上海某医院产妇乳汁中六溴环十二烷水平及新生儿经母乳日摄入量的监测分析

Objective To explore the level of hexabromocyclododecane(HBCD)in human breast milk of delivery women in a Shanghai hospital.and estimate the daily intake of newborns from breast milk.Methods Forty-eight delivery women in a Shanghai suburb hospital(Class A,Grade 3)were surveyed by questionnaires.and their breast milk samples were collected from September 2006 to April 2007.All the delivery women were singleton pregnancies,excluding high blood pressure,diabetes,HIV infection and adverse medical history.Three diastereoisomers(α-HBCD,β-HBCD,γ-HBCD)were measured by the liquid chromatography-electrospmy ion source-tandem mass spectrometry.and then esitmated the daily intake of the newborns from the breast milk.Results The total HBCD concentration of breast milk,which was detected in 79%(38/48)of samples,ranged from 0.11 ng/g lipid weight(1w)to 37.75 ng/g 1w,with the median at 1.42 ng/g 1w.The most abundant diastereoisomer was α-HBCD which detected in 77%(37/48)of samples,with a median of 1.24,g/g 1w;followed by γ-HBCD and β-HBCD,detected in 13%(6/48)and 17%(8/48)of samples respectively,whose median were both under the limit of detection (LOD).The daily intake of the newborns from the breast milk ranged from 0.71 ng/kg to 243.46 ng/kg.Conclusion The concentrations of HBCD in breast milk of delivery women in a Shanghai hospital have been in a high level.and the influence on newborns'health need to be further studied.     

上海某医院产妇乳汁中六溴环十二烷水平及新生儿经母乳日摄入量的监测分析

目的 测定上海市某医院产妇乳汁中六溴环十二烷(hexabromocyclododecane,HBCD)含量水平,并估算新生儿每日经母乳HBCD摄人量.方法 于2006年9月至2007年4月在上海市城郊地区某三级甲等医院对分娩后的产妇进行问卷调查,并收集母乳样品48个,产妇均为单胎妊娠,排除高血压、糖尿病、HIV 感染和不良用药史.采用液相色谱-电喷雾离子源-串联三重四极杆质谱法测定α-HBCD,β-HBCD,γ-HBCD 3种非对映异构体的含量,并通过模型估算新生儿经母乳HBCD日摄入量.结果 上海市某医院产妇母乳中总HBCD浓度范围为0.11-37.75 ng/g脂重(lipid weight,1w),中位数为1.42 ng/g 1w,在79%(38/48)的样品中被检出.其中α-HBCD含量最高,浓度中位数为1.24 ng/g 1w,在77%(37/48)的样品中检出;其次为γ-HBCD、β-HBCD,浓度中位数均小于检测限,分别在13%(6/48),17%(7148)的样品中检出.新生儿经母乳总HBCD日摄人为:0.71-243.46 ng/kg.结论 上海市某医院产妇母乳中HBCD含量水平较高,其对婴幼儿健康的影响值得进一步研究.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the level of hexabromocyclododecane(HBCD)in human breast milk of delivery women in a Shanghai hospital.and estimate the daily intake of newborns from breast milk.Methods Forty-eight delivery women in a Shanghai suburb hospital(Class A,Grade 3)were surveyed by questionnaires.and their breast milk samples were collected from September 2006 to April 2007.All the delivery women were singleton pregnancies,excluding high blood pressure,diabetes,HIV infection and adverse medical history.Three diastereoisomers(α-HBCD,β-HBCD,γ-HBCD)were measured by the liquid chromatography-electrospmy ion source-tandem mass spectrometry.and then esitmated the daily intake of the newborns from the breast milk.Results The total HBCD concentration of breast milk,which was detected in 79%(38/48)of samples,ranged from 0.11 ng/g lipid weight(1w)to 37.75 ng/g 1w,with the median at 1.42 ng/g 1w.The most abundant diastereoisomer was α-HBCD which detected in 77%(37/48)of samples,with a median of 1.24,g/g 1w;followed by γ-HBCD and β-HBCD,detected in 13%(6/48)and 17%(8/48)of samples respectively,whose median were both under the limit of detection (LOD).The daily intake of the newborns from the breast milk ranged from 0.71 ng/kg to 243.46 ng/kg.Conclusion The concentrations of HBCD in breast milk of delivery women in a Shanghai hospital have been in a high level.and the influence on newborns'health need to be further studied.     

