婴儿与幼儿室间隔缺损外科治疗的比较研究

目的:研究婴幼儿室间隔缺损(VSD)围术期一般情况、术后并发症发生率及外科手术疗效。方法:回顾性分析2010年1月至2015年6月期间,我院手术治疗婴幼儿无合并复杂心内畸形的VSD 537例。婴儿(3~12个月)109例,体质量(5.7±2.4)kg。幼儿(13~36个月)428例,体质量(11±5.9)kg。患儿均于体外循环下行VSD修补术及同期合并简单畸形矫治术。结果:巨大VSD比率,反复心力衰竭、肺炎、生长发育迟缓发生率及合并肺动脉高压率在婴儿组与幼儿组分别为75%vs.29%,69%vs.22%,78%vs.24%,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.00,P=0.00,P=0.00)。两组患儿术后呼吸机辅助时间及术前、术后住院时间分别为(32.7±17.4)vs.(16.8±15.3)h,(7.6±5.5)vs.(5.2±3.7)d,(10.9±6.5)vs.(6.9±2.8)d,组间差别显著,差异有统计学意义(P=0.00,P=0.00,P=0.00)。术后两组患儿并发肺炎、肺不张,肺动脉高压危象,渗漏综合征,急性肾功能损伤,低心排出量综合征发生率分别为10%vs.4.7%,4.6%vs.0.7%,5.5%vs.0.7%,5.5%vs.1.2%,7.3%vs.2.3%,婴儿组发生率高,组间差异有统计学意义(P=0.03,P=0.01,P=0.00,P=0,00),(P=0,01)。537例患儿术后随访1~5年,生长发育良好,超声心动图示射血分数正常,肺动脉压力正常。结论:外科手术治疗的婴幼儿月龄越小术前一般情况越差,巨大VSD比率及术后并发症发生率越高;但通过合理的手术方案、体外循环及围术期处理,婴幼儿均能获得满意的手术疗效。     

56例大型室间隔缺损手术治疗体会

对56例大型室间隔缺损(VSD)患者行外科手术治疗,其中体外循环下经右房补片48例、经肺动脉补片8例,手术均顺利.56例均痊愈出院.认为外科手术治疗大型VSD效果确切,严格掌握适应证及完善围术期处理是提高手术成功率及降低并发症的重要措施.     

先天性心脏病室间隔缺损156例自发性闭合情况观察

目的:观察先天性心脏病室间隔缺损(VSD)的自发闭合(SC)情况,探讨VSD的治疗时机。方法:选取符合条件的单纯VSD患儿156例,将其按照缺损部位分为膜周部VSD组(112例)、漏斗部VSD组(20例)和肌部VSD组(24例),膜周VSD组又根据有无膜部瘤形成分为膜部瘤形成组(59例)以及无膜部瘤组(53例);按照观察期间患儿发生SC或手术闭合分为手术组(39例)和SC组(88例),在观察期结束时,对比两组之间缺损大小是否有统计学差异。所有患儿于入选时、1个月、6个月以及之后每半年检查超声心动图,追踪至学龄前,观察6年内VSD的SC率和SC发生时间。结果:随访6年,肌部VSD组自愈最多(87.5%),膜周部VSD组次之(57.14%),漏斗部VSD组最少(15.00%),3组间差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);肌部VSD组SC发生时间最早[(1.9±1.2)岁],膜周部VSD组次之[(2.3±1.5)岁],漏斗部VSD组最晚[(2.7±0.8)岁],3组间差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。膜部瘤形成组SC率显著高于无膜部瘤组(84.48%∶28.30%,P0.05)。另有39例患儿在此期间进行了手术闭合治疗,其中膜部瘤形成7例,无膜部瘤19例,漏斗部12例,肌部1例;手术治疗组的患儿VSD缺损直径为(6.3±3.6) mm,SC组的VSD缺损直径为(3.9±1.5) mm,两者差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:缺损较小的VSD患儿在出生后6年内有一半以上能自发性闭合,尤其是肌部VSD和膜部瘤形成VSD大部分能够自行愈合;缺损较大的膜周部VSD和漏斗部VSD的SC率较低,建议手术治疗。     

