Incidence of neonatal diabetes in Austria–calculation based on the Austrian Diabetes Register

Wiedemann B, Schober E, Waldhoer T, Koehle J, Flanagan SE, Mackay DJG, Steichen E, Meraner D, Zimmerhackl LB, Hattersley AT, Ellard S and Hofer S. Incidence of neonatal diabetes in Austria–calculation based on the Austrian Diabetes Register.
Background: Neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) is a rare monogenic form of diabetes which is diagnosed in the first 6 months of life. Several studies in the last few years provide information on genetic causes for NDM.
Objective: The aim of this study was to identify all patients with diabetes in the first 6 months of life through the Austrian Diabetes Register, which is available since 1989. A retrospective data analyses was performed to calculate the current incidence of NDM.
Subjects and Methods: Ten patients were registered with diabetes onset within the first 6 months of life in the Austrian Diabetes Register. Evaluation of detailed clinical data was performed by sending a questionnaire to all diabetes centers.
Results: Ten patients from nine different families with NDM were diagnosed in Austria from 1989 until September 2007. Seven patients (one male, six females) had transient NDM (TNDM), three (two males, one female) showed a permanent course [permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (PNDM)]. One had immunodeficiency, polyendocrinopathy and enteropathy X-linked (IPEX) syndrome and another showed aplasia of the pancreas; no genetic etiology was found in the third case. In three out of seven patients with a transient course of NDM a genetic diagnosis was possible. Two female siblings had activating point mutations in the ABCC8 gene, although one patient had paternal uniparental isodisomy of chromosome 6q24. One patient's family did not consent to genetic testing.
Conclusions: The incidence of NDM in Austria is 1/160 949, with an incidence of 1/ 536 499 for PNDM and 1/229 928 for TNDM.     

Neonatal diabetes mellitus due to pancreas agenesis: a new case report and review of the literature

Neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) is a rare condition (1:400 000 neonates) defined as hyperglycemia occurring in the first months of life, lasting more than 2 wk and requiring insulin for management. We here report on a 33-month-old girl with pancreatic agenesis, an extremely rare cause of permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (PNDM). Timely diagnosis and adequate treatment of both endocrine and exocrine insufficiency may permit survival and normal development.     

Transient neonatal diabetes with two novel mutations in the KCNJ11 gene and response to sulfonylurea treatment in a preterm infant

Neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) is a rare condition that can be either transient or permanent. K(ATP) channel (Kir6.2 or SUR1) mutation, chromosome 6 abnormalities, insulin, or glucokinase gene mutations can lead to isolated NDM. Cases caused by Kir6.2 mutation usually result in permanent NDM (PNDM) rather than transient NDM (TNDM). The majority of patients with the Kir6.2 or SUR1 mutation can be successfully managed with a sulfonylurea agent, without the need for insulin. We report a preterm male with NDM having two novel missense mutations, E322A and D352H, in the KCNJ11 gene. At 2 months of age, successful transition from insulin to glibenclamide (glyburide) therapy of the patient was managed. At 5 months of age, his diabetes went in to remission.     

Neonatal diabetes mellitus

Neonatal diabetes mellitus is a rare form of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus that present within the first month of life, lasting at least two weeks and requiring insulin therapy. Intrauterine growth restriction, failure to thrive, fever, dehydration, hyperglycemia and acidosis with or without ketonuria are the clinical features of the disease. We report four cases of neonatal diabetes mellitus; two of them had a transient course.     