上海市某医院产妇乳汁中多溴联苯醚暴露水平

Objective To measure the concentration of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)in human breast milk from a hospital in Shanghai and analyze the influencing factors.Methods Forty-eight puerperas from a hospital in Shanghai were selected to answer a questionnaire.and their breast milk samples were collected from September 2006 to April 2007.All the puerperas were singleton pregnancies.excluding high blood pressure.diabetes,HIV infection and adverse medical history.Seven congenera(BDE-28,BDE47,BDE-100,BDE-99,BDE-154,BDE-153 and BDE-183)were measured by gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry and the influencing factors were analyzed.Results The median of total PBDEs concentration in breast milk was 8.81 ng/g lipid weight(1w),and the range was 1.92-41.55,,g/g 1W. The detection rates of seven congeners(BDE-28,BDE-47,BDE-100,BDE-99,BDE-154,BDE-153,BDE-183)were 98%(47/48),96%(46/48),86%(41/48),90%(43/48),83%(40/48),98%(47/48),90%(43/48),and the median of them was,0.88,0.99,0.97,1.39,1.14,2.17,1.41 ng/g 1w,respectively.LogΣ7PBDEs in breast milk from mothers with different education levels were divided into junior high school or lower(0.89 ±0.24),senior high school(1.02±0.17),junior college or higher(1.08±0.28).LogΣ7PBDEs in breast milk from mothers with different income levels were divided as ＜1000 yuan(0.89±0.12),1000-3000 yuan(1.01±0.24),＞3000 yuan(1.13±0.21).Correlation analysis showed that both the mothers'education level(r=0.322.P＜0.05)and income level(r=0.388.P＜0.05)have a positive correlation to PBDEs levels in breast milk. Conclusion It is very common to detect PBDEs in human breast-milk.however,the education and income levels of the mothers my be the influencing factors.     

上海市某医院产妇乳汁中多溴联苯醚暴露水平

Objective To measure the concentration of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)in human breast milk from a hospital in Shanghai and analyze the influencing factors.Methods Forty-eight puerperas from a hospital in Shanghai were selected to answer a questionnaire.and their breast milk samples were collected from September 2006 to April 2007.All the puerperas were singleton pregnancies.excluding high blood pressure.diabetes,HIV infection and adverse medical history.Seven congenera(BDE-28,BDE47,BDE-100,BDE-99,BDE-154,BDE-153 and BDE-183)were measured by gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry and the influencing factors were analyzed.Results The median of total PBDEs concentration in breast milk was 8.81 ng/g lipid weight(1w),and the range was 1.92-41.55,,g/g 1W. The detection rates of seven congeners(BDE-28,BDE-47,BDE-100,BDE-99,BDE-154,BDE-153,BDE-183)were 98%(47/48),96%(46/48),86%(41/48),90%(43/48),83%(40/48),98%(47/48),90%(43/48),and the median of them was,0.88,0.99,0.97,1.39,1.14,2.17,1.41 ng/g 1w,respectively.LogΣ7PBDEs in breast milk from mothers with different education levels were divided into junior high school or lower(0.89 ±0.24),senior high school(1.02±0.17),junior college or higher(1.08±0.28).LogΣ7PBDEs in breast milk from mothers with different income levels were divided as ＜1000 yuan(0.89±0.12),1000-3000 yuan(1.01±0.24),＞3000 yuan(1.13±0.21).Correlation analysis showed that both the mothers'education level(r=0.322.P＜0.05)and income level(r=0.388.P＜0.05)have a positive correlation to PBDEs levels in breast milk. Conclusion It is very common to detect PBDEs in human breast-milk.however,the education and income levels of the mothers my be the influencing factors.     