一期大动脉调转术治疗完全性大动脉转位

目的:探讨一期大动脉调转术治疗完全性大动脉转位(TGA)的手术适应证及手术效果.方法:2006-05-2007-08对15例患儿[年龄0.5～14(2.51±0.76)个月,体重3～9(3.73±0.86)kg]实施一期大动脉调转手术.15例中室间隔完整TGA(TGA/IVS)13例,均并发房间隔缺损(ASD),同时并发动脉导管未闭(PDA)11例;TGA 并发室间隔缺损(TGA/VSD)2例,均同时并发PDA和ASD.12例并发中度肺动脉高压,3例并发重度肺动脉高压,术前均使用前列腺素E1.手术在全麻、中低温、低流量体外循环下完成.在2大动脉瓣上方横断,将左、右冠状动脉开口移植至肺动脉近端.经肺动脉分叉下方,吻合肺动脉近端和升主动脉远端.用自体心包修复主动脉近端缺失部分,并在新主动脉开放后吻合主动脉近端和肺动脉远端.结果:3例TGA/IVS患儿术后肺部感染,2例(分别为13个月、3个月龄)患儿术后12 h内突发心室颤动死亡,病死率为13.3%.未发生与冠状动脉移植相关并发症.术前肺动脉高压患儿,特别是重度肺动脉高压,术后肺动脉压力均明显下降.13例术后顺利恢复出院.随诊3～12个月,全部患儿心功能恢复良好,无远期并发症和死亡.结论:一期大动脉调转手术对于TGA有较好早期效果.对于年龄超过4个月部分患儿,即使并发肺动脉压,仍可取得满意治疗效果.     

经胸右心室穿刺封堵术治疗室间隔缺损

目的:总结外科微创非体外循环下经胸右心室穿刺室间隔缺损(VSD)封堵术的临床经验。方法:取19例VSD患者行微创非体外循环、食管超声(TEE)指引下经胸右心室穿刺VSD封堵治疗。膜周部VSD14例,干下型VSD3例,肌部VSD1例。缺损直径2.5～12(5.49±2.90)mm,膜周部VSD中2例形成膜部瘤。手术方法采用全麻,根据VSD位置选择切口位置,干下型VSD患者选择左侧胸骨旁第Ⅱ肋间切口,其余患者均选择胸骨正中中下1/3切口。TEE指引下安放VSD封堵器来封堵VSD。封堵器较缺损范围大1～2mm,干下型缺损选择偏心封堵器。结果:1例干下型VSD因封堵器释放后TEE显示主动脉瓣反流增加,经调整位置后无明显改善,遂改行常规体外循环修补VSD。其余18例封堵成功,其中16例应用等边封堵器,2例应用偏心(0mm)封堵器(均为干下型VSD),封堵器直径5～12mm,术后呼吸机辅助时间均小于5h,平均住院时间约为5d。所有封堵成功患者均未输血,术后第2天常规口服阿司匹林3mg.kg-1.d-1(最大100mg/d)。全组均未出现Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞及残余分流等并发症。结论:外科微创非体外循环下经胸右心室穿刺VSD封堵...     

经右外侧小切口矫治室间隔缺损合并复杂畸形技术的应用

目的:分析经右外侧小切口剖胸矫治合并需行心底部操作的室间隔缺损(VSD)手术方法及临床疗效。方法:比较经右外侧小切口剖胸矫治需行心底部复杂操作(干下型VSD或右心室流出道狭窄或主动脉瓣下狭窄)的VSD 84例(A组),和经右外侧小切口剖胸矫治不合并心底部畸形的VSD450例(B组),A组在矫治心内畸形的同时需切开主动脉、肺动脉或者右心室流出道。通过对比体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间、术后机械通气时间、术后引流量、监护室时间以及术后住院时间,观察在心底部进行复杂操作对手术的影响和治疗效果。结果:尽管A组比B组需要更长的体外循环时间[(60.68±16.12)vs.(47.07±16.55)分,P<0.05]和主动脉阻断时间[(37.68±12.84)vs.(25.16±12.60)分,P<0.05],但在术后评价指标,机械通气时间9.18vs.8.51小时、术后引流量(96.98 vs.92.30m L)、监护室停留时间(1.44 vs.1.40)天、术后住院时间[(7.00±1.76)vs.(7.06±2.23)天,P<0.05]。两组均无死亡及严重并发症。A组有3例血痰、肺部感染1例,室上性心动过速1例。B组有9例患儿术后血痰,2例肺部感染,临时起搏器4例。结论:经右外侧小切口剖胸矫治VSD的同时行心底部复杂操作安全可行。     

婴儿室间隔缺损并肺动脉高压89例手术治疗体会

目的 探讨婴儿室间隔缺损(VSD)并肺动脉高压(PH)的外科治疗适应证、手术技术及围术期管理要点.方法 回顾总结2004年1月至2009年5月89例婴儿VSD并PH手术治疗的临床资料及随访情况.本组患儿年龄42 d至12个月(平均7.2个月),体重3.1～9.7 kg(平均6.4 kg),其中轻度PH 28例、中度PH 42例、重度PH 19例,均在全麻低温体外循环下行1期矫治术.结果 全组围术期死亡1例,重要并发症6例.结论 对于反复肺炎、心衰伴肺动脉高压的室间隔缺损婴儿应尽早手术治疗,术中心肌保护及术后围术期管理至关重要.     