Diabetes mellitus in newborns and infants

Diabetes mellitus is uncommon in infancy and newborn period. The two common forms seen are the transient and permanent forms of diabetes mellitus of the newborn. They have to be differentiated from the transient hyperglycemic states (Blood sugar >125 mg/dl) seen in newborns who receive parenteral glucose infusions and in those with septicemia and CNS disorders. Transient diabetes mellitus of the newborn (TDNB) is defined as hyperglycemia occurring within the first month of life lasting at least 2 weeks and requiring insulin therapy. Most of these cases resolve spontaneously by 4 months. It has a reported incidence of 1 in 45,000 to 60,000 live births. The most likely etiology is a maturational delay of cAMP mediated insulin release. The clinical features include small for datedness, proneness for birth asphyxia, open-eye alert facies, dehydration, emaciation, polyuria and poydipsia. These children are prone to septicemia and urinary tract infections. They have hyperglycemia, glucosuria, absent or mild ketonuria, low basal insulin, C-peptide and IGF-1 levels. Treatment consists of hydration and judicious administration of insulin with close monitoring. Thirty percent of these children are likely to develop permanent neonatal diabetes. Compared to transient form, permanent diabetes mellitus is uncommon. It is usually due to pancreatic dysgenesis often associated with other malformations and rarely due to type 1 diabetes mellitus. The diagnosis is based on the demonstration of both exocrine and endocrine pancreatic dysfunction. These children are managed as type 1 diabetes mellitus. They are prone to develop the vascular complications of diabetes at an earlier date.     

Neonatal diabetes with hyperchylomicronemia

Neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) is defined as hyperglycemia occurring in the first few weeks of life. It can be either transient (TNDM) or permanent (PNDM). A 25 days old newborn was brought to the hospital with restlessness, respiratory depression and cyanosis. He was born at term with a birth weight of 2,000 g. There was no consanguinity between his parents. His physical examination findings were as follows: Weight and height were under 3th percentile, he was hypoactive and dehydrated. Serum glucose level was 800 mg/dl; C-peptide was 0.41 ng/ml. Upon investigation for dyslipidemia in association with his neonatal diabetes, hyperchylomicronemia was found both in the patient and his father. Pancreatitis, anemia and cholestasis were also observed. Insulin treatment was started for his diabetes together with a special diet for dyslipidemia. At the end of 28 months of follow-up, dyslipidemia has resolved but the need for insulin therapy was still existing. However, TNDM was considered in differential diagnosis because he was small for gestational age (SGA) at birth and his symptoms had started at the 25th day of the neonatal period. Delayed recovery from insulin dependency brought out the possibility of PNDM. Furthermore, neonatal diabetes combined with hypechylomicronemia is a rare clinical picture. Reported cases of NDM with different clinical evaluation will help to better understanding of this disorder.     

Neonatal diabetes. Apropos of 2 cases

Diabetes mellitus uncommon in the newborn infant. There are two entities: a transient form and a permanent one. Differenciation is difficult. Transient diabetes, apparently the more common of the two, results in complete recovery. Permanent diabetes requires continued insulin therapy. The clinical presentations of these patients in the first days to weeks of life are similar in that the infants are small for gestational age, hyperglycemic, dehydrated and only rarely have ketonemia or ketonuria. However, the aetiology of the syndrome is unknown. The authors report two cases of permanent diabetes mellitus identified in the first two months of life, and still treated at thirty months of life.     

Neonatal diabetes with hyperchylomicronemia

Neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) is defined as hyperglycemia occurring in the first few weeks of life. It can be either transient (TNDM) or permanent (PNDM). A 25 days old newborn was brought to the hospital with restlessness, respiratory depression and cyanosis. He was born at term with a birth weight of 2000 g. There was no consanguinity between his parents. His physical examination findings were as follows: Weight and height were under 3^th percentile, he was hypoactive and dehydrated. Serum glucose level was 800 mgJdl; C-peptide was 0.41 ngJml. Upon investigation for dyslipidemia in association with his neonatal diabetes, hyperchylomicronemia was found both in the patient and his father. Pancreatitis, anemia and cholestasis were also observed. Insulin treatment was started for his diabetes together with a special diet for dyslipidemia. At the end of 28 months of follow-up, dyslipidemia has resolved but the need for insulin therapy was still existing. However, TNDM was considered in differential diagnosis because he was small for gestational age(SGA) at birth and his symptoms had started at the 25^th day of the neonatal period. Delayed recovery from insulin dependency brought out the possibility of PNDM. Furthermore, neonatal diabetes combined with hypechylomicronemia is a rare clinical picture. Reported cases of NDM with different clinical evaluation will help to better understanding of this disorder.     

