The characteristics of enzyme kinetics of CTX-M-14 type extended-spectrum β-lactamase with Pro167 residue substitution

Objective To analyze and evaluate the characteristics of enzyme kinetics of CTX-M-14 type extended-spectrum β-lactamase(ESBL) with Pro167 residue substitution. Methods By molecular cloning and PCR techniques, CTX-M-14 gene was directionally cloned into plasmid pET28a( + ) from a clinical E. coli isolate and formed an expression vector to transform competent E. coli BL21 (DE3 ). Prol67 residue substitutions of P167G, P167Q, P167S and P167T were introduced to CTX-M-14 by site-directed muta-genesis based on overlap extension PCR with the former recombinant plasmid as PCR template, respectively.The wild-type CTX-M-14, recombinant CTX-M-14 protein and its variants were expressed and purified, then their steady-state kinetic parameters (Kcat, Km and Kcat/Km ) against β-lactam antibiotics were determined.Results The kinetic parameters of wild-type and recombinant CTX-M-14 had no statistically significant differences (P>0.1). The 1/Km, Kcat and Kcat/Km values of P167S variant against ceftazidime were 16-fold, 2.87-fold and 43.6-fold higher than those of recombinant CTX-M-14, respectively, and the Kcat/Km value of P167S variant against penicillin, ampicillin, cefazolin, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime decreased( < 0.05). Compared with the kinetic parameters of recombinant CTX-M-14, the kinetic parameters of P167T variant against ceftazidime had no significant change, but the Kcat values of P167Q and P167G variants decreased dramatically(P<0.01). Conclusion There was no difference between the enzyme activities of wild-type and recombinant CTX-M-14. P167S variant could not only promote the enzyme affinity of CTX-M-14 to ceftazidime but also improve the conversion rate of enzyme-substrate complex in the ceftazidime hydrolysis. The comparison of the kinetic parameters of CTX-M-14 and its variants with Pro167 residue substitution showed that the increased activity of CTX-M ESBL variants against ceftazidime could not be simply explained with the enlarged cavity in active site that may be caused by the replacement of Pro167 residue by smaller amino acids.     

Pro167位点突变型CTX-M-14超广谱β-内酰胺酶的动力学特征

目的 对Pr0167位点突变型CTX-M-14超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)的动力学特征进行分析与评价.方法 以携带CTX-M-14基因的大肠埃希菌临床株为模板,克隆目的 基因,重组工程菌,并表达CTX-M-14型ESBL.进而采用基于重叠延伸PCR法的定点突变技术,将CTX-M-14型ESBL的167位点Pro(P)分别突变为Gly(G)、Gln(Q)、Ser(S)和Thr(T),重组构建P167G、P167Q、P167S和P167T四株突变型的CTX-M-14工程菌.表达与纯化野生型、重组型和突变型CTX-M-14型ESBL,检测其水解β-内酰胺类抗菌素的酶动力学参数(Kcat、Km和Km).结果 对野生型与重组型CTX-M-14型ESBL的酶动力学参数进行配对t检验,结果显示两者Kcat(t=1.796,P=0.123)、Km(t=0.559,P=0.596)、Kcat/Km(t=0.893,P=0.406)间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.1).与重组CTX-M-14型ESBL相比,P167S突变型酶对头孢他啶的Km值大幅降低,为突变前的1/16(8.39/134.85);Kcat和Km值分别为突变前的2.87倍(1.81/0.63)和43.6倍(0.218/0.005);且对青霉素、氨苄西林、头孢唑啉、头孢呋辛、头孢曲松和头孢噻肟的Kcat/Km值都呈现出显著减小的趋势(P<0.05).与重组CTX-M-14 ESBL相比,P167Q和P167G突变型酶对头孢他啶的Kcat值亦大幅减小(P<0.01),而P167T突变型对头孢他啶的酶动力学参数无明显变化.结论 重组型与野生型CTX-M-14 ESBL之间各项酶动力学参数的差异无统计学意义(P>0.1).而P167S位点的突变,不仅增强了CTX-M-14型ESBL对头孢他啶的亲和力,也加快了酶-底物复合物的转换速率.通过对Pr0167位点4种突变型酶的动力学参数比较,初步说明突变型CTX-M ESBL对头孢他啶所具备的高水解活性机制,不能简单地归结于Pro167位点被小侧链氨基酸残基取代而导致酶活性中心空间扩大的解释.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze and evaluate the characteristics of enzyme kinetics of CTX-M-14 type extended-spectrum β-lactamase(ESBL) with Pro167 residue substitution. Methods By molecular cloning and PCR techniques, CTX-M-14 gene was directionally cloned into plasmid pET28a( + ) from a clinical E. coli isolate and formed an expression vector to transform competent E. coli BL21 (DE3 ). Prol67 residue substitutions of P167G, P167Q, P167S and P167T were introduced to CTX-M-14 by site-directed muta-genesis based on overlap extension PCR with the former recombinant plasmid as PCR template, respectively.The wild-type CTX-M-14, recombinant CTX-M-14 protein and its variants were expressed and purified, then their steady-state kinetic parameters (Kcat, Km and Kcat/Km ) against β-lactam antibiotics were determined.Results The kinetic parameters of wild-type and recombinant CTX-M-14 had no statistically significant differences (P>0.1). The 1/Km, Kcat and Kcat/Km values of P167S variant against ceftazidime were 16-fold, 2.87-fold and 43.6-fold higher than those of recombinant CTX-M-14, respectively, and the Kcat/Km value of P167S variant against penicillin, ampicillin, cefazolin, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime decreased( < 0.05). Compared with the kinetic parameters of recombinant CTX-M-14, the kinetic parameters of P167T variant against ceftazidime had no significant change, but the Kcat values of P167Q and P167G variants decreased dramatically(P<0.01). Conclusion There was no difference between the enzyme activities of wild-type and recombinant CTX-M-14. P167S variant could not only promote the enzyme affinity of CTX-M-14 to ceftazidime but also improve the conversion rate of enzyme-substrate complex in the ceftazidime hydrolysis. The comparison of the kinetic parameters of CTX-M-14 and its variants with Pro167 residue substitution showed that the increased activity of CTX-M ESBL variants against ceftazidime could not be simply explained with the enlarged cavity in active site that may be caused by the replacement of Pro167 residue by smaller amino acids.     

