提供了有益的线索。     

Proteomic comparison between human young and old brains by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and identification of proteins

To investigate molecular mechanisms of human brain aging, brain proteins were isolated from postmortem human young and old brains and profiled by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). With the help of special software, five down-regulated protein spots in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis gels of old brains were found compared with young brains, four of which was identified as a protein similar to peroxiredoxin 2 (accession-numbered as gi | 13631440), two of stathmin (phosphoprotein p19) and apolipoprotein A-I precursor (apo-AI) by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Eight common proteins, whose expressions were not altered between young and old brains, were also identified. The possible relevance of changes was analyzed. This study shows that the contribution of proteomics could be valuable in experimental gerontology field.     

蛋白质组学技术鉴定的PC12细胞的细胞骨架蛋白

目的:使用蛋白质组学的技术手段,鉴定大鼠肾上腺皮质细胞瘤细胞系PC12细胞内的细胞骨架蛋白。方法:提取PC12细胞的蛋白质,建立固相pH梯度双向电泳图谱,应用图像扫描仪及ImageMaster 2D Elite分析软件获得蛋白质点的数字化和匹配性信息,挑选匹配良好的高峰度蛋白点,进行基质辅助激光解吸／电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI- TOF-MS)分析,鉴定。结果:用二维电泳技术分离,并用MALDI-TOF-MS成功鉴定出5个PC12细胞的细胞骨架蛋白。结论:PC12细胞蛋白质组中部分细胞骨架蛋白胶图位点的建立,为今后探讨这一类蛋白在神经系统疾病中的作用奠定了基础,并提供了新的侯选治疗靶点。     

Identification of non-Alzheimer's disease tauopathies-related proteins by proteomic analysis

OBJECTIVES: To identify differentially expressed proteins between tauopathies cases and controls and to explore molecular mechanisms of tauopathies. METHOD: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) was applied to separate the total proteins of temporal lobe obtained at autopsy from four tauopathies cases and four aged subjects without clinical or pathologic involvement of nervous system. The silver or Coomassie brilliant blue stained gels were analysed by 2-DE software Image Master 2D Elite. Selected differential protein spots were identified with MALDI-TOF/TOF tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, uracil DNA glycosylase, human superoxide dismutase, isocitrate dehydrogenase subunit, synaptotagmin I, thioredoxin peroxidase 1, glial fibrillary acidic protein, P25 alpha, enoyl coenzyme A hydratase short chain 1, pyridoxine-5'-phosphate oxidase, Mn-superoxide dismutase and alpha enolase were significantly upregulated in tauopathies brains, whereas antioxidant protein 2, ferritin heavy chain, glutamate dehydrogenase precursor, peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A, serum albumin precursor and dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 2 were lowly expressed in tauopathies brains. CONCLUSIONS: We identified a number of tauopathy-related proteins that might be useful for discovering the molecular mechanisms of tauopathies, which could also be helpful for diagnosing and treating these disorders.     

Analysis of brain proteins in Alzheimer's disease using high-resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), a method which can be used to analyze the expression of many proteins, is a promising and powerful approach which we have begun to use in the characterization of the complex pathologic processes in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present study, a reliable 2-DE database of human brain proteins was created by improving the reproducibility of 2-DE images using an immobilized pH gradient (IPG) for the first dimension gel electrophoresis and Melanie II as the program for data analysis. The brain samples were taken from the temporal cortex of brains at autopsy from 15 AD patients and 15 age-matched controls with non-neurological disorders. About 700 spots were located as consistently expressed proteins in the human brain, all of which were expressed also in AD brains. Comparing the density of spots between AD and normal control, we found that five protein spots were significantly increased, 28 spots were significantly decreased and nine spots were detected only in AD. Two spots among those significantly increased and one spot among those significantly decreased were identified as glial fibrillary acidic proteins. The database of brain proteins in AD constructed for the present study, including the statistical data of density changes in AD, should be a useful beginning for a comprehensive human 2-DE database available via the Internet, which will facilitate further investigation of pathogenic protein alterations in AD.     

