超声诊断横过睾丸1例

患儿男,4个月.因右侧阴囊较左侧大来诊.超声表现:右侧睾丸鞘膜腔内可见48 mm×23 mm的液性无回声区.其内可见2个睾丸及附睾回声,睾丸大小约12 mm×10 mm×8 mm、12 mm×10 mm×9mm,附睾大小5 mm×6 mm、5 mm×6 mm.双侧睾丸形态正常,包膜清晰,光滑,实质呈均匀低回声.双侧附睾大小正常,未见异常回声(图1).左侧阴囊、腹股沟及左下腹未探及睾丸回声,左侧鞘膜腔无分离.彩色多普勒显示:睾丸内未见异常血流信号.     

睾丸腺泡状横纹肌肉瘤超声表现1例

患者男,18岁.发现右侧睾丸无明显诱因的进行性肿大3月余入院.查体:右侧阴囊大小10 cm×8 cm,质硬,双侧腹股沟可扪及肿大淋巴结,左侧睾丸及精索均未触及异常.生化检查:β-HCG 0.24IU/L,AFP 2.0μg/L.门诊以"右侧睾丸肿瘤"收入院.超声检查:右侧睾丸大小47 mm×33 mm×21mm,右侧附睾显示不清,右侧睾丸后下方探及91mm×68 mm不均质稍减弱回声,似为多个结节相互融合,与正常睾丸组织分界清晰(图1).CDFI:其内可见点线状血流信号,并记录到搏动性血流频谱,RI=0.55,右侧睾丸鞘膜腔可见间距30 mm无回声区.右侧腹股沟区可见多个大小不等的类圆型低回声.超声提示:(1)右侧睾丸后下方实性占位,性质待定;(2)右侧睾丸鞘膜腔积液;(3)右侧腹股沟淋巴结肿大.手术所见:右侧睾丸明显增大变硬,大小10 cm×8 cm,与右侧附睾界线不清,双侧腹股沟部分淋巴结受浸润,完整切除睾丸、附睾及受累淋巴结.病理诊断:(右侧睾丸)腺泡状横纹肌肉瘤.     

超声诊断睾丸附件扭转2例

例1:男,9岁,右腹股沟及右阴囊痛3 d,无任何原因突发右下腹痛1 d.查体:右侧阴囊红、肿、触痛( ),右侧较左侧呈均匀性增大,右侧睾丸触诊不满意,上托阴囊,疼痛无缓解.WBC 15.6×109/L,T 36.8℃,P 90次/min.超声表现:右侧阴囊内可见11 mm×5 mm无回声区,囊壁厚约2.5 mm,内见睾丸大小14 mm×10 mm,回声均匀,附睾头10 mm×8 mm,回声不均,减低,左侧睾丸15 mm×10 mm,附睾头7 mm×6 mm,回声均匀.CDFI:右侧附睾头内及周边见丰富血流信号.双侧睾丸内均探及少许血流信号.     

小儿睾丸及肾淋巴瘤超声表现1例

患者男,6岁。双侧睾丸肿大月余。查体:双侧睾丸增大,约6.0 cm×3.0 cm×3.0 cm,实质感,表面光滑,无压痛,透光试验阴性。临床诊断睾丸炎。超声检查:双侧睾丸体积增大,形态尚规则,内部回声减低,欠均匀,可见粗大点状回声;双侧附睾体积亦增大,回声减低,与睾丸分界欠清晰(图1);彩色多普勒血流显像:睾丸及附睾内血流信号异常丰富(图2)。双肾体积增大,以右侧明显,于右肾下极实质内可见一低回声结节,大小约4.0 cm×2.9 cm,边界清晰,形态规则;彩色多普勒血流显像显示低回声结节边缘可见较丰富血流信号环绕,呈“火球征”。超声提示:①肿瘤可能性大,不…     

彩超诊断睾丸附件扭转1例

患儿 ,男 ,12岁 ,因右侧阴囊持续性疼痛逐渐加重 3d ,以右侧睾丸附件扭转收入院。发病第 1d门诊超声所见 :右侧附睾头区 0 .8cm× 0 .8cm× 0 .7cm ,回声不均质 ,内含低回声区。CDFI于附睾内记录到丰富的血流信号 ,低回声区内未见血流信号 ,左侧睾丸附睾形态未见异常。超声诊断 :右侧附睾头区回声不均质 ,血流较左侧丰富 (图 1)。发病后第 3d入院超声复查 :右侧附睾头区 1.4cm× 1.1cm× 1.0cm ,回声不均质 ,可见部分回声减低。CDFI于附睾内见丰富的条索状血流信号 ,最大流速 11cm/s ,低回声中未见血流信号 ,右侧睾丸固有鞘膜腔探及 0 .…     

