直肠癌术前分期诊断方法的研究进展

随着我国经济的高速发展,居民饮食结构与生活习惯的改变,结直肠癌已成为病死率增速最快的一类肿瘤。据2012年6月举行的第八届上海国际结直肠癌高峰论坛公布的权威数据显示：结直肠癌的发病率在我国呈现逐年上升趋势,每年上升速度约为4．2％,远高于2％的国际上升速度。在结直肠癌中,     

进展期胃癌术前分期研究现状

正胃癌是人类最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,我国是胃癌的高发区[1-2]。在精准医疗时代,以因期施治为核心的胃癌规范化综合治疗理念已成共识[3],如何提高术前胃癌分期的准确性,使术前分期不再是雾里看花,而使基于准确术前分期的精准治疗成为可能?本文结合目前最新的肿瘤分期系统和辅助检查手段来阐述进展期胃癌的术前分期现状及临床意义。1国际主流胃癌分期系统变化国际抗癌联盟(International Union for Cancer Control,     

胃癌术前分期及确定生物学特性的策略和方法

胃癌是我国最常见的消化道恶性肿瘤，死亡率居各种恶性肿瘤之首。迄今，外科手术仍是胃癌最主要的治疗手段，但治疗效果不尽人意，术后5年生存率仅为15％～20％。随着现代诊疗技术的不断进步，早期胃癌可通过胃镜黏膜切除（EMR）、胃镜激光治疗、腹腔镜胃切除（LPG）等治疗，而Ⅲb／Ⅳ期胃癌，直接外科手术已不能达到根治性切除的目的，主张首先进行新辅助化疗。这些新观点、新技术的实施有赖于术前分期和生物学特性的综合判定，手术前准确分期和正确判定生物学行为是选择合理术式、提高手术切除率和生存率的重要步骤。     

胃癌术前螺旋CT分期的临床意义

对进展期胃癌在术前进行较为准确的分期有助于制定合理的治疗方案 ,虽然上消化道气钡双重造影、CT、螺旋CT等能用于术前分期评估 ,但都有一定的局限性。作者采取人工气腹法SCT (induced pneumoperitoneuminspiralCT ,SCTPP)对进展期胃癌进行分期 ,并与术后病理结果进行对比 ,研究利用SCTPP技术提高术前分期准确性的可能性。资料与方法1.一般资料 :1995年 3月至 2 0 0 0年 3月收治的进展期胃癌 2 32例 ,选择其中体态较瘦者 5 2例行SCTPP检查 ,其中男 4 0例 ,女 12例 ,年龄 35～ 75岁 ,平均 5 8岁。所有患者均经气钡双对比消化道造…     

胃癌术前TNM分期与手术病理分期对比

目的：探讨胃癌患者术前TNM分期与手术病理分期的一致性并分析其原因。方法：对213例胃癌患者进行术前TNM与术后病理分期，通过T分期与N分期统计量的一致性分析，比较两种分期的符合率。结果：术前T分期与术后病理T分期一致性比较，Kappa值为0．581，两者的一致性基本满意，将病例分层后，T4期的符合率最低（P〈0．01），具有显著性差异。N分期的一致性比较，Kappa值为0．289，两者的一致性不够理想。将病例分层后，N1和N2期的符合率均较低（P〈0．01）。结论：胃癌术前TNM分期存在高估或低估的情况，尤其是N分期较为突出，找到能够识别胃癌淋巴结转移的可靠方法是提高胃癌患者术前TNM分期准确率的关键。     

直肠癌的术前分期诊断

准确的术前分期（local staging）是直肠癌综合治疗的关键，也是临床开展多中心合作、积累符合循证医学（evidence based medicine）临床资料的重要条件。     