Permanent neonatal diabetes with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita and neurogenic bladder – a new syndrome?

Abstract: Neonatal diabetes mellitus is a rare (1/400 000 newborns) but potentially devastating condition, which may be transient or permanent; typical symptoms occur within the first 4 wk of life. The transient form is a developmental insulin production disorder that resolves postnatally. Fifty to 60% of cases can be seen as transient form. Cases that require lifelong insulin therapy can be described as permanent condition. This fraction of cases is less common than the transient form. There are no clinical features that can predict whether a neonate with diabetes mellitus but no other dysmorphology will eventually have permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (PNDM) or transient neonatal diabetes mellitus. Some metabolic or genetic defects such as complete deficiency of glucokinase or heterozygous activating mutations of KCNJ11, encoding Kir6.2, were found in patients with PNDM. A preterm female infant with a gestational age of 36 wk was admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit in the first hours of life due to prematurity and intra‐uterine growth retardation. She was diagnosed as having arthrogryposis multiplex congenita on the first day. Hyperglycemia was detected on the third day of life, and she required insulin treatment. The patient is now 6 yr old with PNDM, arthrogryposis multiplex, neurogenic bladder, immune deficiency, constipation, and ichthyosis. Is this a new form of neonatal diabetes mellitus?     

Neonatal diabetes mellitus in China: a case report and review of the Chinese literature

To recognize the clinical characteristics and outcomes of neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM), the authors retrospectively reviewed 1 NDM baby in their department and compared their data with 39 NDM cases reported in the available Chinese literature between January 1986 and December 2010. Most of the cases were located near the eastern and southern coasts of China, and clinical manifestation of 72.5% of the cases occurred in 4-week-old infants. Hyperglycemia and glycosuria findings were seen in all the patients and in 47.5% with intrauterine growth retardation. Moreover, 30.0% of the cases had polyuria, 52.5% had dehydration, and 47.5% had ketoacidosis. Cases with hyperglycemia, dehydration, and ketoacidosis recovered mostly. Ten NDM cases had persisted after 1 to 11 years of follow-up, 3 cases maintained normal blood sugar, and 7 cases had poor sugar control. NDM is a rare condition and early management includes fluid and insulin and later management depends on the transient or permanent nature of the condition.     

Transient neonatal diabetes mellitus in a child with paternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 6

We report a male infant with transient neonatal diabetes mellitus (TNDM; MIM 601410), macroglossia, hypertelorism, umbilical hernia, inguinoscrotal hernia and onychomycosis. Diabetes mellitus was diagnosed 10 days after birth and resolved after 6.5 months of treatment. Genetic investigation indicated the presence of paternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 6 (UPD 6). The finding of paternal UPD 6 allows prediction of a transient, rather than permanent NDM, and no increased recurrence risk of TNDM in subsequent pregnancies. Therefore, finding of NDM should be a strong indicator for genetic testing.     

Transient and permanent neonatal diabetes

Neonatal diabetes, which may be transient or permanent, is rare. Most patients are full-term but small- for-date infants. Typical symptoms of diabetes mellitus occur within the first 4 weeks of life, requiring insulin therapy and very strict blood glucose monitoring. Subsequent growth and psychomotor development are usually normal. In about 33% of these patients the diabetes remains permanent; the transient cases, however, often develop permanent diabetes mellitus later in life. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency is present in some patients. Neonatal diabetes differs from type-I diabetes in many aspects and seems to form a distinct entity of inborn pancreatic malfunction.     