婴幼儿先天性心脏病伴肺动脉高压的外科治疗

对280例左向右分流的先天性心脏病伴肺动脉高压(PH)患儿(4～30个月)的手术治疗情况及转归作回顾性分析.因难治性肺炎和心衰而急诊手术29例,其余术前2周给予降动脉高压治疗.29例行手术治疗患儿均采用中度低温体外循环心内直视下手术.术后死亡11例,并发肺部感染3例、持续肺动脉高压2例、低心排2例、顽固性出血2例.认为先天性心脏病伴PH的婴幼儿积极进行手术治疗是可行的.     

经导管室间隔缺损封堵术与外科手术治疗膜周部室间隔缺损的对比研究

目的　分析比较经导管室间隔缺损封堵术 (TCVSD)与外科修补术治疗膜周部室间隔缺损的疗效及优缺点 ,为临床提供优选依据。方法　外科组包括接受外科手术治疗的 4 5例膜周部室间隔缺损 (VSD)患者 ,采用直接缝合或补片修补VSD ;TCVSD组包括同期接受TCVSD术的 4 5例膜周部VSD患者 ,采用新型偏心状Amplatzer膜周部室间隔缺损封堵器封堵VSD。比较两组的疗效、并发症和费用等情况。结果　TCVSD组 4 4例封堵成功 (技术成功率 98% ) ,术后出现少量残余分流3例 (均小于 2mm) ,出现完全性左束支传导阻滞 1例 ,无其他严重并发症发生 ;外科手术组全部手术成功 ,无死亡 ,术后出现残余分流 1例 (3～ 4mm) ,心包积液 1例 (后行切开引流术 ) ,切口内出血 1例(后行二次缝合术 ) ,左前分支阻滞 2例。两组间治疗前后左室舒张末径 (LVEDD)的减小程度无明显差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ,总住院天数及特护天数TCVSD组要明显少于外科组 ,治疗总费用及器材费TCVSD组要明显高于外科组。结论　TCVSD术疗效与外科手术相当 ,具有并发症较少 ,术后恢复快 ,不留疤痕等优点 ,但治疗费用较高 ;对于部分选择性病例 ,TCVSD术可以逐步替代外科手术成为治疗膜周部VSD的首选方法。     

5kg以下婴儿室间隔缺损并肺动脉高压的外科治疗

目的总结5kg以下婴儿室间隔缺损（VSD）并肺动脉高压外科治疗的经验。方法2006年6月至2008年8月,外科治疗5奴以下婴儿VSD共34例,年龄12d至9个月,体重2．8-5．5kg。超声心动图提示VSD直径平均（9．1±3．4）mm,均有不同程度的肺动脉高压。术前予充分控制感染、改善营养状况、降低肺动脉压力以及改善心功能不全等治疗。均在浅低温体外循环心脏停跳下行VSD修补手术。术后加强处理肺动脉高压、肺部感染、心功能不全等并发症。结果全组术后无死亡。随访2-26个月,均无严重并发症发生。结论提高手术技巧和加强围术期处理是外科治疗5kg以下婴儿VSD并肺动脉高压成功的关键。     

1岁以下婴儿室间隔缺损伴肺动脉高压的外科治疗

目的　探讨婴儿室间隔缺损 (VSD)伴肺动脉高压 (PH)外科治疗的结果和经验。方法　对 6 0例 1岁以下婴儿室缺伴肺高压的手术治疗进行总结。年龄 2～ 11个月 ,平均 (6 2 3± 2 6 0 )个月 ,体重 3～ 10kg,平均 (5 5 0± 1 2 6 )kg。术前中度以上肺高压 5 3例 (88 8% )。结果　全组手术死亡3例 (5 % ) ,手术死亡的主要原因是肺动脉高压危象和急性心包填塞。术后主要并发症为肺动脉高压危象 ,术后出血和肺部感染。结论　婴儿室缺伴肺高压应尽早手术治疗。术前、术后支持疗法 ,术中加强心肌保护、提高手术技巧 ,术后注意呼吸、循环监测 ,加强呼吸道管理 ,防治可能出现的并发症是手术治疗成功的关键。     