MSCT在胃癌术前分期诊断中的应用价值

探讨64层螺旋旋CT(MSCT)诊断胃癌术前分期的应用价值。选取2014年1月—2018年5月收治的287例胃癌患者,分析术前MSCT检查情况与术后病理结果差异。MSCT术前T分期与病理结果一致性好(Kappa=0.727,P<0.05);MSCT术前判断T3和T4准确度分别为89.74%和85.71%,明显高于T₁和T₂(P<0.05);MSCT术前N分期与病理结果一致性好(Kappa=0.692,P<0.05);MSCT术前判断N₀、N₁和N₂的准确度分别为83.97%、75.29%和78.87%,差异无统计学意义(P<0.05);MSCT术前M分期与病理结果一致性极佳(Kappa=0.888,P<0.05);MSCT术前判断M0和M1的准确率分别为96.77%和92.86%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。64层螺旋旋CT能较准确地判断胃癌分期情况,为治疗方案的制定提供依据。     

不同影像学检查对胃癌术前淋巴结转移诊断价值的荟萃分析

目的:探讨超声内镜(endoscopic ultrasonography,EUS)、多排螺旋CT(multidetector spiral computed tomography,MSCT)、磁共振(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)、正电子发射断层扫描(positron emission tomography,PET)对胃癌术前淋巴结转移(N分期)的诊断价值。方法 :从Pub Med、EMBASE、Elsevier、Wiley Inter Science、Springer、The Cochrane Library、Clinical Trials.gov数据库系统检索获取1997年至2012年的相关文献,依据纳入、排除标准筛选文献,提取资料并进行文献质量评价后,采用Review Manager 5.0和Meta-Disc 1.4软件进行荟萃分析。结果:共纳入41项研究,合计5 767例病人。荟萃分析结果显示:1PET对N0诊断灵敏度最高,EUS、MSCT、MRI的灵敏度比较无统计学差异。MSCT与MRI对N0诊断特异度较高,两者间无统计学差异,EUS次之,PET最低。2EUS与MSCT对N1诊断灵敏度较高,两者间无统计学差异,MRI与PET较低,后两者间无统计学差异。PET对N1诊断特异度最高,MSCT次之,EUS、MRI最低,后两者间无统计学差异。3MSCT对N2/3诊断灵敏度最高,余三者间无统计学差异。PET与EUS对N2/3诊断特异度最高,两者间无统计学差异,MSCT次之,MRI最低。4术前淋巴结转移诊断能力(总体N分期)方面,MRI与MSCT灵敏度较高,两者间无统计学差异,EUS次之,PET最低。PET特异度最高,MSCT与EUS次之,后两者间无统计学差异,MRI最低。54种方法对N0、N1、N2/3及N分期总体诊断的AUC值间无统计学差异,均位于0.70~0.90。结论:4种方法对N0、N1、N2/3及N分期总体的诊断灵敏度、特异度虽有差异,但综合诊断效能间无统计学差异,均拥有中等诊断价值。     

胃癌术前超声内镜分期与转移相关基因表达的同步检测分析

目的为了探讨超声内镜胃癌分期与转移相关基因的关系。方法本文应用超声内镜(EUS)对73例胃癌患者进行术前分期,取内镜活检组织同步进行 p53、nm23、c-erbB2等基因蛋白产物的检测。结果肿瘤浸润达浆膜层后或有淋巴结转移的胃癌 p53、c-erbB2及复合表达率均明显增高,nm23单独表达在胃癌各期中无明显的统计学差异。结论提示胃癌转移相关基因表达与术前 EUS 分期有较好的相关性,并与浆膜层浸润及癌转移潜能密切关系,术前 EUS 检查尤应特别注意癌浸润是否已达浆膜层。     

内镜超声检查与多层螺旋CT对胃癌术前分期的对比研究

目的探讨内镜超声检查与多层螺旋CT在胃癌术前分期中的应用价值。方法对46例经活检证实的胃癌患者术前分别行内镜超声和多层螺旋CT检查,并与术后病理检查结果对照。结果内镜超声检查的术前T、N、M和TNM临床分期准确率分别为80.4%、68.3%、91.3%和65.1%;而多层螺旋CT分别为80.4%、80.5%、97.8%和65.1%,两者各参数间比较差异均无显著性意义。当两者相结合时则分别可提高到91.3%、85.4%、97.8%和83.7%,前3项参数准确性的提高无统计学意义,而TNM临床分期准确性的提高与内镜超声检查及多层螺旋CT的结果比较,差异有显著性意义(χ2=6.13,P<0.05)。对Ⅱ～Ⅳ期胃癌术前分期结果分析,内镜超声检查、多层螺旋CT及两者相结合的术前TNM临床分期准确率分别为50.0%、75.0%和85.7%,内镜超声检查与两者相结合的准确率之间差异有显著性意义(χ2=6.75,P<0.01)。结论内镜超声检查与多层螺旋CT对胃癌术前分期均有较高的准确性,特别是两者相结合应用,对胃癌患者治疗方案的选择和预后评价有重要的指导意义。     

