铁离子对Caco-2细胞内钙离子转运的影响及钙离子浓度变化与细胞凋亡关系的研究

目的研究细胞外铁离子(Fe^3 )浓度变化对钙离子(Caco-22)细胞内Ca^2 转运的影响及细胞内钙离子浓度升高与Caco-2细胞凋亡的关系。方法采用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜和流式细胞技术进行观察与检测。结果(1)利用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜(cLSM)观察发现,随着Caco-2细胞外Fe^3 浓度的减少(DFO终浓度为1130～300μmol／L),Ca^2 向细胞内的转运量增加;而随着细胞外Fe^3 浓度的增加(FAC终浓度为10～100μmol／L),Ca^2 向细胞内的转运呈降低趋势;(2)经A23187,和Fluo-3,AM处理后Caco-2细胞的存活率较高,达90％以上(用荧光素二醋酸酯检测);(3)A23187升高Caco-2细胞的胞内Ca^2 浓度,呈剂量依赖性;经流式细胞技术(FCM)检测发现胞内Ca^2 浓度增加具有诱导Caco-2细胞凋亡的作用。结论Caco-2细胞外Fe^3 浓度的减少有促进Ca^2 向细胞内转运的作用。但胞外Fe^3 浓度增加时有抑制Ca^2 向胞内转运的作用;胞内Ca^2 浓度增加对Caco-2细胞凋亡具有诱导作用。     

细胞内钙离子螯合剂抑制HSV-1诱导Hela细胞的凋亡作用

目的：探讨HSV-1在诱导Hela细胞凋亡中，细胞内游离钙浓度的变化及钙离子螯合剂对HSV-1诱导Hela细胞凋亡的抑制作用。方法：HSV-1感染Hela细胞后，用扫描电镜及透射电镜观察凋亡情况。用荧光探针标记细胞内游离Ca^2 ，在不同时间观察细胞内游离Ca^2 浓度的变化。结果：HSV-1感染Hela细胞后，出现了典型的凋亡形态学变化。细胞内游离Ca^2 浓度在HSV-1感染Hela细胞后12h达高峰；典型的凋亡形态学变化出现在HSV-1感染Hela细胞后24h。细胞内Ca^2 螯合剂能显著抑制HSV-1诱导的Hela细胞凋亡。结论：细胞内游离Ca^2 在HSV-1诱导的Hela细胞凋亡过程中，具有重要作用，此实验结果为临床治疗相关疾病提供了有用的线索。     

细胞亲环素A促单核细胞THP-1钙离子的运动及细胞黏附能力

目的观察细胞亲环素A(CypA)对单核细胞THP-1细胞胞内钙离子运动及细胞与细胞外基质黏附能力的影响。方法乙酸肉豆蔻佛波酯(PMA)诱导分化THP-1细胞,通过激光共聚焦及结晶紫染色法检测CypA刺激THP-1细胞后细胞内游离钙离子浓度的变化及细胞与细胞外基质黏附能力的变化,同时使用CsA、CD147分子拮抗剂AP-9作用细胞,观察CD147分子是否参与了CypA这一调节作用。结果CypA显著促进分化前及分化后的THP-1细胞胞内游离钙离子的运动,同时增强了细胞与细胞外基质的黏附能力(P<0.05),CsA、CD147分子拮抗剂AP-9则可以阻断CypA对细胞钙离子及黏附能力的调节作用。结论CypA通过CD147分子促进细胞钙离子的运动及细胞黏附能力,提示在类风湿关节炎(RA)中CypA可以增强单核/巨噬细胞与滑膜及软骨面的结合及侵袭能力,促进了关节炎的发生发展。     

没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯对1-甲基-4-苯基吡啶离子诱导的大鼠PC12细胞凋亡的作用

