肝脏单发不典型强化病灶的CT征象分析

目的 研究肝脏单发不典型强化病灶的CT征象特点及鉴别要点,提高相应疾病的CT诊断水平.方法 本组20例患者,包括3例不典型增生结节,5例炎性假瘤,3例胆管细胞癌,5例肝细胞癌,2例肝腺瘤,2例非何杰金淋巴瘤.全部病例均经手术或穿刺病理证实,CT检查包括平扫及三期增强扫描.结果 本组病例CT表现均不典型,误诊率及术前未定性率高达55%(11/20).不典型增生结节和炎性假瘤各1例表现类似恶性肝肿瘤的快进快出强化征象.其他2例不典型增生结节动脉期呈高密度,静脉期呈等密度,5例肝细胞癌延迟期呈等密度类似于良性病灶.延迟呈等密度虽然多见于良性病变,但恶性病变如肝癌、胆管细胞癌、淋巴瘤等均可表现为类似征象.结论 肝脏不典型结节灶影像表现多样,快进快出表现不一定都是肝癌,而延迟呈等密度也并非都是良性病变,密切结合临床、仔细分析征象、不断提高相关疾病的认识是提高影像诊断水平的关键.     

原发性肺部淀粉样变性的CT诊断(附4例分析)

目的:探讨肺部淀粉样变性的诊断及鉴别诊断.方法:收集4例经病理证实的肺部淀粉样变性,分析其CT表现.结果:气管支气管型2例,CT表现为管壁不均质增厚,可见斑块状钙化灶,管腔内壁不光滑性狭窄;肺实质型2例,CT表现为多发单发或多发团块,可见粟粒状高密度灶及结节状高密度灶,1例合并胸膜团块状软组织密度灶.结论:实质型CT表现单发或多发团块状软组织密度灶,气管支气管型CT表现为管壁增厚,可见颗粒或不规则钙化或"骨化岛",具有一定特征.CT对肺部淀粉样变性的诊断具有重要价值.     

拟似肺癌的肺结核螺旋CT表现特征及其手术病理发现

目的探讨误诊为肺癌的肺结核螺旋CT表现特征与手术病理所见的相关性。资料与方法搜集术前误诊为肺癌，但经手术病理证实为肺结核30例。全部病例均行螺旋CT扫描，回顾性地评价螺旋CT表现与手术及病理改变的关系。结果(1)25例CT表现为肿块或结节，其中密度不均21例，空洞12例，卫星病灶22例。20例行增强扫描，60％(12／20)呈外周部分或环状强化，40％(8／20)无明显强化。病理为上皮样细胞及纤维组织包裹干酪样物质。(2)5例表现为肺叶、段实变或不张，其中表现为叶、段实变3例，支气管狭窄伴肺不张2例。病变密度不均匀5例，多发小空洞4例，钙化灶2例，卫星病灶5例，2例病变周围有支气管扩张。病理为干酪灶与增殖结节融合。结论病变的形态、密度、强化特征以及卫星病灶、病变周围支气管扩张等螺旋CT征象有助于不典型肺结核与肺癌的鉴别。     

肺部先天性囊性病变的CT诊断

目的:分析肺部先天性囊性病变的CT表现,探讨其CT诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析17例经手术病理证实的肺部先天性囊性病变(先天性肺囊肿9例;先天性大叶性肺气肿2例;先天性囊性腺瘤样畸形3例,其中1例合并漏斗胸;先天性肺隔离症3例,均合并有肺囊肿;)的CT表现,包括病变的位置、大小、形态、边缘、数量、内部结构等。结果:肺囊肿多位于两下肺,单发多见,单发者形态规则,密度均匀,边缘清晰,多发囊肿形态不规则。先天性大叶性肺气肿(CLE)多位于两上肺叶,内含气体和肺纹理,边缘清晰。先天性囊性腺瘤样畸形(CCAM)形态不规则,内含气体、索条状结构。肺隔离症多位于纵隔旁,可含有气体、液体和软组织多种成分。结论:结合肺部先天性囊性病变的部位、大小、囊肿的数目、形态等CT表现,有助于提高病变的术前诊断准确率。     

艾滋病肺部合并症CT表现与病理对照

目的:探讨艾滋病的肺部病变影像学表现与病理基础.方法:回顾性分析26例艾滋病肺部并发症影像与病理资料,所有病例经CT导引下穿刺病理证实,分析肺部合并症的影像特征,分析相关影像的病理基础.结果:26例艾滋病人中,病毒性肺炎10例;真菌性肺炎4例;化脓菌感染6例;结核菌感染3例;卡波济氏肉瘤2例;淋巴瘤1例.主要表现为肿块或结节状.结论:艾滋病患者常同时或先后有数种病原体感染而造成多脏器病变,但肺部由于解剖特点是艾滋病首侵器管,常表现毛玻璃状、结节、肿块等,肺部病变穿刺活检能够明确其病理性质.肺部病变的病理改变与影像学征象密切相关.     