上海市某医院新生儿脐带血中多溴联苯醚水平及其对出生结局的影响

Objective To explore the concentration of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)in umbilical cord serum and analyze the influence of exposure to PBDEs during fetal stage on newborn birth outcomes in Shanghai.Methods Fifty delivery women in a Shanghai hospital were surveyed by questionnaire.and the umbilical cord serum were collected from September 2006 to April 2007.All the delivery women were singleton pregnancies,excluding hish blood pressure,diabetes,HIV infection and adverse medical history.Seven congeners(BDE-28,BDE-47,BDE-99,BDE-100,BDE-153,BDE-154 and BDE-183) were measured by gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry and the influencing factors were anatyzed. Results Newborns'length.weight,chest circumference,head circumference and body mass index(BMI)were(50.15±0.75)cm,(3.49±0.42)kg,(34.76±1.51)cm,(35.03 ±1.40)cm,(13.76±1.36)kg/m2,respectively.The median of ∑7 PBDEs concentration in umbilical cord serum was 14.06(1.03-379.73)ng/g lipid weight(1w).The detection rate of BDE-28,BDE-47,BDE-99,BDE-100,BDE-153,BDE-154 and BDE-183 were 22%(11/50),22%(11/50),98%(49/50).72%(36/50),76%(38/50),90%(45/50)and 14%(7/50),respectively.The median(range)of PBDEs (BDE-28,BDE-47,BDE-99,BDE-100,BDE-153,BDE-154,BDE-183)congeners were ＜LOD (＜LOD-137.20 ng/g 1w),＜LOD(＜LOD-33.17 ng/g 1w),7.54.ng/g 1w(＜LOD-94.01 ng/g 1w),1.57 ng/g 1w(＜LOD-46.95 ng/g 1w),0.63.ng/g 1w(＜LOD-79.08 ng/g 1w),0.63 ng/g 1w(＜LOD-22.30 ng/g 1w)and＜LOD(＜LOD-21.63 ng/g 1w),respectiveIy.The newborns'BMI showed a negative correlation with BDE-99(r=-0.347.P＜0.05)and BDE.154(r=-0.292.P＜0.05).BDE-99in low-length group(≤50 cm,10.59 ng/g 1w) was significantly higher(t=2.32,P=0.03)than that in high-length group(＞50 cm,3.60 ng/g 1w).Conclusion PBDEs were commonly detected in newborns'umbilical cord serum in this study.Our findings indicated that exposure to PBDEs adversely affected the development of the newborns.     

上海市某医院产妇乳汁中多溴联苯醚暴露水平

目的 通过对上海市某医院产妇乳汁中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)含量的测定和分析,了解该地区人群中PBDEs的暴露水平及其相关影响因素.方法 于2006年9月至2007年4月在上海市某医院对48名产妇进行问卷调查,并采集其乳汁样本,产妇均为单胎妊娠,排除高血压、糖尿病、HIV感染和不良用药史.采用气相色谱-负化学电离源-质谱法测定乳汁中7种PBDE同族体[溴代联苯醚(BDE)-28,BDE-47,BDE-100,BDE-99,BDE-154,BDE-153和BDE-183]的含量,并分析其影响因素.结果 产妇乳汁中7种PBDEs(∑,PBDEs)浓度中位数为8.81 ng/g脂重(lipid weight,1w),浓度范围为1.92-41.55 ng/g 1w.BDE-28、BDE-47、BDE-100、BDE-99、BDE-154、BDE-153、BDE-183检出率分别为98%(47/48)、96%(46/48)、86%(41/48)、90%(43/48)、83%(40/48)、98%(47/48)、90%(43/48);浓度中位数分别为0.88、0.99、0.97、1.39、1.14、2.17、1.41 ng/g 1w.不同学历产妇乳汁中PBDEs水平(logΣ7PBDEs)分别为:初中及以下为(0.89±0.24)、高中为(1.02±0.17)、大专及以上为(1.08±0.28);不同月收入水平产妇乳汁中PBDEs水平(log∑7PBDEs)分别为:＜1000元为(0.89±0.12)、1000-3000元为(1.01±0.24)、＞3000元为(1.13±0.21).相关分析发现母亲受教育水平(r=0.322,P＜0.05)和收入水平(r=0.388,P＜0.05)与母乳PBDEs暴露水平呈正相关.结论 产妇乳汁中普遍含有PBDEs,母亲受教育水平和收入水平可能影响母乳中PBDEs水平.

