胆管内超声对胆管微结石的诊断价值分析

目的 研究十二指肠镜下胆管腔内超声（intraductal uhrasonography,IDUS）对于内镜下逆行胆管造影（endoscopic retrograde cholangiography,ERC）不确定的肝外胆管微结石的诊断意义.方法 回顾2007年7月至2009年9月经IDUS联合内镜下括约肌切开取石明确诊断胆管微结石（胆管结石直径≤3 mm）的病例共计22例.总结分析患者的临床资料,以IDUS联合EST取石为胆管微结石诊断金标准,比较腹部超声、MRC、ERC对于诊断肝外胆管微结石的准确率.结果 腹部超声诊断胆总管微结石的确诊率是27.3%（6/22）,68.2%（15/22）的患者经腹部超声发现胆总管扩张.MRC对于胆总管微结石的确诊率为38.5%（5/13）,对于胆总管扩张的确诊率为84.6%（11/13）.ERC对于胆总管微结石的确诊率为27.3%（6/22）,ERC对于胆总管扩张的确诊率为68.2%（15/22）.2例患者以反复急性胰腺炎为主要表现,腹部超声、MRC以及ERC均未发现明确胆总管结石,最终IDUS证实了胆总管微结石的存在.结论 对于肝外胆管微结石,ERC的确诊率并不高于腹部超声以及MRC.IDUS是一种简单可行并且敏感性和准确性高的检查手段,有助于鉴别反复急性胰腺炎的病因.     

ERCP中十二指肠镜下胆管腔内超声胆管取石的应用价值

目的:讨论十二指肠镜下胆管腔内超声(IDUS)在内镜逆行胆胰管造影(ERCP)胆管取石术中的应用价值.方法:临床怀疑肝外胆管结石的患者100例,先进行ERCP,再行IDUS探查,而后行乳头切开取石,并对应用碎石网篮取石的患者取石后再次行IDUS检查.结果:胆管结石93例,癌栓1例,胆管絮状物1例、气体及Mirrizzi综合征各1例.无结石3例.胆管结石中37例应用碎石网篮取石,ERCP取石后仍残余结石3例.ERCP下诊断结石92例,可疑3例,无结石5例,最后结果表明误诊3例,其诊断结石的准确率和敏感性分别为97%、94.8%;而IDUS无漏诊及误诊,其诊断结石的准确率、敏感性均为100%和100%.结论:IDUS可弥补ERCP的视觉误差且在确定胆管结石方面优于ERCP,尤其是在胆管扩张和Mirrizzi综合征时,同时可以预防ERCP胆管取石术中残余结石的发生.     

胆管腔内超声对鉴别胆管狭窄性质的临床价值研究

目的 探讨胆管腔内超声(IDUS)对于判断胆管狭窄性质的临床应用价值.方法 收集2006年至2010年因胆管狭窄行胆管腔内超声检查后手术患者,将IDUS结果与手术结果进行对照.结果 49例患者中良性狭窄6例,恶性狭窄43例;IDUS判断胆管狭窄性质的敏感度为97.7％( 42/43),特异度为83.3％ (5/6),阳性预测值为97.7％(42/43),阴性预测值为83.3％(5/6),准确性为95.9％(47/49);显著高于传统的影像学检查(B超、CT及MRCP).32例患者曾行胆道刷片检查,其中21例诊断为恶性狭窄,准确率为65.6％.所有胆道刷片诊断为恶性狭窄病例均已经被IDUS所诊断.结论 胆管腔内超声可以有效判断胆管狭窄的性质,指导临床治疗.ERCP术中IDUS基础上行胆道刷片对于胆管恶性狭窄诊断价值有限,但是对于明确病理诊断有一定的帮助.     