706例婴幼儿先天性室间隔缺损的手术治疗

目的总结婴幼儿室间隔缺损(VSD)手术治疗的临床经验。方法1992年12月~2005年9月手术治疗婴幼儿VSD706例,男417例,女289例,月龄0.067~36个月,平均(14.6±8.7)月。体重3~22.5kg,平均(10.8±8.3)kg,小于10kg者476例(67.4%)。均在低温体外循环下手术,必要时应用深低温低流量及改良超滤技术。直视缝合436例,补片修补270例。干下型VSD应早期手术,防止主动脉瓣关闭不全的发生。术后应重视对呼吸系统、循环系统的监护与治疗,重视对肺动脉高压围术期处理。结果术后30d内死亡18例(其中11例年龄小于6个月),死亡率2.55%,晚期死亡1例。主要并发症发生率11.2%。结论婴幼儿VSD修补术可取得满意的效果,但小于6个月龄以内的低体重婴儿手术适应症应严格控制。     

Surgical treatment of ventricular septal defect in the first year of life]

Forty six infants with a large ventricular septal defect (VSD) underwent surgical treatment during the first 12 months of life. Forty three patients ranging in age from 3 to 12 months (mean age 10.4 months) and weighting from 3.0 to 8.2 kg (mean weight 6.8 kg) had primary surgical closure of their VSD. All infants were below the third percentile for weight preoperatively. In 40 patients (93%) the defect was closed through the right atrium. Three patients (7.0%) died in the early postoperative period. Surgically induced heart block occurred in one patient (2.3%). Late results were assessed in 29 surgical survivors (mean follow-up 26 months). There was no late mortality. Relief of congestive heart failure was prompt in all patients following closure of VSD. Right bundle branch block with left anterior hemiblock developed in 5 patients (17.2%), and right bundle branch block alone in 10 patients (34.5%). Three patients (mean age 4.3 months, mean weight 2.7 kg) underwent initial palliative pulmonary artery banding (PAB). There were no operative or late mortality. Closure of VSD and pulmonary artery debanding was performed in two of these patients, with no mortality. Prior to intracardiac correction the pulmonary artery pressure distal to the band was normal; no band related complications were found. Early primary closure is the treatment of choice for symptomatic infants with large VSDs. In particular circumstances, however, PAB may provide effective palliation.     

室间隔缺损合并重度肺动脉高压的外科治疗

目的总结室间隔缺损(VSD)合并重度肺动脉高压病例的外科治疗经验。方法全组76例病人,心导管检查的16例,平均肺动脉压力65±17mmHg,其余经多普勒测定为50mmHg。于体外循环下手术修补室间隔缺损,术前、术后应用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)。结果 术后3例死亡,占3.9％,余73例治愈。术后心功能明显改善。结论手术治疗室间隔缺损合并重度肺动脉高压可以取得满意疗效。     

A new strategy for the surgical treatment of aortic coarctation associated with ventricular septal defect in infants using an absorbable pulmonary artery band.

OBJECTIVES: We propose a new strategy using coarctation repair together with a polidioxanone absorbable pulmonary artery banding to limit operative risk and to spare infants with aortic coarctation subsequent operations. BACKGROUND: The alternative for the surgical management of aortic coarctation associated with ventricular septal defect (VSD) is single-stage repair versus coarctation repair with or without banding of the pulmonary artery. METHODS: Eleven infants (mean weight 2,560 +/- 1,750 g, range 1,320 to 3,800 g) underwent a coarctation repair with a polydioxanone banding. Seven had a trabecular and four a perimembranous VSD. The mean size of the VSD was 5 +/- 0.7 mm (range 4 to 7 mm). The systolic pulmonary pressure was >80% of the aortic pressure in all. The pulmonary band was tightened until the systolic pulmonary pressure fell below 50% of the aortic pressure. RESULTS: There were no hospital deaths. The reabsorption of the banding was complete after 5.7 months in all patients (3 to 6.5 months). The VSD closed completely in four infants and partially in six, in whom the pulmonary artery pressure was normal without evidence for significant left-to-right shunt. One patient with a large trabecular VSD underwent surgical closure of his defect after four months. Finally, a subsequent open-heart surgery could be avoided in 91% (10/11) of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Provided the VSD belongs to types prone to close spontaneously, this policy may reduce the number of surgical procedures per infant as well as in-hospital mortality and morbidity rates. It should be proposed as an alternative to more complex procedures.     