特殊病理类型肾脏血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的CT和MRI表现

目的:探讨肾脏少见病理类型的血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的CT、MRI影像表现,提高对该病变的影像表现认识。方法:回顾性分析6例经手术病理证实的肾脏不典型血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的CT、MRI影像资料,分析其病灶大小、部位、边界、CT平扫及增强表现和MRI信号特征以及肝、肾的伴发病灶等。结果:肿块来源肾实质,可突出肾轮廓或贯穿肾实质,边界光整;CT、MRI平扫肿块呈混杂密度或信号,MRT2WI病灶内可见与肌肉相似的稍低信号,肿块内常伴囊变、出血,可见假包膜、钙化,但均无明显脂肪密度或信号;增强扫描皮质期呈轻中度强化。结论:肾脏不典型血管平滑肌脂肪瘤CT、MRI表现多样,灶内无明显脂肪是其共性,病灶边界光整,MRT2WI病灶内见与肌肉相似的稍低信号影可提示诊断,但最后确诊仍需依赖病理。     

SARS的胸部X线与CT诊断

目的 评价X线平片和CT检查在严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)的诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析29例临床诊断SARS的患者，对发病后的一系列胸片和CT影像进行分析。结果 X线表现：发热后1周内胸片显示单侧或双侧肺局灶性斑片状模糊影，然后迅速扩大到其他肺野，部分呈片团状弥漫分布，部分融合呈大片状，中心密度高，周边密度低，可见支气管气像。按病变高峰期侵犯肺的范围将病变分为轻、中、重度，轻度5例，中度10例，重度14例。CT表现：发病1～10d有4例CT扫描显示两肺多发斑片状实变影，边缘模糊，部分融合成大片状，可见支气管气像。发病10～30d有9例进行CT检查，表现为两肺大部或弥漫磨玻璃样改变，肺间质增厚，呈粗大网状，夹杂斑块状肺实变影，胸膜下区可见小叶过度充气征象；发病30d后，有19例进行检查，2例CT表现正常，17例主要表现为两肺局灶或广泛性不同程度的肺间质增厚影像。结论 SARS同时存在急性肺炎和急性间质性肺炎的影像改变，在治疗过程中，一系列胸片检查有助于掌握病情的变化，CT检查能较准确地评价肺部病变。     

肺部混合性感染的病原与CT表现研究

目的:探讨肺部混合性感染的病原与CT表现特征。方法:收集临床确诊的肺部混合感染34例的临床及CT资料,回顾性分析其感染病原体及对应的CT特点。结果:肺部混合性感染的CT表现多种多样,基本表现为肺内实质和间质同时受累,呈小点状、小片状、结节状、磨玻璃、小空洞阴影多种混合存在;不按肺叶和支气管纹理的散在分布。病变兼有单纯病毒、细菌或真菌同时感染的特点。其中细菌+真菌9例,结核+支原体2例,巨细胞病毒+细菌感染6例,结核+真菌10例,结核+细菌+真菌5例,卡氏肺囊虫+细菌2例。结论:肺部混合性感染的病原分布广,老年患者、结核、肿瘤或ICU患者等容易发生混合感染,CT表现为肺实质及间质同时受累,影像表现混杂,无明显特异性。CT的价值在于明确病变的范围和程度。     

不典型肝内胆管细胞癌的CT表现

目的 分析不典型肝内胆管细胞癌(intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma,ICC)的CT表现,提高对此类ICC的认识.方法 收集经手术病理证实的不典型ICC 14例,回顾性分析ICC的CT表现.结果 3例CT平扫表现为分叶状稍低密度影,增强动脉期呈明显花环状强化,门脉期强化范围扩大且向病灶中心扩展,肝内胆管无扩张.3例可见肝内胆管显著软藤状扩张,但均未显示明确占位性病变.5例CT平扫为分叶状稍低密度占位,增强动脉期病灶边缘花环状强化,门脉期强化减退且边缘毛糙且不规则.2例ICC发生于成人胆总管囊肿患者,癌灶均显示不清.1例CT平扫表现为稍低密度肿块影,增强扫描呈“速升速降”型强化.结论 不典型ICC的CT表现较为特殊,仔细分析其特点可避免误诊或漏诊.     