胆管腔内超声对胆管狭窄的病因诊断价值探讨

目的探讨胆管腔内超声(IDUS)对胆道狭窄病因诊断的价值。方法应用微型超声探头通过ERCP、经皮经肝胆管造影及手术中直接插管3种途径对32例胆管狭窄病变进行IDUS检查。结果32例胆管狭窄患者中IDUS诊断胆总管癌16例,左肝管癌2例,壶腹癌3例,高位胆管癌1例,慢性胆总管炎6例,胆总管结石2例,胆总管囊肿2例。胆总管癌诊断准确率93.8%,慢性胆总管炎、壶腹癌、肝管癌、胆总管囊肿和胆管癌准确率为100%。结论IDUS对胆管狭窄病因诊断有特殊的价值,通过胆管狭窄不同病变声像图的特征,可以鉴别胆管良、恶性病变,并可判断胆管癌、乳头癌的浸润程度以指导治疗。     

多种内镜检查方法联合应用对胆管狭窄性疾病的诊断价值

目的评估多种内镜检查方法联合应用对胆管狭窄性疾病的诊疗价值。方法回顾性分析36例胆管狭窄性疾病患者的诊断情况。36例患者均进行了超声内镜检查术（EUS）、经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）、胆管内超声检查术（IDUS）,胆道靶向刷检行细胞学涂片、液基薄层细胞学检查,并结合临床资料及组织学病理检查,综合诊断。结果最终诊断胆管恶性病变21例,其中胆管细胞癌9例、十二指肠乳头癌4例、胰腺癌侵犯胆总管4例、肝癌侵犯胆总管4例;胆管良性病变15例,其中胆总管结石9例、肝吸虫感染所致胆管狭窄4例、单纯胆管炎性狭窄1例、外部压迫所致胆管狭窄1例。EUS、ERCP、IDUS及ERCP＋IDUS对胆管狭窄性疾病鉴别诊断的准确率分别为77．8％、88．9％、91．7％、94．4％,ERCP、IDUS及ERCP＋IDUS均明显高于EUS（P均〈0．05）;ERCP＋IDUS对胆管狭窄性疾病鉴别诊断的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值与阴性预测值分别为95．2％、93．3％、95．2％、93．3％,均高于EUS、ERCP及IDUS单独检查。胆道刷检细胞学、液基薄层细胞学或组织病理学检查,19例诊断为恶性狭窄,17例诊断为良性狭窄,对鉴别胆管狭窄性质诊断的敏感度为90．5％、特异度为100．0％、准确率为94．4％。结论对于胆管狭窄性病变,ERCP＋IDUS可使诊断准确率得到明显提高;联合应用ERCP＋IDUS＋病变胆管的靶向刷检等多种内镜检查方法,诊断准确率更高。     

胆管腔内超声与逆行胆管造影诊断胆管结石的对比研究

目的 比较十二指肠镜下胆管腔内超声（IDUS）和内镜下逆行胆管造影（ERC）诊断肝外胆管结石的作用。方法 对30例临床怀疑有肝外胆管结石的患者，先进行ERC，再经内镜活检孔道将超声微探头直接送入胆管腔内探查，而后行乳头切开取石。结果 30例患者中，ERC准确诊断结石26例，将胆管絮状物诊断为结石1例，漏诊2例，其诊断结石的准确率，敏感性分别为86.7%(26/30),92.9%(26/28)；而IDUS准确诊断结石28例，无漏诊，误诊，其诊断结石的准确率，敏感性均为100.0%。结论 IDUS可弥补ERC的视觉误差且在确定胆管结石方面优于ERC。     

胆管腔内超声检查对胆总管扩张病因的诊断价值

胆总管扩张是影像学检查中常见的征象,但临床实践证明,除声像明显的结石和直径较大的壶腹部肿瘤可通过体外超声、CT、MRI诊断外,许多病变诊断仍很困难.近年来,胆管腔内超声(intraductal uhrasonography,IDUS)在胆总管扩张病因中的诊断价值逐渐被重视.现回顾分析我院IDUS诊断的37例不明原因胆总管扩张患者的病例资料.     