Abstract：

Objective To measure the concentration of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)in human breast milk from a hospital in Shanghai and analyze the influencing factors.Methods Forty-eight puerperas from a hospital in Shanghai were selected to answer a questionnaire.and their breast milk samples were collected from September 2006 to April 2007.All the puerperas were singleton pregnancies.excluding high blood pressure.diabetes,HIV infection and adverse medical history.Seven congenera(BDE-28,BDE47,BDE-100,BDE-99,BDE-154,BDE-153 and BDE-183)were measured by gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry and the influencing factors were analyzed.Results The median of total PBDEs concentration in breast milk was 8.81 ng/g lipid weight(1w),and the range was 1.92-41.55,,g/g 1W. The detection rates of seven congeners(BDE-28,BDE-47,BDE-100,BDE-99,BDE-154,BDE-153,BDE-183)were 98%(47/48),96%(46/48),86%(41/48),90%(43/48),83%(40/48),98%(47/48),90%(43/48),and the median of them was,0.88,0.99,0.97,1.39,1.14,2.17,1.41 ng/g 1w,respectively.LogΣ7PBDEs in breast milk from mothers with different education levels were divided into junior high school or lower(0.89 ±0.24),senior high school(1.02±0.17),junior college or higher(1.08±0.28).LogΣ7PBDEs in breast milk from mothers with different income levels were divided as ＜1000 yuan(0.89±0.12),1000-3000 yuan(1.01±0.24),＞3000 yuan(1.13±0.21).Correlation analysis showed that both the mothers'education level(r=0.322.P＜0.05)and income level(r=0.388.P＜0.05)have a positive correlation to PBDEs levels in breast milk. Conclusion It is very common to detect PBDEs in human breast-milk.however,the education and income levels of the mothers my be the influencing factors.     

我国四城市成年居民夏季水分摄入来源

目的 调查我国4个城市成年居民夏季每天水分来源情况.方法 采用方便抽样的方法选取北京、上海、成都、广州18～60岁居民64名,饮水量调查由调查对象利用定量用具,记录连续3 d的每天每次饮水量和饮水种类;食物水来源调查采用双份饭法进行样品收集,测定食品中的水分.结果 共有63名调查对象完成调查,每天水分摄入总量的中位数为3045 ml,其中饮水量中位数为1600 ml,饮水量占水分摄入总量比率的中位数为55.8%;食物水量的中位数为1157 ml,食物水量占水分摄入总量比率的中位数为41.4%.成都的水分摄入总量中位数(3566 ml)及食物水占水分摄入总量比率的中位数(55.3%)高于广州(2929 ml,45.4%)、上海(2748 ml,33.1%)和北京(2743 ml,31.3%),差异有统计学意义(水分摄入总量:χ2=10.42,P=0.015;食物水比率:χ2=28.48,P<0.01).男性每天水分摄入总量的中位数(3302 ml)高于女性(2900 ml),差异有统计学意义(Z=2.35,P=0.019).结论 调查对象夏季每天的水分摄入总量超过水分摄入建议量(2200 ml),主要来自于饮水和食物.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the water intake sources of adults in the four cities of China in summer.Methods A total of 64 adults aged 18-60 yrs from the four cities(Beijing,Shanghai,Chengdu and Guangzhou) were selected using convenient sampling method.The information on amounts and types of daily drinking water was recorded by subjects for three consecutive days using a quantitative measurement.The food samples were collected by using duplicate portion method and the water content of food samples were determined.Results The median of daily total water intake of 63 subjects was 3045 ml,while daily total drinking water was 1600 ml,the median ratio of which accounting for 55.8% of total water intake.Water from food was 1157 ml,the median ratio of which accounting for 41.4% of total water intake.The median of daily total water intake (3566 ml) and the ratio of water from food (55.3%) of subjects in Chengdu was significantly higher than subjects in Guangzhou (2929 ml,45.4%),Shanghai (2748 ml,33.1%) and Beijing (2743 ml,31.3%) (daily total water intake: χ2=10.42,P=0.015;the proportion of water:χ2=28.48,P<0.01).Daily total water intake in men (3302 ml) was significantly higher than that in women (2900 ml) (Z=2.35,P=0.019).Conclusion Daily total water intake of subjects in summer was more than the current Chinese recommended total water intake (2200 ml),with the main part of drinking water and water from food.     