SARS的胸部CT表现

目的 探讨SARS的胸部CT表现。方法 搜集6例临床确诊为SARS的患者共9次胸部CT扫描(复查3例)资料，采用标准肺窗、纵隔窗、宽窗宽条件分别摄片。分析胸部CT影像。结果 6例中双肺多叶、多段实变灶5例，无明显肺叶、肺段或特定体位分布趋势；双肺病变均为大片肺实变与多发小实变灶并存；大片肺实变表现为一侧或双侧2～4片沿支气管树分布的肺段实变；内有明显的空气支气管征；相邻肺段实变融合或在叶间裂处相邻的肺叶实变扩展，于影像接触部位融合，形成更大片实变影，未观察到病变越过叶间裂蔓延至邻近肺叶的现象；肺内小病灶均为双肺多发，呈类圆形或棉球状，沿肺纹理分布最多见；大片肺实变可呈均匀致密实变、磨玻璃样变、蜂窝状实变，小病灶与大片实变灶一致，磨玻璃样变可出现在初诊和吸收期病例；胸膜反应性增厚常见，胸腔积液罕见；无纵隔、肺门淋巴结肿大。结论 CT改变提示：SARS在病程发展阶段，病变有经支气管肺泡系播散的特点。     

闭塞性细支气管炎伴机化性肺炎的高分辨CT表现

目的探讨闭塞性细支气管炎伴机化性肺炎的高分辨CT表现,并与慢性嗜酸性肺炎和寻常型间质性肺炎进行鉴别。方法结合相关文献回顾性分析12例闭塞性细支气管炎伴机化性肺炎高分辨CT表现。结果12例闭塞性细支气管炎伴机化性肺炎的高分辨CT表现如下:(1)肺内多发斑片状肺实变影和磨玻璃影(n=8),其中肺实变影中见支气管充气征(n=5)。(2)肺内多发小结节影和不规则线状影(n=7)。(3)肺内多发斑片状肺实变影和磨玻璃影伴小结节影和不规则线状影(n=3)。(4)细支气管扩张、壁增厚伴周围肺实变影(n=6)。(5)肺内肺实变影和磨玻璃影呈游走性(n=3)。结论高分辨CT可以更好地显示闭塞性细支气管炎伴机化性肺炎的病理改变,并使其能与慢性嗜酸性肺炎和寻常型间质性肺炎在影像上进行鉴别,也为纤维支气管镜下肺活检提供准确的定位。     

Pleuropulmonary paragonimiasis: radiologic findings in 71 patients.

Pleuropulmonary paragonimiasis is a disease caused by lung flukes characterized by migration of a juvenile worm in the early stage and by formation of cysts around the worm later on. The purpose of this study was to describe the radiologic manifestations of pleuropulmonary paragonimiasis, with special emphasis on the worm cyst and worm migration track. We retrospectively studied 71 patients who had evidence of pleuropulmonary paragonimiasis on chest radiographs (n = 71) and CT scans (n = 17). The diagnosis was based on the detection of eggs or on positive antibody tests. On chest radiographs, 59 patients (83%) had pulmonary lesions and 43 patients (61%) had pleural lesions. Pulmonary findings included patchy air-space consolidation (n = 37) with or without cystic changes; ring shadows (n = 16); and peripheral linear opacities (n = 29), which were more prominent in patients with pleural effusion. Twelve patients (17%) had bilateral pleural effusions or pneumothoraces. On CT scans, round low-attenuation cystic lesions (5-15 mm), filled either with fluid (n = 5) or gas (n = 5), were characteristically seen within the consolidation. Peripheral linear opacities seen on radiographs were suggestive of worm migration tracks on CT scans. CT may reveal an intracystic worm. Although the findings vary depending on the stage of the disease, findings on chest radiographs are usually typical of paragonimiasis. CT provides more specific information about the worm cyst and the worm migration track.     

不典型子宫肌瘤的CT与超声表现

目的：总结13例不典型子宫肌瘤的CT与超声表现，以期提高其诊断与鉴别诊断的准确性。资料与方法：选择经超声、CT检查（增强扫描10例，平扫3例）表现不典型，由手术、病理诊断的子宫平滑肌肿瘤13例，回顾分析其影像学与手术、病理表现。病变包括良性子宫平滑肌瘤11例，恶性2例。发病部位包括阔韧带5例、浆膜下3例、子宫颈1例、肌壁间和术后复发各2例。结果；CT扫描显示肿瘤边界清楚，肿物向上可延伸至髂嵴水平以上，向后下生长位于骶前。CT增强扫描肿瘤密度明显高于或接近腰肌者7例，病理显示肿瘤内均无显著变性；CT扫描肿瘤密度不均匀，超声显示肿瘤囊实性者6例，病理证实肿瘤内粘液样变性4例，液化坏死性囊性变2例。结论：子宫平滑肌瘤的不典型影像表现主要由于肿瘤起源特殊（子宫颈、阔韧带）、肿瘤巨大以及变性所致，CT扫描可表现为边界清楚的巨大盆腹腔或腹膜后肿物；当肿瘤有变性时，肿瘤可呈不均匀强化或很少强化，二维超声可表现为不均匀回声甚至囊实性肿物。     