A Pilot Study of Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy for Resectable Gastric Cancer

Background: The goals of this study were to assess the feasibility and toxicity of a regimen of preoperative chemoradiotherapy, surgery, and intraoperative radiotherapy in the treatment of patients with potentially resectable gastric cancer. A secondary objective was to assess pathologic response to chemoradiotherapy in the treated tumors.Methods: Twenty-four patients were entered in the protocol. Treatment regimen consisted of 45 Gy of external beam radiotherapy with concurrent 5-FU given as a continuous infusion at a dose of 300 mg/m². Patients were restaged 4–6 weeks after chemoradiotherapy and then underwent surgical resection and intraoperative radiotherapy to a dose of 10 Gy.Results: Twenty-three patients (96%) completed chemoradiotherapy in accordance with the study protocol. Nineteen (83%) of 23 patients who completed chemoradiotherapy underwent surgical resection with D2 lymphadenectomy. Four patients (17%) had progressive disease and were not resected. The morbidity and mortality rates were 32% and 5%, respectively. Of the resected patients, two (11%) had complete pathologic responses while 12 (63%) had pathologic evidence of significant treatment effect.Conclusions: Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for gastric cancer can be delivered safely and is well tolerated. The rate of surgical complications is consistent with that of other recently reported prospective trials of gastrectomy alone. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy resulted in significant pathologic responses in the majority of treated tumors, and complete pathologic responses were achieved in some patients.     

直肠腔内超声对直肠癌术前分期的临床价值

目的探讨直肠腔内超声(TRUS)对评估直肠癌术前分期的临床价值。方法对118例经肠镜活检病理证实为直肠癌患者行TRUS检查,观察肿块内部回声、肿瘤浸润肠壁深度及与周围组织器官的关系,根据TN分期标准进行术前分期,并与术后病理分期进行对照。结果 TRUS评估直肠癌T分期完全符合率为86.4%(102/118),T1~T4的敏感度分别为80.0%、82.3%、91.6%、83.9%和特异度分别为100.0%、90.4%、90.0%、98.8%;Kappa值为0.734,超声分期与病理分期高度一致(P0.05),对评估淋巴结转移的灵敏度为81.4%(79/97),特异度为71.4%(15/21)。结论 TRUS对评估直肠癌浸润深度及淋巴结转移等有较高的准确性,为治疗方案的选择提供可靠的参考信息。     

Preoperative Staging of Rectal Cancer With MRI: Accuracy and Clinical Usefulness

Background: Preoperative staging is essential for planning of optimal therapy for patients with rectal cancer. Recently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used frequently because of its benefits of clear pelvic image are better than other diagnostic methods. The purpose of this study was to determine accuracy rates and clinical usefulness of MRI in preoperative staging of rectal cancer.Methods: Between February, 1997, and December, 1999, 217 patients with histologically proven rectal cancer were staged preoperatively and had surgical resections performed. MRI criteria for depth of invasion was determined by the degree of disruption of the rectal wall. Metastatic perirectal lymph nodes were considered to be present if they showed heterogenous texture, irregular margin, and enlargement (.10 mm).Results: The accuracy of the MRI for determining depth of invasion was 176/217 (81%) and regional lymph node invasion was 110/217 (63%). In the T stage, accuracy rate of T1 was 3/4 (75%), T2 was 20/37 (54%), T3 was 141/162 (87%), and T4 was 12/14 (86%), respectively. The specificity of lymph node invasion was 45/110 (41%) and the sensitivity was 91/107 (85%). The accuracy rate of regional lymph node involvement was 136/217 (63%). T1 and T2 were overstaged in 1/4 (25%) and 17/37 (46%), respectively, and T3 was understaged in 15/162 (9.2%). The accuracy rate to detect metastatic lateral pelvic lymph node was 4/14 (29%) after lateral pelvic lymph node dissection was done in 14 patients under MRI. The accuracy rate in assessing levator ani muscle tumor involvement was 8/11 (72%).Conclusions: MRI showed a good, comparable accuracy rate for determining depth of tumor invasion, compared with transrectal ultrasonography, which still has a low accuracy rate for detecting metastatic lymph node. MRI with endorectal coil may increase the accuracy rate of T1 and T2 lesions. In addition, clear sagittal and coronal sectional pelvic images can give a lot of information about adjacent organ invasion or any invasion of levator ani muscle. MRI can be useful for choosing an appropriate extent of lymph node dissection and type of surgery.     