目的： 探讨没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)抑制1-甲基-4-苯基吡啶离子（MPP+）诱导大鼠PC12细胞凋亡及其抗氧化作用、调节胞浆钙离子稳态与其抑制细胞凋亡作用之间的关系。方法: 培养大鼠肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤细胞株PC12细胞,给予MPP+诱导细胞凋亡。EGCG（10、50及100 μmol·L-1）预处理0.5 h,再加入MPP+使其终浓度为900 μmol·L-1处理24 h后,MTT法检测细胞存活率,Annexin V-PI双染流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡,荧光酶标仪测定细胞内活性氧,激光共聚焦荧光显微镜通过检测细胞内钙的荧光强度、检测细胞胞浆［Ca2+］i的变化,透射电镜观察凋亡细胞线粒体结构形态变化,并测定细胞内超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和丙二醛（MDA）的含量。结果: MPP+呈剂量依赖性损伤PC12细胞,诱导细胞凋亡发生率达到31.0％。与模型组比较,EGCG处理后,明显提高细胞活力,降低凋亡细胞率,同时增强SOD活性、减少MDA和ROS的含量,降低胞浆［Ca2+］i浓度,减轻MPP+诱致的细胞线粒体改变。结论: EGCG具有抑制MPP+诱导的PC12细胞凋亡的作用,其作用机制可能与其提高细胞抗氧化能力和减少胞浆［Ca2+］i有关。     

细胞凋亡中Ca2+稳态失调机制的研究进展

Ca2+是重要的胞内信号传导因子,其稳态失调是细胞凋亡中的一个普遍现象.Ca2+稳态失调机制涉及胞外Ca2+内流,胞内钙库动员,Ca2+空间分布改变,细胞内活性氧及Bcl-2基因的调节等.研究凋亡过程中Ca2+稳态失调的发生机制,有助于阐明凋亡的启动及信号传导机制,为各种凋亡相关疾病的诊治及药物开发提供新的思路.     

细胞凋亡中的钙调节

胞质Ca2 + 升高是细胞凋亡中Ca2 + 调节的经典模式 ,但近年来有证据表明胞质Ca2 + 下降同样能诱导细胞凋亡。目前研究发现 ,胞内Ca2 + 在细胞质、细胞核以及细胞钙库线粒体和内质网的动态平衡破坏和重新分布直接参与细胞凋亡信号的调控 ,而Bcl 2家族蛋白在细胞凋亡过程的胞内Ca2 + 调节及继后的一系列生理效应中发挥特殊作用。细胞凋亡中Ca2 + 调节的深入研究不但有助于阐明细胞凋亡的调控机理 ,同时为相关疾病防治和药物开发提供新的策略     

大鼠胃壁细胞GnRH受体的定位及GnRH类似物对壁细胞内钙的影响

目的　观察促性腺激素释放激素 (gonadotropin releasinghormone,GnRH)受体在培养的大鼠胃粘膜壁细胞中的定位 ,并探讨GnRH类似物阿拉瑞林 (alarelin)对壁细胞内游离钙动员的机制。　方法　采用免疫组织化学和原位杂交技术 ;应用Ca2 + 指示剂Fluo 3 AM作为细胞内钙离子的荧光探针 ,对负载培养的胃壁细胞 ,应用激光共聚焦显微镜技术检测单个细胞内钙荧光强度的变化。　结果　大鼠胃壁细胞呈GnRH受体免疫反应阳性 ,阳性物质位于细胞质 ,细胞核为阴性 ;同样壁细胞内可检测到GnRH受体mRNA杂交信号 ,阳性物质位于细胞质 ,细胞核为阴性 ;胞内Ca2 + 浓度变化为 :1 在Hank液中 ,GnRH类似物浓度为 10 - 8、10 - 7、10 - 6 mol L时 ,胃壁细胞内Ca2 + 浓度逐渐升高 ,其峰高 (峰值减去静息值 )分别为 7 1± 1 4、12 1± 1 7、16 8± 2 2。其达峰时间也逐渐增快 ,分别为 34 2± 6 4s、18 9± 1 2s、10 4± 2 3s。相邻两组间其峰高及达峰时间均存在显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ,且呈明显剂量依赖性。 2 在D Hank液 (去除外钙 )中 ,阿拉瑞林可轻度短暂升高胞内Ca2 + ;用内罗啶孵育后再加入阿拉瑞林也可轻度短暂升高胞内Ca2 + ,二者无显著性差异。 3 当用拉西地平孵育后再加入阿拉瑞林 ,可明显抑制胞内Ca2 + 的增加     