Epidemiology,clinical characteristics,and genetic etiology of neonatal diabetes in Japan

Neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) is a rare but potentially devastating metabolic disorder, with a reported incidence of one per 300 000–500 000 births generally, and hyperglycemia develops within the first 6 months of life. NDM is classified into two categories clinically. One is transient NDM (TNDM), in which insulin secretion is spontaneously recovered by several months of age, but sometimes recurs later, and the other is permanent NDM (PNDM), requiring lifelong medication. Recent molecular analysis of NDM identified at least 12 genetic abnormalities: chromosome 6q24, KCNJ11, ABCC8, INS, FOXP3, GCK, IPF1, PTF1A, EIF2AK3, GLUT2, HNF1β, and GLIS3. Of these, imprinting defects on chromosome 6q24 and the KCNJ11 mutation have been recognized as the major causes of TNDM and PNDM, respectively, in Caucasian subjects. Although the pathogenesis and epidemiology of NDM in Japan seem to be clinically distinct, they are still unclear. In this review, we summarize the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and genetic etiology in Japanese patients with NDM compared with the data on Caucasian patients.     

Permanent neonatal diabetes associated with other anomalies

Neonatal diabetes mellitus is defined as hyperglycemia detected in the first month of life of more than 2 weeks' duration, requiring insulin treatment. It is extremely uncommon (1/500,000 neonates) and is permanent in only 30% of cases. Several hypotheses concerning its etiology have been postulated, such as pancreatic immaturity, paternal uniparental isidisomy of chromosome 6, and the existence of a gene located in the 6 q 22-23 chromosome region subjected to imprinting and exclusively of paternal expression. The management of these patients is usually difficult. These neonates are underweight for their gestational age, and neither anti-insulin antibodies nor anti-islets are detected. We studied a neonate hospitalized because of low weight for his gestational age with dimorphic features and hyperglycemia since the 17 th day of life. Clinical and anatomical follow-up has been periodically performed to the present date. The child presents permanent neonatal diabetes with negative antibodies. Although various insulin patterns have been used since the onset of the syndrome, management remains difficult. The child presents hypothyroidism, bilateral neurosensory deafness, bilateral congenital cataract, myopia, dimorphic features, congenital stridor and slow weight-stature curve. The results of muscle biopsy and metabolic studies were normal. Wolfram's syndrome and mitochondrial diabetes were ruled out. This is an exceptional case of permanent neonatal diabetes associated with other malformations corresponding to no known syndromic patterns.     

The genetic basis of neonatal diabetes mellitus

Neonatal diabetes mellitus is a rare condition occurring within the first few months of life that can either be permanent or transient. Various genetic defects responsible for both permanent and transient neonatal diabetes have been identified. ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels are key regulators of nutrient-induced insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells. Activating mutations of the KATP channel, which prevent closure of the channel and thus inhibit insulin secretion, are now known to be the predominant cause of permanent neonatal diabetes. Transient neonatal diabetes may also be associated with activating mutations of the KATP channel. However, the majority of cases of transient neonatal diabetes have a mutation that maps to a locus on the long arm of chromosome 6, and mutations in two overlapping genes, ZAC and HYMA1, have been identified as the predominant cause of transient neonatal diabetes. These findings provide important insights into the molecular and genetic basis in the broad spectrum of diabetes mellitus.     

Neonatal diabetes mellitus: patient report and review of the literature

A female infant born at 33 weeks gestation to a gestationally diabetic mother developed apnea and respiratory distress at 6 hours of age. Laboratory investigation demonstrated persistent hyperglycemia, and the patient was treated with continuous intravenous and subsequent subcutaneous insulin therapy. Detailed laboratory investigation to reveal the etiology of hyperglycemia and further endocrine evaluation were not significant. The baby's insulin requirement has continued thereafter, and she is being followed up in an outpatient clinic still under insulin therapy at 18 months of age. Neonatal diabetes mellitus should be considered in the differential diagnosis of neonatal hyperglycemia, and it may develop in newborns born to diabetic mothers, as well as neonatal hypoglycemia. Insulin treatment with close blood glucose monitoring is essential as long as hyperglycemia persists since neonatal diabetes mellitus may be either transient or permanent and it is not possible to differentiate these two outcomes before 18 months of age.     