胃癌第7版TNM分期的临床应用

目的:分析胃癌第7版与第6版TNM分期之间的差别.方法:回顾性分析316例胃癌患者的临床病理资料,按第6版及第7版TNM分期标准分别进行分期,并分析各期5年生存率.结果:两版TNM分期在同一期之间生存差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);第7版Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期5年生存率分别为64.2%、49.9%、17.8%、0.0%,4个分期5年生存率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);ⅢA期、ⅢB期、ⅢC期5年生存率分别为32.2%、28.2%、5.0%,3个亚期5年生存率差异具有统计学意义(P ＜0.05).结论:第7版TNM分期更加细化,并对患者预后做出科学的评估.对不同分期的患者进行个体化综合治疗,具有临床应用价值.     

腔内超声对直肠癌术前分期的诊断价值

目的探讨腔内超声(Endoluminal ultrasound,ELUS)对术前直肠癌分期评价的临床应用价值。方法对69例直肠癌患者术前进行ELUS检查进行术前分期诊断,并且与术后病理诊断进行对照。结果术前ELUS检查T1期诊断正确率为93.33%(14/15),T2期为83.33%(15/18),T3期为74.07%(20/27),T4期为66.67%(6/9)。ELUS诊断正确率为79.71%(55/69)。ELUS对转移淋巴结诊断总正确率为65.22%(45/69),灵敏度为76.19%,特异度为61.71%。结论 ELUS对于直肠癌癌组织的浸润程度以及周围转移淋巴结诊断与术后病理诊断的正确率较高,有希望成为直肠癌术前分期的有效方法。     

CT和MRI对直肠癌术前T、N分期价值的Meta分析

目的比较CT和MRI对直肠癌术前T、N分期的价值。方法收集公开发表的对CT与MRI进行术前直肠癌T、N分期价值比较的国内外所有前瞻性和回顾性研究,按照Meta分析的要求对检索到的原始研究的质量进行评估,对符合条件的所有研究结果进行Meta分析,分别计算在T1～T4、N分期上,CT与MRI的灵敏度和特异度并进行比较。结果符合纳入标准的共9篇文章,总样本量347例。对于T分期,CT的灵敏度为0.772,特异度为0.880;MRI的灵敏度为0.910,特异度为0.935。对于N分期,CT的灵敏度为0.636,特异度为0.734;MRI的灵敏度为0.563,特异度为0.849。结论对于T分期,MRI在灵敏度、特异度均优于CT;对于N分期,CT灵敏度优于MRI,MRI特异度优于CT。另外,直肠癌术前放化疗能显著影响CT和MRI术前T分期的灵敏度和特异度,对于N分期,则影响不明显。     

The Current Role of Staging Laparoscopy in Oesophagogastric Cancer

Introduction

Oesophagogastric cancers are known to spread rapidly to locoregional lymph nodes and by transcoelomic spread to the peritoneal cavity. Staging laparoscopy combined with peritoneal cytology can detect advanced disease that may not be apparent on other staging investigations. The aim of this study was to determine the current value of staging laparoscopy and peritoneal cytology in light of the ubiquitous use of computed tomography in all oesophagogastric cancers and the addition of positron emission tomography in oesophageal cancer.