2010年太原市普通人群血清中多溴联苯醚负荷水平

Objective This study was conducted to characterize polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)load in human serum of Taiyuan city in 2010.Methods A total of 42 blood samples were collected in Taiyuan city,2010.Solid-phase extraction(SPE)-gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry method was used to measure the concentration of brominated diphenyl ethers (BDE)-17,BDE-28,BDE-47,BDE-66,BDE-99,BDE-100,BDE.153,BDE-154,BDE-183 and BDE-209 and ∑PBDEs was calculated.Results Of the tested serum samples,∑PBDEs ranged from 2.09 to 66.74 ng/gof lipid weight(1w),the median and mean was 6.32 ng/g 1w and 9.84 ng/g 1w.respectively.BDE-209 was the main source of ∑PBDEs and its concentration ranged from no dectecion to 64.99 ng/g 1w.the median was 4.11 ng/g 1w,accounting for 67.6%of ∑PBDEs.Second source was BDE-153 and its concentration ranged from 0.29 to 4.92 ng/g 1w,the median was 0.62 ng/g 1w accounting for 10.1% of ∑PBDEs.Conclusion The overall load of PBDEs in the serum of local residents was low in 2010.     

2010年太原市普通人群血清中多溴联苯醚负荷水平

Objective This study was conducted to characterize polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)load in human serum of Taiyuan city in 2010.Methods A total of 42 blood samples were collected in Taiyuan city,2010.Solid-phase extraction(SPE)-gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry method was used to measure the concentration of brominated diphenyl ethers (BDE)-17,BDE-28,BDE-47,BDE-66,BDE-99,BDE-100,BDE.153,BDE-154,BDE-183 and BDE-209 and ∑PBDEs was calculated.Results Of the tested serum samples,∑PBDEs ranged from 2.09 to 66.74 ng/gof lipid weight(1w),the median and mean was 6.32 ng/g 1w and 9.84 ng/g 1w.respectively.BDE-209 was the main source of ∑PBDEs and its concentration ranged from no dectecion to 64.99 ng/g 1w.the median was 4.11 ng/g 1w,accounting for 67.6%of ∑PBDEs.Second source was BDE-153 and its concentration ranged from 0.29 to 4.92 ng/g 1w,the median was 0.62 ng/g 1w accounting for 10.1% of ∑PBDEs.Conclusion The overall load of PBDEs in the serum of local residents was low in 2010.     