CTX-M-14型超广谱β-内酰胺酶基因的定点突变研究

目的 研究产CTX-M-14型超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)功能性基因片段的结构特征。方法 质粒电转移及质粒谱分析以定位CTX-M-14型基因；耐药质粒酶切基因文库(鸟枪法)技术及其计算机辅助在线分析以了解此酶功能性基因片段的分子结构特征；对。Ash-104→Glu、Gly-232→Ala、Set-237→Ala和Asp-240→Glu进行定点突变研究。结果 CTX-M-14基因定位在85kb可转移多重耐药的质粒上；采用鸟枪法克隆到1．8kb、2．4kb、3．1kb产CTX-M-14的功能性基因片段，序列分析显示其定位在耐药质粒上转座子基因结构中；Asn-104→Glu突变可显著降低CTX-M-14型ESBLs对头孢噻肟的水解能力。结论 CTX-M-14基因定位在耐药质粒上转座子基因结构中；Asn-104可能是CTX-M型ESBLs重要的活性位点。     

儿童感染肺炎克雷伯菌产AmpC酶和ESBLs的检测及耐药性分析

目的了解广州地区儿童感染肺炎克雷伯菌产质粒介导的AmpC酶和超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的情况及其耐药特征,为临床合理用药提供参考依据。方法采用标准纸片扩散法检测ESBLs,头孢西丁三维试验法检测AmpC酶,K—B纸片法测定肺炎克雷伯菌对抗菌药物的敏感性。结果共检出248株肺炎克雷伯菌,其中46株产AmpC酶,阳性率为18．5％;157株产ESBLs,阳性率为63．3％;同时产AmpC酶和ESBLs菌株阳性率为18．1％。产AmpC酶肺炎克雷伯菌对第三代头孢菌素高度耐药。耐药率达80％～100％;对头孢吡肟、含酶抑制剂复合药的耐药率也在56．5％～93．5％之间：但对环丙沙星、阿米卡星的耐药率则在30％以下,对亚胺培南全部敏感。产ESBLs菌株对头孢菌素、含酶抑制剂复合药的耐药率也较高,在50％-91．7％之间,但对阿米卡星、环丙沙星、亚胺培南仍高度敏感。ESBLs阴性肺炎克雷伯菌对所测抗生素的敏感率均在81．2％以上。产酶菌株耐药率明显比非产酶菌株高。结论广州地区儿童感染肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs和AmpC酶的状况已十分突出：产酶菌株对常用抗生素的耐药率较高;碳青霉烯类抗生素可作为治疗产AmpC酶和／或ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌感染的经验用药。     

Fitness cost associated with resistance to fluoroquinolones is diverse across clones of Klebsiella pneumoniae and may select for CTX-M-15 type extended-spectrum β-lactamase

Lowered fitness cost associated with resistance to fluoroquinolones was recently demonstrated to influence the clonal dynamics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the health care setting. We investigated whether or not a similar mechanism impacts Klebsiella pneumoniae. The fitness of K. pneumoniae isolates from major international hospital clones (ST11, ST15, ST147) already showing high-level resistance to fluoroquinolones and of strains from three minor clones (ST25, ST274, ST1028) in which fluoroquinolone resistance was induced in vitro was tested in a propagation assay. Strains from major clones showed significantly less fitness cost than three of four fluoroquinolone-resistant derivatives of minor clone isolates. In addition, plasmids with CTX-M-15 type extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes were all retained in both major and minor clone isolates, irrespective of the strains’ level of fluoroquinolone resistance, while each plasmid harboring SHV-type ESBLs had been lost during the induction of resistance. Major clone K. pneumoniae strains harbored more amino acid substitutions in the quinolone resistance determining regions (QRDRs) of the gyrA and parC genes than minor clone isolates. The presence of an active efflux system could be demonstrated in all fluoroquinolone-resistant derivatives of originally SHV-producing minor clone isolates but not in any CTX-M-15-producing strain. Further investigations are needed to expand and confirm our findings on a larger sample. In addition, a long-term observation of our ciprofloxacin-resistant minor clone isolates is required in order to elucidate whether or not they are capable of restoring their fitness while concomitantly retaining high minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values.     

同一株菌两种新基因型CMY-22、TEM-144β-内酰胺酶的发现及其临床意义

大肠埃希菌是临床常见致病菌，也是院内获得性感染的重要病原菌。其耐药性的变迁和多重耐药的出现，主要与耐药基因编码酶有关，其中以质粒介导的超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBL）和AmpC酶最为重要。我们在最近一项关于大肠埃希菌抗生素耐药相关基因的研究中，发现1株大肠埃希菌（ZY163）同时携带2种新型ESBL和AmpC酶，现报告如下。