烧伤病房铜绿假单胞菌耐药率及抗菌药使用变化

目的 了解烧伤病房铜绿假单胞菌耐药率和抗菌药物使用变化,为合理应用抗菌药物、缓解铜绿假单胞菌耐药程度提供依据.方法 采集2005年1月-2009年12月笔者单位5717例住院患者创面、导管、血液、大便、尿液、痰液标本,行细菌培养.计算各年标本送检率与细菌检出情况.分析5年间球菌与杆菌菌株数之比、细菌分布情况、铜绿假单胞菌耐药率、抗菌药物使用强度,对细菌耐药率和抗菌药物使用强度行相关分析.用WHONET 5.4软件处理细菌一般情况及铜绿假单胞菌耐药率数据,对其他数据行x2检验与Bivariate相关分析.结果 (1)5年间标本送检率差异无统计学意义(73.2%～76.1%,x2=5.583,P＞0.05).送检的各类标本共检出菌株1675株,细菌检出比例呈逐年增加趋势.菌株来源:创面1434株、导管39株、血液29株、大便3株、尿液13株、痰液157株.5年间球菌、杆菌菌株数之比差异有统计学意义(105:134～181:126,x2=14.806,P＜0.01).(2)各年主要检出细菌是金黄色葡萄球菌(占28%～42%)、铜绿假单胞菌(占10%～25%)及鲍氏不动杆菌(占10%～19%).(3)5年间,铜绿假单胞菌对12种抗菌药物耐药率差异均有统计学意义(x2值为47.911～308.095,P值均小于0.01),其中对阿米卡星、头孢他啶、亚胺培南/西司他丁的耐药率前4年呈下降趋势,第5年有所反弹.(4)头孢哌酮/舒巴坦与左氧氟沙星的使用强度呈降低趋势;万古霉素的使用强度始终处于前列,呈逐渐上升趋势.(5)铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星、亚胺培南/西司他丁、环丙沙星等7种抗菌药物的耐药率与多种抗菌药物使用强度呈显著正相关(r值为0.879～0.978,P＜0.05或P＜0.01).结论 笔者单位铜绿假单胞菌的耐药情况比较严重,与抗菌药物使用强度相关,需要通过严格掌握抗菌药物使用指征、策略性更换使用抗菌药物、联合用药、严格执行消毒隔离措施等综合手段来缓解.

Abstract：

Objective To study changes in the drug-resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA)and the use of antibiotics in burn wards so as to optimize the use of antibiotic in the future. Methods Bacteria were isolated from specimens of blood, venous catheter, stool, sputum, urine, wound tissue from 5717 patients hospitalized in our burn wards within the duration of January 2005 to December 2009. The number of specimens examined and positive rates of bacteria were calculated. Changes in constituent ratio of cocci and bacilli, spectrum of bacteria, the drug-resistance rate of PA, and the usage of antibiotics were analyzed. The number of specimens examined, constituent ratio of cocci and bacilli, drug-resistance rate were processed with chi-square test. Bivariate correlation analysis was performed between the usage of antibiotics and the drug-resistance rate. Results (1) The number of specimens examined showed no statistical difference during the five years ( with rates from 73.2% to 76.1% , x 2 = 5. 583, P ＞ 0.05 ) , while constituent ratio of cocci and bacilli showed statistical difference (with ratios from 105:134 to 169: 126, x 2 =14. 806, P ＜0.01 ). The positive rates of bacteria were increasing in the five years. (2) One thousand six hundred and seventy-five strains were identified during the five years from different kinds of specimens, with 29 from blood, 39 from venous catheter, 3 from stool, 157 from sputum, 13 from urine, and 1434 from wound tissue. Among them, Staphylococcus aureus accounted for 28% to 42% , PA accounted for 10% to 25% , Acinetobacter baumannii accounted for 10% to 19% , and they were the predominant strains. (3)The difference among drug-resistance rates of PA to each kind of 12 antibiotics during the five years were statistically significant (with x2 values from 47. 911 to 308. 095, P values all below 0.01 ). The drug-resistance rates of PA to some antibiotics showed downward trend in the former four years, including amikacin,ceftazidime, and imipenem/cilastatin, but it rebounded in the fifth year. (4) There was descending trend in usage of cefoperazone/sulbactam and levofloxacin, but vancomycin was always used widely. (5) Drug-resistance rates of PA to 7 antibiotics, including amikacin, imipenem/cilastatin, and ciprofloxacin, etc. , were positively correlated with usage of various antibiotics (with r values from 0. 879 to 0. 978, P ＜ 0. 05 or P ＜0. 01). Conclusions In our burn wards, drug-resistant PA was prevalent. Disinfection and isolation measures,appropriate use of antibiotics,etc. can reduce PA infection.     