散装熟肉制品中单核细胞增生李斯特菌的定量风险评估

Objective To conduct a quantitative risk assessment for Listeria monocytogenes in bulk cooked meat products in China.Methods The data on the contamination level of Listeria monocytogenes in cooked meat products was from national foodborne disease surveillance network.involving a total of 841samples.All the samples were detected by a qualitative method and 97 samples among them were detected using a quantitative method.The intake data of cooked meats was from Chinese National Nutrition and Health Survey in 2002 and population data in the monitoring sites was collected from National Bureau of Statistics in 2008 to estimate the composition of the population of different ages.which would be the base ofassessing the probability of listeriosis in the different subpopulations.Using @ Risk software to estimate the risk of listeriosis caused by consuming deli meats for different subpopulation(0-4 years old,5-64 years old and 65 years and older)by quantitative risk assessments which involved hazard identification,hazard characterization,exposure assessment and risk characterization and conduct sensitivity analysis.Results The contamination level of Listeria monocytogenes in the most of samples(96.08%.808/841)was less than 3 MPN/g(0.5 1g MPN/g),and the average concentration of Listeria monocytogenes was -0.61 1g CFU/g(90%CI:-1.22-0.46 1g CFU/g).Estimated servings of cooked meat consumption for 0-4,5-64 and 65 years and older were 5.52 × 109,8.99×1010.1.01×1010,respectively.Estimated number of cases(median)of listeriosis each year per million people caused by consuming cooked meats in young(0-4 years old),intermediate age(5-64 years old)and elderly(65 years and older)population were 5.53×10-2,1.72×10-4,7.57×10-3,respectively.Results of sensitivity analysis showed that contamination level at retail,serving size of cooked meats,storage time at home,storage temperature and ERG at 5 ℃ were positive factors for the risk of listeriosis(r value was 0.607,0.408,0.339,0.259,0.183 respectively,P＜0.05).Conclusion Cooked meat products in bulk is a risk food,which could cause listeriosis.Contamination level of Listeria monocytogenes in cooked meat products in bulk is the top risk factor for the listeriosis.     

无锡市南长区2010年小学生龋齿患病情况

目的了解无锡市南长区小学生的龋齿患病情况,及时科学地采取干预措施。方法以视诊为主,在自然光线直视下,使用探针及平面口镜,按象限顺序逐牙检查,经探诊后方可做出诊断并记录。结果在受检的13 427名小学生中,患病率为35.6%,其中男生35.3%,女生36.0%。低年级龋齿患病率高于高年级。结论该区龋齿患病率较高,应加强对预防龋齿措施和策略的研究。     

新时期军队精简整编过程中医院的建设重点

军队精简整编工作进入“实质性阶段”,军队总医院面临巨大的挑战和机遇。要求军队总医院从发展的角度、以长远的眼光审视现实,通过调整、改革、开拓和进取等方式,适应新形势下军队精简整编的总要求。本文从形象塑造、信息化建设、技术创新、人才培养和文化内涵建设等五个方面探讨了军队总医院的建设重点,与同行探讨。     

2007年广西霍乱监测结果分析

目的监测广西霍乱病例及霍乱弧菌在水体、海水产品、外环境及食品的污染情况,以便尽早采取应对措施防止疫情扩散。方法选择2个国家监测点,8个自治区级监测点按相关方案要求开展监测。结果2007年共检测腹泻病人11385例,重点人群17771例,未发现阳性;检测水体2045份样品,检出阳性2份,阳性率0.09%;海水产品4311份,检出阳性9份,阳性率0.20%;阳性均为O1群霍乱弧菌污染,霍乱毒素基因检测11株菌均为非产毒株。结论加强对甲鱼等海水产品的霍乱弧菌污染状况监测和管理,做好群众安全食用海水产品宣教工作。     