重组人内抑素对佐剂性关节炎大鼠成纤维样滑膜细胞内钙离子稳态的影响

目的 观察重组人内抑素(rhEndestatin)对佐剂性关节炎大鼠成纤维样滑膜细胞(AA FLSs)内钙离子(Ca2+)稳态的影响,探讨rhEndomafin促进AA FLSs凋亡的离子机制,为RA药物治疗及寻找其治疗新靶点提供实验依据.方法雄性SD大鼠12只,体质量140～160 g,分为正常组(n=3)和从模型组(n=9).模型组大鼠制备从模型,体外培养AA FLSs,应用Ca2+荧光指示剂Fluo-3/AM孵育培养的细胞,激光扫描共焦显微镜检测有、无细胞外Ca2+,而rhEndestatin作用所致AA FLSs胞内Ca2+荧光强度发生动态变化,可以判断rhEndostatin对AA FLSs胞内Ca2+浓度([Ca2+]I)的影响.结果在胞外有Ca2+的情况下,rhEndostatin可引起静态AA FLS[Ca2+];快速增加,rhEndostatin作用10s后,[Ca2+];急剧增加达峰值,继之随时间缓慢下降,停止加药50 s后,[Ca2+]I尚未回复到加药前基础水平;而在无细胞外钙环境中,rhEndostatin未引起AA FLSs[Ca2+]I变化.结论 rhEndestafin可促进AA FLSs胞外Ca2+内流,引起胞内Ca2+超载,从而促进从FLSs凋亡.     

人PFP、GrB共表达诱导喉癌Hep-2细胞凋亡的研究

目的 探讨人穿孔素(PFP)、颗粒酶B(GrB)共表达是否可以诱导人的喉癌细胞系Hep-2的凋亡及其作用的机理.方法 利用脂质体2000将PFP、GrB共表达载体pVAX1-PIG(即pVAX1-PFP-IRES-GrB)转染人喉癌Hep-2细胞,采用荧光染料Hoechst33342法、流式细胞仪(FCM)检测、透射电镜观察Hep-2细胞的凋亡情况.以激光共聚焦显微镜检测重组载体转染后的Hep-2细胞内[Ca2+];浓度的变化,并探讨其作用机理.结果 pVAX1-PIG转染组的Hep-2细胞大量凋亡且其凋亡率显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),透射电镜研究显示单个Hep-2细胞内亦出现凋亡的特征.Hep-2细胞内[Ca2+];的浓度发生了变化,且由FI值增大可知细胞胞浆内[Ca2+];的浓度升高.结论 PFP、GrB共表达能够诱导人Hep-2细胞的凋亡,且凋亡的发生与细胞胞浆内[Ca2+];的浓度升高有关.     

间充质干细胞源神经细胞的表型特征及胞质钙离子浓度的变化

目的:研究大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)源神经细胞的特征及其胞质钙离子的变化.方法:利用贴壁法培养大鼠骨髓MSCs, DMSO+BME联合应用将MSCs向神经细胞诱导,检测诱导组细胞巢蛋白、微管相关蛋白-2(MAP2)、神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)和神经丝蛋白(NF)的表达和胞质Ca2+的变化.结果:DMSO+BME联合诱导MSCs 48h后80%以上的细胞变为神经元样形态,胞体发出数个突起,有的似轴突,突起交织成网.诱导后细胞表达神经干细胞的特征性生物学标记Nestin,其表达率在诱导后2h和10h较高,分别为48%和71.4%,而在诱导后48h仅为0.06%;表达神经元特异性标志物MAP2、 NSE和NF,其表达率分别为88.6%、 87.1%和85.8%.诱导后细胞内Ca2+浓度明显增高.结论:MSCs源神经细胞具有神经元的特征,且细胞内钙离子浓度显著升高,提示钙离子介导的信号通路可能参与细胞分化.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.