Methods

All patients undergoing staging laparoscopy for distal oesophageal or gastric cancer between March 2007 and August 2013 were identified from a prospectively maintained database. Demographic details, preoperative staging, staging laparoscopy findings, cytology and histopathology results were analysed.

Results

A total of 317 patients were identified: 159 (50.1%) had gastric adenocarcinoma, 136 (43.0%) oesophageal adenocarcinoma and 22 (6.9%) oesophageal squamous carcinoma. Staging laparoscopy revealed macroscopic metastases in 36 patients (22.6%) with gastric adenocarcinoma and 16 patients (11.8%) with oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Positive peritoneal cytology in the absence of macroscopic peritoneal metastases was identified in a further five patients with gastric adenocarcinoma and six patients with oesophageal adenocarcinoma. There was no significant difference in survival between patients with macroscopic peritoneal disease and those with positive peritoneal cytology (p=0.219).

Conclusions

Staging laparoscopy and peritoneal cytology should be performed routinely in the staging of distal oesophageal and gastric cancers where other investigations indicate resectability. Currently, in our opinion, patients with positive peritoneal cytology should not be treated with curative intent.     

进展期胃癌新辅助化疗的研究进展

目的总结进展期胃癌新辅助化疗的研究进展。方法采用文献复习的方法,对有关进展期胃癌新辅助化疗研究进展的文献进行综述。结果进展期胃癌的新辅助化疗可显著提高R0切除率,提高远期生存率,降低死亡风险。对于无远处转移的局部进展期胃癌的新辅助化疗时间一般为6~9周,然后根据疗效评价结果决定是否进行手术治疗;进一步深入的临床研究及化疗敏感程度检测方法的改进有助于新辅助化疗标准的统一。结论进展期胃癌新辅助化疗的疗效已比较明确,但其在适应证、化疗方案、用药时限、疗效评价指标等方面尚无明确的统一标准,仍需要多中心、大型的临床试验进行深入的研究。     

直肠腔内三维超声对直肠癌术前分期的评价

目的：探讨直肠腔内三维超声术前诊断直肠癌分期的应用价值。方法：对200例直肠癌浸润肠壁深度、淋巴结转移及侵及周围组织脏器的情况进行前瞻性研究。结果：IR3—DUS检查直肠癌浸润肠壁深度和淋巴结转移与病理诊断符合率很高；IR3—DUS检查显示，直肠癌淋巴结转移率随着肠壁浸润的加深而增加；IR3—DUS检查直肠癌侵及周围组织脏器与术中探查所见符合率很高。结论：IR3—DUS术前诊断直肠癌分期具有较高的临床实用价值。     

Prognostic Significance of p53 and Ki67 Proteins Expression in Greek Gastric Cancer Patients

Aim: The variability of prognosis of gastric cancer (GC) within a pathological stage necessitates the identification of subgroups of patients with a more aggressive disease. The role of p53 and Ki67 expression in gastric carcinoma is far from being fully established. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression of p53 and Ki67 in gastric cancer and correlate the findings with several clinicopathological features and prognosis. Materials and methods: Tissue samples from 93 patients treated by gastric resection for gastric carcinoma between 1996 and 2001 were used. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumors were studied by immunohistochemistry, using monoclonal antibodies to p53 and Ki67. The results were correlated with clinicopathological features and survival. Results: Stronger expression of p53 was related with tumor size greater than 5 cm and advanced stage. Stronger expression of Ki67 correlated with higher ratio of the number of metastatic lymph nodes to the total number of dissected lymph nodes (metastatic lymph node [MLN] ratio) and advanced stage. Moreover, p53 and Ki67 overexpression, tumor size greater than 5 cm, MLN ratio, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, stage III and IV and infiltrative macroscopic appearance were adverse prognostic factors. The levels of p53 and Ki67, the MLN ratio, the tumor size (above 5 cm) and the stage of the disease were identified as independent prognostic factors of survival.

Conclusions: In gastric cancer, the expression of p53 and Ki67 provides significant information about prognosis. The routine evaluation of p53 and Ki67 levels could be a useful tool in identification of patient with more aggressive disease and contribute to a better therapeutic approach.