2013年上海市奉贤区铸造企业作业场所空气中矽尘浓度检测结果

目的了解上海市奉贤区铸造企业在生产环境中所产生矽尘的职业危害和分布规律,为改善作业环境,保护作业人员健康,提供科学依据。方法对产生矽尘企业进行职业卫生学调查,按国家有关标准和规范对作业工人进行个体采样,并检测生产环境空气中的时间加权平均浓度（CTWA）。结果对63名作业工人进行个体采样,男性55人,女性8人;年龄最小为23岁,最大58岁,平均年龄40.4岁。矽尘浓度范围0.2~9.0 mg/m3,平均浓度为（2.27±1.95）mg/m3,中位数为1.60 mg/m3。矽尘浓度检测合格率为23.8%。各工种在空气中矽尘浓度检测合格率差异无统计学意义（χ2=6.226,P〉0.05）。不同接尘工龄矽尘浓度检测合格率差异有统计学意义（χ2=9.078,P〈0.05）。结论应重点加强对35~49岁组和接尘工龄1~9 a组职业卫生健康监护,进一步加强生产工艺改革和通风排毒防护措施、改善作业环境,有效控制矽肺职业病的发生。     

铁岭市2005年食品卫生微生物检测结果分析

[目的]了解铁岭市食品卫生状况,进一步加强我市食品生产经营单位的卫生监督管理,提高食品卫生质量。[方法]对本市2005年834份食品样品进行菌落总数、大肠菌群、致病菌检测。[结果]834份样品中,菌落总数、大肠菌群、致病菌合格率分别为86.93%、89.57%、100.00%,样品合格率为85.25%。冷冻饮品受污染最严重,合格率为64.29%。[结论]卫生监督部门应进一步加强食品生产企业预防性和经常性卫生监督管理,特别是夏季应增加监督检测频次。     

2006年钦州市部分餐饮单位卫生许可审查量化评分情况分析

[目的]了解在钦州市推行食品卫生监督量化分级管理制度情况。[方法]2006年4~6月根据《餐饮业卫生许可审查量化评分表》对钦州市60家餐饮单位进行卫生许可审查量化评分;关键项目合格,得分为总分的85%以上为良好,60%~85%为一般,60%以下为差。[结果]60家餐饮单位中,卫生许可审查量化评分良好20家,占33.3%;一般27家,占45.0%;差13家,占21.7%;卫生管理、建筑与布局、食品储存和卫生设施4个环节的总评合格率为78.3%。[结论]钦州市餐饮单位卫生许可审查量化评分良好率较低,各环节的卫生设备设施有待进一步改进。应加强食品卫生监督量化分级管理的宣传和培训工作,做好新建、改建、扩建餐饮单位的预防性卫生监督审查,提高卫生许可审查量化评分良好率。     

医院2011年抗菌药物使用分析

目的 分析医院2011年抗菌药物使用情况,总结当前抗菌药物临床应用现象,为临床合理用药提供指导,有效降低细菌耐药性的产生,加强医院感染控制.方法 随机抽取医院2011年抗菌药物药品的出库记录,对抗菌药物种类和药品进行排序.结果 共纳入15 788份处方,2011年医院使用排名前5位的抗菌药物种类为喹诺酮类、头孢菌素类、青霉素类、硝基咪唑类和大环内酯类,分别占24.18％、15.96％、11.71％、10.95％、8.77％;使用数量排名前10位的抗菌药物为左氧氟沙星、阿莫西林、甲硝唑和头孢哌酮、阿奇霉素、头孢吡肟、头孢丙烯、头孢地尼、哌拉西林/舒巴坦、克拉霉素,分别占21.71％、8.04 ％、4.71％、4.29％、3.86％、3.20％、2.44％、2.00％、1.64％、1.37％.结论 喹诺酮类和头孢菌素类在医院使用较为普遍,青霉素类抗菌药物仍然占有很大比例,临床应该根据药敏试验的结果,合理选择有效的抗菌药物,避免经验性用药.     