细菌性肝脓肿的低场MRI诊断

目的:探讨低场MRI在细菌性肝脓肿诊断中的临床应用价值.方法:回顾经手术病理或临床治疗证实的19例23个肝脓肿,分析低场MRI平扫及增强影像表现及病理基础.结果:23个肝脓肿14个位于肝右叶,9个位于肝左叶.典型肝脓肿7个,表现环征或双靶征,病灶中心液化坏死,脓肿内小泡状积气或气液平面,病灶周围水肿.不典型肝脓肿16个,不同时期影像表现各异,表现为簇状征,蜂窝征,蜘蛛足征等.结论:低场MRI能较好显示肝脓肿的病理过程中组织结构不同特征,能提高细菌性肝脓肿的诊断正确率.     

艾滋病相关肺孢子菌肺炎影像学诊断

目的:分析艾滋病患者的肺孢子菌肺炎影像学特点。材料和方法:收集58例AIDS患者经临床诊断发生肺孢子菌肺炎的胸片(40例)和CT(20例),并分析其影像表现。结果:肺孢子菌肺炎的典型表现是两侧肺门周围对称性磨玻璃影、网状或网状结节影,呈斑片或地图状分布,由肺门向外周肺野发展并融合趋势;不典型表现为肺内多发结节、肺囊肿、胸腔积液、气胸、肺门及纵隔淋巴结肿大等。HRCT显示以上征象明显高于胸片。临床主要表现为低热、干咳、进行性呼吸困难及低氧血症。结论:艾滋病患者发生肺孢子菌肺炎时有一定的影像特点,影像检查有助于该病的诊断和鉴别。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎不同临床分型间CT和临床表现的相关性研究

目的 探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)不同临床分型的CT和临床表现的相关性。方法 回顾性分析2020年1月华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院确诊的103例COVID-19患者的胸部CT平扫图像和临床资料,根据COVID-19诊疗方案(试行第五版),将所有患者分为普通型(58例)、重型(36例)和危重型(9例),并分析其临床表现、实验室检查和CT表现。CT特征参数包括病灶分布、位置、大小、形态、边缘、数目、密度、肺炎病灶占整肺百分比和肺外表现。不同临床分型的CT特征之间的比较采用χ2或Fisher确切概率法。年龄、从发病到CT检查时间及肺炎病灶占整肺体积百分比之间的比较采用方差分析(正态分布)或Kruskal-Wallis秩和检验(非正态分布)。结果 临床表现方面,危重型COVID-19患者更常见于老年男性,中位年龄65岁。58例普通型COVID-19患者有49例(84%)以发热为首发症状,重型及危重型COVID-19患者均以发热为首发症状,重型(25/36, 69%)及危重型(6/9, 67%)COVID-19患者的咳嗽发生率高于普通型(20/58, 34%)。所有危重型患者存在呼吸困难。CT表现中,普通型COVID-19表现为双肺(41/58, 71%)、多发(40/58, 69%)、磨玻璃(31/58, 52%)或混合型(25/58, 43%)、斑片(56/58, 97%)灶;重型及危重型COVID-19均表现为双肺病灶,重型COVID-19以多发(34/36, 96%)、斑片(33/36, 92%)、混合密度灶(26/36, 72%)为主;9例危重型COVID-19病灶均为大于3 cm的多发混合密度病灶。肺炎病灶占整肺体积的百分比:普通型(12.5%±6.1%)明显低于重型(25.9%±10.7%)及危重型(47.2%±19.2%) COVID-19,两者差异具有统计学意义(P值分别为<0.001、0.002),重型COVID-19也显著低于危重型,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.032)。结论 COVID-19不同临床分型的CT和临床表现存在差异,胸部CT表现具有特征性,不仅能早期诊断,还能对其临床病程及严重程度进行评估。     

Chest computed tomographic findings and clinical features of legionella pneumonia