新生儿糖尿病13例分析

目的 总结分析13例新生儿糖尿病(NDM)的临床特点,为临床诊断和治疗提供参考.方法 对2004年7月至2009年9月广州市妇女儿童医疗中心诊治的13例NDM的临床表现、实验室检杳及临床转归进行回顾性分析总结.结果 13例患儿的平均出生体重为2.30 kg,诊断年龄中位数为2个月,均在生后3个月内起病,初诊血糖均值为22.2 mmol/L.9例因感染而诱发症状加重来诊,有5例有典型"三多一少"糖尿病症状,主要临床表现有体重不增甚至消瘦、烦渴、轻中度脱水,其中3例发生酮症酸中毒(DKA).1例同时伴有发育迟缓、癫痼,3例伴有高甘油三酯血症,1例伴有凝血功能异常,1例伴先天性心脏病(房间隔缺损).有1例胰岛素抗体(IAA)阳性,有6例糖化血红蛋白＞6%(7.2%～14%).所有患儿急性期均接受胰岛素治疗,胰岛素初始治疗剂量为0.56～1.00 U/(kg·d),最大治疗剂量为1.35 U/(kg·d),治疗24 h内血糖均明显下降,3例合并DKA患儿的酸中毒症状均在治疗48 h后缓解,血糖控制良好,急性期无一例死亡.随访至今(最短半年,最长6年)8例中4例符合暂时性NDM(TNDM);3例符合永久性NDM(PNDM);1例于2个月大时自行停用胰岛素治疗,3个月大时酮症酸中毒死亡.结论 NDM多无特异性临床表现,容易误诊误治,早期诊断和治疗预后良好,临床上确诊该病应注意与应激性高血糖、医源性或其他原因的高血糖症相鉴别;NDM可为暂时性和永久性,需密切动态观察.     

Neonatal diabetes mellitus: Insulin pump as an alternative management strategy

Neonatal diabetes mellitus (hyperglycaemia within the first month of life, with an insulin requirement) may be transient or permanent. Management is complex, due to lack of subcutaneous fat and the need for small doses of insulin, and may be complicated by additional medical problems. Three cases are presented, the first of which was treated with conventional insulin therapy. The latter two were successfully treated with subcutaneous insulin pump therapy. We present suggested guidelines for treatment of neonatal diabetes, using this novel approach to management.     

Neonatal diabetes mellitus because of pancreatic agenesis with dysmorphic features and recurrent bacterial infections

Abstract:  Pancreatic agenesis is a rare cause of neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM). It can be associated with malformations of the heart, the biliary tract, and the cerebellum. We report an infant with NDM because of pancreatic agenesis, intra-uterine growth retardation, dysmorphic features, and recurrent bacterial infections. He was born to healthy consanguineous parents. With adequate replacement of insulin and pancreatic enzymes, his blood glucose levels were controlled and his weight slowly increased. However, he continued to develop recurrent serious bacterial infections and died at the age of 11 months with sepsis and respiratory failure. Analysis of the PTF1A and PDX1 genes, which have been associated with congenital agenesis of the pancreas, did not reveal any mutation. Genetic abnormalities of chromosome 6 associated with transient neonatal diabetes as well as mutations in the KCNJ11 and ABCC8 genes encoding the pancreatic potassium channel were also excluded as a cause of the NDM in this patient. The association of permanent neonatal diabetes because of pancreatic agenesis, dysmorphism, and non-specific immunodeficiency is previously undescribed and may represent a new possibly autosomal recessive syndrome.