焦作市2011年人间布鲁氏菌病疫情监测结果分析

目的了解焦作市2011年人间布鲁氏菌病(简称人间布病)流行因素,掌握疫情动态,为制订防治措施提供科学依据。方法对疫情监测资料进行流行病学分析。结果焦作市2011年常规疫情监测人间布病157例,分布在10个县(市、区),以3～6月份发病较高,发病多为男性青壮年,职业主要为农民,占发病总数的76.43%;感染途径呈多样性,感染与日常生活接触有关;发病到确诊平均间隔20天,57.32%的病例通过疾控中心门诊发现;发生聚集性病例的村庄有2个,重点人群血检1578人,琥红平板试验阳性率为6.52%。结论焦作市人间布病发病呈上升趋势,发病有明显的季节性,男性青壮年发病较高与牲畜接触的频率相对较高有关。应进一步提高基层临床医生的诊断水平,广泛开展人间布病健康知识宣传;聚集性病例发生在贩卖、屠宰、养殖、皮毛加工比较集中以及不良饮食习惯的村庄,重点人群监测对控制疫情发现病例非常必要;探索人间布病有效防控机制非常重要。     

湖北省血吸虫疫区部分农村户厕粪便无害化处理效果调查

目的 了解湖北省部分县市血吸虫疫区农村户厕与粪便无害化处理现况.方法 于2007年9月选择血吸虫疫区的6个行政村(4个改厕村、2个非改厕村),每村随机抽查30座农村户厕,对调查对象的户厕建筑与粪便处理情况进行问卷调查,同时采集粪液样品进行实验室检验.结果 120座卫生户厕中,厕屋内无蛆、蛹、成蝇的有114座(95%),而60座非卫生户厕的厕屋内无蛆、蛹、成蝇的有20座(33.33%);卫生户厕粪液经三格式和沼气式的粪池无害化处理后,三格式第三池和沼气池出料口粪液中的蛔虫卵合格率分别为95.6%和98.6%,粪大肠菌值均合格,活蛔虫卵、血吸虫卵、活血吸虫卵均未检出;卫生户厕农户的血吸虫病患病率(8.45‰)比非卫生户厕农户(15.02‰)低43.7%.结论 血吸虫疫区农村的卫生户厕可比较有效地改善环境卫生,且对粪便无害化处理的效果显著,可降低血吸虫病患病率.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the current sanitary situation of the rural household latrine and the effects of decontamination of the feces in some epidemic areas of schistosome in Hubei province.Methods Six villages (4 villages with the sanitary latrines,2 villages with the non-sanitary latrines)were chosen for the investigation and 30 latrines were selected randomly in each village in September of 2007.The structure of the latrine and the situation of the faceal treatment were investigated by questionnaires.At the same time,the feces samples were collected and detected according to the related sanitary standards.Results The rate of the sanitary latrines witllout maggots.pupas and flies was 95%,while the rate of the non-sanitary latrines with the same situation was 33.33%.After non-hazardous treatment in the three-case-cesspool and the firedamp latrines,the qualified rates of the roundworm eggs were 95.6%and 98.6%respectively;the qualified rates of fecal coliform were both 100%:no schistosome eggs,the alive schistosome eggs and the alive roundworm eggs were detected.The morbidity rate of schistosomiasis of the villages with the sanitary latrines was 43.7%,lovwer than those with the non-sanitary latrines.Condusion The faecal treatment of the rural household latrine in epidemic areas of schistosome can improve the sanitation and kill the pathogens in faeces effectively.and also can decrease the morbidity rate of schistosomiasis obviously.     

2003年汕头市住院婴儿住院情况分析

目的调查住院婴儿疾病分布情况。方法利用SAS8．0对汕头市2003年住院婴儿2923例病例进行统计分析。结果婴儿住院的病因包括：早产、新生儿窒息、呼吸道及消化道感染、新生儿黄疸以及先天性疾病等；造成婴儿死亡的前5位病因主要是出生窒息、窘迫、先天性肺炎、新生儿吸人性肺炎以及先天性心脏畸形；婴儿的住院时间越长，入院情况越危急，受到医院感染的机会越大；入院婴儿平均住院日为7．089天，平均住院费用3717．834元。结论婴儿发病入院主要由于先天性疾病以及后天感染，这是家庭及社会进行婴儿健康干预与促进的重点。