附睾头囊肿扭转并附睾头扭转1例

正患者男,25岁。睡眠中突发右侧阴囊疼痛5h来我院就诊,超声提示:右侧附睾头上方无回声,精索鞘膜积液可能。口服消炎止痛药无效,第3日复诊。超声所见:右侧附睾头形态饱满,走行明显扭曲,呈360°旋涡状,血流信号丰富;其上方可见多发无回声,大者约5.0cm×2.9cm,与附睾头分界不清,囊壁较上次检查明显增厚,张力增高,囊腔内充满细点状弱回声,囊壁未见血流信号;右侧睾丸鞘     

超声诊断双侧腹腔内隐睾合并睾丸肿瘤1例

患者,男,30岁。因下腹部包块触摸疼痛前来就诊。查体:于下腹部,右下腹分别触及包块。病人双侧阴囊内未及睾丸,阴茎发育正常,于1993年结婚,一直未曾生育。 超声检查所用仪器:西门子Sonoline Versa彩色多普勒,用3.5MHz探头常规腹部检查:于下腹部探及一左侧睾丸回声,其体积明显增大,大小约为10.0cm×8.6xm×8.0cm,边界清,形态呈椭圆形,内部呈中等亮度的光点回声,分布不均匀,见小片状低回声。附睾头可见显示,体积增大,于其鞘膜腔内睾丸的上、下方均见液性暗区(图1右)。右下腹探及一右侧睾丸回声,大小为 6.3cm×4.5cm×4.0cm,边界清,内回声不均匀(图1左)。CDFI双侧宰丸内血流信号显示均较丰富。     

右肾肿瘤并精索静脉重度曲张超声表现一例

患者男,72岁.因阴囊肿大5～6年,近1年来逐渐加重而来我院就诊.查体:患者一般情况良好,阴囊明显肿大15 cm×15 cm×15 cm,质韧,右侧睾丸未触及,左侧睾丸大小正常.超声检查显示:右侧精索静脉明显迂曲扩张(图1),向下蔓延于阴囊内(图2),呈"蜂窝状"改变(图3),最宽约1.2 cm.常规超声于迂曲扩张的精索静脉内见缓慢流动的细密点状回声,右侧睾丸被包绕并挤压在"蜂窝状"结构间(图4,5),左侧睾丸及附睾未见明显异常.右肾区探及大小为17.4 cm×12.5 cm×10.2 cm,边缘不规则,境界欠清楚的低回声团(图6).CDFI显示:迂曲扩张的精索静脉为静脉血流信号,平静呼吸即可见反向血流信号;右肾区低回声团内可见较丰富的动脉及静脉血流信号.超声诊断:右肾区实性占位性病变,肾癌可能性大;右侧精索静脉重度曲张.CT平扫加增强显示:右肾占位性病变(图7).手术所见:右肾区巨大肿瘤且压迫下腔静脉并与周围组织粘连.术后病理诊断:右肾颗粒细胞癌并右侧精索静脉曲张.术后1周超声复查:右侧精索静脉扩张明显减轻.     

隐睾合并睾丸绒毛膜上皮癌1例

1 病例报告 男,34岁.结婚多年不育并右下腹肿物0.5 a来诊.查体:于右腹股沟区触及约6 cm×6 cm×5 cm肿物,质地硬,活动差,压痛明显.超声检查:左侧睾丸大小正常.右侧睾丸缺如,右腹股沟区见一睾丸样回声,内回声不均质,探及约4.2 cm×3.1 cm中等强度回声,结节的边界回声较低,肿瘤内部见液性暗区,CDFI显示丰富的血流,比对侧明显增加,RI<0.4.超声诊断:右侧隐睾并睾丸实性占位.术后病理:睾丸绒毛膜上皮癌.     

睾丸皮样囊肿超声表现1例

患者男,19岁,因左睾丸肿胀疼痛20d来我院就诊。查体:左侧睾丸坚硬,体积稍增大,触痛阳性。右侧睾丸及双侧附睾未触及异常。双侧腹股沟淋巴结无肿大。临床拟诊:左睾丸实性占位,建议行阴囊超声检查。采用HPImagePoint彩超仪,探头频率10MHz。超声检查:左侧睾丸增大,其内可测及一4.6cm×2.2cm高回声为主的混合回声肿块,其中肿块内高回声周围可见低回声包绕,肿块周围可见包膜样回声,与正常睾丸组织分界清晰(图1)。彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)显示肿块内部未见血流信号,于肿块周边可测及少量血流信号,频谱显示为低速低阻动脉血流。右侧睾丸及双侧…     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.