Rehabilitation of hypoplastic pulmonary arteries and anatomic correction of pulmonary atresia with interventricular communication]

Conventional treatment of pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (VSD), hypoplastic pulmonary arteries (PA) and major aorto-pulmonary collaterals (MAPCAs) is controversial: from symptomatic and palliative treatment for some authors to surgery with unifocalisation of collaterals for others. These treatments never use native pulmonary arteries as only source of pulmonary flow, but create "neo-pulmonary arteries". Nine cases of pulmonary atresia with VSD, hypoplastic PA and MAPCAs were treated by rehabilitation of native PA through a staged approach: 1) surgical neonatal connection between right ventricule (RV) and hypoplastic PA, 2) evaluation and interventionnal catheterism with angioplasty of PA stenosis and closure of collaterals, 3) complete surgical correction with reconstruction of right outflow track and PA and closure of VSD. After first surgical stage of RV-PA connection at the mean age of 4.8 months (+/- 5.6 months), 8 patients were alive and underwent 22 cardiac catheterisms (mean of 2.7 per patient), with angioplasty of PA, and occlusion of MAPCAs in 6 and 2 patients respectively. Seven patients underwent complete anatomical correction at the mean age of 28.8 months (+/- 17.7 months) with one late death. The 6 remaining patients had encouraging hemodynamic status (RV pressure/LV pressure ratio at 0.6 +/- 0.26; mean left and right distal pulmonary pressure at 15.2 mmHg (+/- 9.1 mmHg)), and good functionnal status (3 in NYHA functionnal class 1, and 3 in class 2), for a mean follow-up of 79.5 months (+/- 41.4 months). One patient had reoperation on right outflow track stenosis, 6 years after correction. This small series enhances the feasibility of a staged approach with rehabilitation of small PA, allowing complete surgical correction with the native PA with good hemodynamic and functional results in pulmonary atresia, with VSD, hypoplastic PA and MAPCAs.     

Surgical management of the infant with coarctation of the aorta and ventricular septal defect.

Clinical and cardiac catheterization data were collected from 39 infants with coarctation of the aorta and ventricular septal defect, 31 of whom were initially managed only by surgical repair of coarctation. Data were analyzed to determine mortality, morbidity, outcome and factors that might predict survival or the need for septal defect closure. Of the eight patients who did not require surgical treatment before 3 months of age, seven underwent coarctation repair alone at a mean age of 2.3 years. Of the 23 infants managed with coarctation repair alone, before age 3 months, 9 needed no additional surgical treatment and 6 required early and 8 required late repair of the ventricular septal defect. Seven infants underwent coarctation repair and simultaneous pulmonary artery banding and one eventually required debanding after spontaneous closure of the septal defect. The overall mortality rate in this series was 10.3% (mean follow-up time 5.7 years). Of 39 infants, 16 (41%) never required a second operation for ventricular septal defect closure. For patients who had only coarctation or coarctation repair with pulmonary artery banding at less than 3 months of age, ventricular septal defect size was categorized as small (less than 0.5 cm/m2), moderate (less than 1 cm/m2) or large (greater than 1 cm/m2) on the basis of defect size at operative repair or echocardiographic or angiographic assessment. Defect size did not necessarily correlate with the need for operative repair.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

房水平单向活瓣式补片在先天性心脏病并发重度肺动脉高压术中的应用

目的:探讨并发重度肺动脉高压的先天性心脏病患者的外科手术方式。方法: 采用房水平单向活瓣补片对48例本病患者进行手术治疗。其中,室间隔缺损30例,房间隔缺损3例,室间隔缺损并发房间隔缺损8例,室间隔缺损伴动脉导管未闭7例。结果: 术后1例（2%）死于低心排综合征。术后早期均有明显低氧血症。术后1周仍出现跨单向活瓣补片分流40例,术后3个月活瓣仍开放10例,术后26个月提示活瓣均关闭,分流消失,经皮血氧均为95%以上,肺动脉压均明显下降。结论: 房水平单向活瓣式补片治疗先天性心脏病并发肺动脉高压,使患者度过术后危险期,提高手术成功率。     

Primary repair of large ventricular septal defects in the first year of life (author's transl)

It has been our policy at Harefield Hospital since 1971 to perform primary repair of large ventricular septal defects in the first year of life if there is severe intractable cardiac failure or persistent pulmonary hypertension in infants approaching the first year of age. Twenty-six infants underwent repair; their ages were between one and twelve months. One child died early. The remaining 25 have been followed up for between 6 and 78 months (mean 30.3 months). There have been no late deaths and all children are asymptomatic. Late, postoperative cardiac catheterization was performed in 17 patients. This showed that in all the patients the pulmonary artery pressure was normal and there were no residual shunts. It is concluded that primary repair of large ventricular septal defects in the first year of life gives good results and appears to prevent pulmonary hypertension.