胆管内超声对胆管结石诊断价值的研究

目的 通过对磁共振胰胆管成像（MRCP）、内镜下逆行胆管造影（ERC）和十二指肠镜下胆管腔内超声（IDUS）对肝外胆管结石诊断作用的比较,评价IDUS对胆管结石的诊断价值.方法 对30例临床怀疑肝外胆管结石的患者,先行MRCP,然后行ERC,同时用经导丝的腔内超声探头行胆管内扫查.IDUS检查完成后,行内镜下取石,证实诊断.结果 30例中,MRCP准确诊断结石22例,将胆管絮状物诊断为结石2例,漏诊2例,其诊断结石的准确性、敏感性、特异性分别为86.7%（26/30）、91.7%（22/24）、66.7%（4/6）;ERC准确诊断结石23例,将胆管积气诊断为结石2例,漏诊1例,其诊断结石的准确性、敏感性、特异性分别为90%（27/30）、92%（23/25）、66.7%（4/6）;IDUS准确诊断结石24例,絮状物4例,气泡2例,无漏诊及误诊,其诊断结石的准确率、敏感性、特异性均为100%.结论 IDUS是一项安全可靠的技术,在确定胆管结石方面优于ERCP和MRCP.     

内镜超声引导下胆管结石移除术治疗孕妇胆管结石的临床研究

目的 探讨内镜超声引导下胆管结石移除术治疗妊娠期有症状的胆管结石患者的安全性和有效性。 方法 对21例妊娠期有症状的胆管结石患者,采用非放射性（即内镜超声引导）的ERCP手术治疗。术中采用选择性胆管插管,置入内镜导丝,观察十二指肠乳头的形态,再行十二指肠乳头切开术。沿导丝置入腔内超声检查(intraductal ultrasonography,IDUS)的超声小探头,观察记录胆总管结石情况,取出探头后,通过网篮或球囊取石,再用无菌生理盐水匀速低压冲洗胆总管,并再次置入探头以确认胆总管结石取净。 结果 21例患者均顺利完成ERCP治疗,总胆红素、直接胆红素、丙氨酸转移酶、天冬氨酸转氨酶术前与术后48~72 h比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。13例患者ERCP后经取石网篮和取石球囊取出结石,取除结石数量与IDUS探头扫查及磁共振胰胆管成像检查相符,术毕放置鼻胆引流管。8例患者因结石较大,需行柱状球囊乳头扩张或机械碎石术,而孕妇不能采用常规镇静或麻醉,故予留置胆道塑料支架,待分娩后再予相应治疗。6例患者发生ERCP术中并发症,其中5例程度较轻。3例患者ERCP术后出现腹痛,无淀粉酶和脂肪酶升高,24 h内疼痛消失;2例患者出现轻度胰腺炎,保守治疗效果良好;1例患者术后出现中度迟发性出血,及时发现后予内镜下钛夹夹闭止血治疗后好转。 结论 非放射性ERCP治疗妊娠期胆总管结石患者是安全有效的。     

胆管腔内超声对胆管良恶性狭窄的鉴别诊断

目的: 探讨胆管腔内超声对良恶性胆道狭窄的鉴别诊断价值.方法: 2006-01/2007-01所有在我院行ERCP及IDUS检查的胆道梗阻患者67例(所有患者随访12-36 mo), 对比影像学诊断差异, 计算IDUS的敏感性, 特异性, 阳性预测值, 阴性预测值及准确性.结果: 手术病理或者细胞学刷检证实为恶性胆管狭窄者共37例, 病理阴性且长期随访证实良性胆管狭窄者共30例, IDUS对胆管恶性狭窄判断的敏感性为89.2%(33/37), 特异性为77.4%(24/31), 阳性预测值为82.5%(33/40), 阴性预测值为88.9%(24/27), 准确性为85.1%(57/67).结论: 胆管腔内超声是一项安全可靠的技术,对胆管良恶性狭窄性质的鉴别有较高的价值.     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.