OBJECTIVE: To describe the chest radiographic and computed tomographic (CT) findings of legionella pneumonia. METHODS: Serial chest radiographs and CT scans obtained in 12 patients with serologically proven Legionella pneumophila pneumonia were retrospectively reviewed. Chest CT findings were analyzed with regard to patterns and distributions of pulmonary abnormalities. RESULTS: Nine of the 12 patients were in an immunocompromised state, that is, steroid therapy (n = 8) and myelodysplastic syndrome (n = 1), and 6 of the 8 steroid users were on high-dose steroid. All patients showed multilobar or multisegmental pulmonary infiltrates on CT scans. The CT findings were categorizable as; predominantly airspace consolidations (n = 6), mixed lesions with lobular consolidation and ground-glass opacity (GGO) (n = 3), and pure GGO lesions (n = 2). Five of the 6 patients on high-dose steroid therapy had lobar consolidations with (n = 4) or without a cavity (n = 1), and 1 patient had a mixed lesion. CONCLUSIONS: The most common CT findings in legionella pneumonia were multilobar or multisegmental consolidation and GGO. Cavitary lobar consolidation occurred commonly in patients on high-dose steroid therapy.     

CT findings of pneumonia after lung transplantation

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe the CT findings of pneumonia in patients who had undergone lung transplantation and to determine if specific imaging features existed for the different infectious organisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 262 patients with transplanted lungs at two lung transplantation centers. Patients with a documented pneumonia and correlating abnormal findings on CT (39 patients with 45 pneumonias) were included in the study. RESULTS. Of 45 pneumonias, Cytomegalovirus (n = 15), Pseudomonas (n = 7), and Aspergillus (n = 8) organisms were the most common single responsible infectious agents. The most common CT findings of pneumonia consisted of consolidation (n = 37; 82%), ground-glass opacification (n = 34; 76%), septal thickening (n = 33; 73%), pleural effusion (n = 33; 73%), and multiple (n = 25; 56%) or single (n = 2; 4%) nodules. No significant difference in the prevalence of findings was revealed among bacterial, viral, and fungal pneumonias (p >.05, chisquare test). Of 25 pneumonias in patients with a single transplanted lung, parenchymal abnormalities involved both lungs in 12 (48%), only the transplanted lung in 11 (44%), and only the native lung in two (8%). CONCLUSION: The manifestations revealed on CT of bacterial, viral, and fungal pneumonia after lung transplantation are similar, consisting of a combination of consolidation, ground-glass opacification, septal thickening, pleural effusion, or multiple nodules. Therefore, these findings cannot be used to suggest the infectious organisms in this patient population.     

非骨化性纤维瘤的临床及影像学分析

目的 探讨非骨化性纤维瘤(NOF)的临床及影像学特征，以提高诊断水平。资料与方法 分析经病理证实的NOF14例，所有病例均作X线平片检查，3例同时作CT检查。结果 临床症状轻，好发于长管状骨的干骺区或骨干；股骨5例，胫骨8例，胫腓骨同时发生1例。皮质型12例，表现为皮质内或紧贴皮质下的单房或多房透亮区，病变向骨内发展突人髓腔，周围有致密的硬化带环绕，以髓腔侧明显；髓质型2例，病灶在骨内呈中央性发展，显示为单房或多房透亮区，边缘有硬化。骨皮质变薄，轻微向周围膨隆。9例准确诊断，诊断准确率64．29％，3例未定性，误诊2例。结论 NOF术前大部分能够正确诊断；典型病例X线平片即可明确诊断；不典型者需进一步CT检查，更好地显示病变内部结构及向髓腔发展的情况。     

Ultrasmall pulmonary opacities on multidetector-row high-resolution computed tomography: a prospective radiologic-pathologic examination

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the pathologic findings of ultrasmall pulmonary opacities (5 mm or smaller in diameter) found on multidetector-row high-resolution computed tomography (MD-HRCT). METHODS: Ten lobes in 10 patients were included in this study. Each lobe had a primary lung tumor and was removed surgically. Two thoracic radiologists noted any tiny nonlinear opacity on preoperative MD-HRCT films (1.25-mm thickness) covering the whole lobe. Pathologic findings of detected opacities were evaluated macroscopically and microscopically. RESULTS: Among 139 ultrasmall opacities 5 mm or smaller in diameter, 94 corresponded to normal anatomic structures (partial volume averaging or motion artifact), 36 corresponded to pathologic abnormalities, and 9 were unidentified. Histologic diagnoses of 36 pathologic abnormalities were inflammatory lesions (n = 16), intrapulmonary lymph nodes (IPLN; n = 7), atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH; n = 7), bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC; n = 5), and another neoplastic lesion (n = 1). CONCLUSION: Tiny pulmonary lesions, such as AAHs, BACs, and IPLNs, were identified among ultrasmall opacities found on MD-HRCT.