Proteomic analysis of phosphotyrosyl proteins in morphine-dependent rat brains

Morphine has been used as a potent analgesic, having a high propensity to induce tolerance and physical dependence following their repeated administration. Although the mechanisms that underlie the development of dependence on morphine remain unclear, previous studies suggested that phosphorylations of diverse types of cellular proteins are crucial determinants of the neuroadaptive mechanisms associated with morphine dependence. Thus, understanding global phosphorylation events induced by chronic morphine administration is essential for understanding the complex signaling mechanisms of morphine dependence. This study characterized the alteration of tyrosine phosphorylation of frontal cortical proteins in morphine-dependent rat brains using a proteomic approach. Dependence was produced by continuous intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of morphine (26 nmol/microl/h) for 72 h via osmotic minipumps in rats. Phosphotyrosyl (p-Tyr) protein spots in brain frontal cortical regions were detected by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and immunoblotting with anti-p-Tyr-specific antibodies. The protein spots showing significant changes in tyrosine phosphorylation were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Similar patterns of protein expression were detected by 2-DE gels in morphine-dependent and saline-treated control rat brains. However, phosphotyrosine 2-DE images of the frontal cortical proteins from saline-treated control and morphine-dependent rat brains were apparently different. The densities of most matched p-Tyr protein spots were increased in morphine-dependent rat brains compared with that of control samples. Additional p-Tyr protein spots were detected in 2-DE image of morphine-dependent rat brains. Fifty of p-Tyr protein spots, corresponding to 40 different proteins, were identified from 2-DE gels of morphine-dependent rat brains. The identified proteins include enzymes, cytoskeletal proteins, cell signaling molecules, and other proteins. In conclusion, the first available phosphotyrosine proteomic resources of morphine dependence were established using an animal model. The findings illustrate the potential of proteomics as an effective technique for studying phosphorylation events of morphine dependence in brains.     

原发性脑创伤后人脑皮层差异蛋白质组研究

目的应用蛋白质组学技术，研究不同程度脑创伤后的人脑皮层蛋白质组表达变化的情况。方法将临床标本以GCS评分分为中度和重度损伤组，提取脑挫伤部位皮层的总蛋白。通过双向电泳．分离蛋白。应用胶内酶切、生物质谱，鉴定由图像分析软件所得出的具有表达差异的蛋白质点。结果通过比较，目前已发现12个蛋白质点，表达水平具有显著性差异变化。在已鉴定出的蛋白点中，属于10种蛋白质。依其功能可分为：细胞骨架、代谢反应、氧化应激反应、功能未知等几类。在重伤组中，一共有9个蛋白点、6种蛋白表达上调（α-烯醇化酶、磷酸丙糖异构酶、5’磷酸吡哆醇氧化酶、crtstalin、stathmin-1、NP25）；中度损伤组3个蛋白点、4种蛋白表达上调（谷氨酰胺S转移酶、5’3’核苷酸酶、HSPC108、proapolipoprotein）。结论外伤后，神经系统由于受伤程度的不同，蛋白表达水平会发生变化。原发性脑创伤的损伤程度不同将产生神经系统病生理反应的差异。     

Sporadic Pick's disease: a tauopathy characterized by a spectrum of pathological tau isoforms in gray and white matter

Pick's disease is characterized neuropathologically by distinct tau-immunoreactive intraneuronal inclusions known as Pick bodies and by insoluble tau proteins with predominantly three microtubule-binding repeat tau isoforms. However, recent immunohistochemical studies showed that the antibody specific for exon 10, which encodes the fourth microtubule-binding repeat, detected other tau lesions in Pick's disease. To better define the spectrum of tau pathology in Pick's disease, we used biochemical, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural techniques to analyze the tau isoform composition in 14 Pick's disease brains. Western blot analysis showed that both three and four microtubule-binding repeat pathological tau isoforms are present in gray and white matter of various brain regions. Using phosphorylation-dependent anti-tau antibodies, we show that major tau phosphoepitopes are present in sarcosyl-insoluble gray and white matter regions of Pick's disease brains. Also, for the first time to our knowledge, we demonstrated that isoforms with four microtubule-binding repeat tau isoforms are present in Pick bodies from selected brains. Isolated tau filaments were straight or twisted and formed by three microtubule-binding repeat or four microtubule-binding repeat tau isoforms. Major tau phosphorylation-dependent and exon 10-specific epitopes were present in filaments. Therefore, Pick's disease is characterized by an accumulations of Pick bodies in the hippocampal region and cortex as well as the presence of three and four microtubule-binding repeat tau pathology in both cortical gray and white matter that distinguish this tauopathy from other neurodegenerative disorders.