烧伤病房铜绿假单胞菌耐药率及抗菌药使用变化

Objective To study changes in the drug-resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA)and the use of antibiotics in burn wards so as to optimize the use of antibiotic in the future. Methods Bacteria were isolated from specimens of blood, venous catheter, stool, sputum, urine, wound tissue from 5717 patients hospitalized in our burn wards within the duration of January 2005 to December 2009. The number of specimens examined and positive rates of bacteria were calculated. Changes in constituent ratio of cocci and bacilli, spectrum of bacteria, the drug-resistance rate of PA, and the usage of antibiotics were analyzed. The number of specimens examined, constituent ratio of cocci and bacilli, drug-resistance rate were processed with chi-square test. Bivariate correlation analysis was performed between the usage of antibiotics and the drug-resistance rate. Results (1) The number of specimens examined showed no statistical difference during the five years ( with rates from 73.2% to 76.1% , x 2 = 5. 583, P ＞ 0.05 ) , while constituent ratio of cocci and bacilli showed statistical difference (with ratios from 105:134 to 169: 126, x 2 =14. 806, P ＜0.01 ). The positive rates of bacteria were increasing in the five years. (2) One thousand six hundred and seventy-five strains were identified during the five years from different kinds of specimens, with 29 from blood, 39 from venous catheter, 3 from stool, 157 from sputum, 13 from urine, and 1434 from wound tissue. Among them, Staphylococcus aureus accounted for 28% to 42% , PA accounted for 10% to 25% , Acinetobacter baumannii accounted for 10% to 19% , and they were the predominant strains. (3)The difference among drug-resistance rates of PA to each kind of 12 antibiotics during the five years were statistically significant (with x2 values from 47. 911 to 308. 095, P values all below 0.01 ). The drug-resistance rates of PA to some antibiotics showed downward trend in the former four years, including amikacin,ceftazidime, and imipenem/cilastatin, but it rebounded in the fifth year. (4) There was descending trend in usage of cefoperazone/sulbactam and levofloxacin, but vancomycin was always used widely. (5) Drug-resistance rates of PA to 7 antibiotics, including amikacin, imipenem/cilastatin, and ciprofloxacin, etc. , were positively correlated with usage of various antibiotics (with r values from 0. 879 to 0. 978, P ＜ 0. 05 or P ＜0. 01). Conclusions In our burn wards, drug-resistant PA was prevalent. Disinfection and isolation measures,appropriate use of antibiotics,etc. can reduce PA infection.     

11年间烧伤病房铜绿假单胞菌耐药率调查

目的　总结笔者单位烧伤病房近 11年来抗生素使用和铜绿假单胞菌耐药的情况变化 ,为今后合理使用抗生素提供参考。　方法　调查 1991～ 2 0 0 1年烧伤病房细菌的流行病学 ,从抗生素成人药物平均日剂量 (DDDs)和用药天数排序中了解铜绿假单胞菌的耐药变化。　 结果　 (1)病房菌以金黄色葡萄球菌 (10 .5 3%～ 34.4 0 % )和铜绿假单胞菌 (75 .6 6 %～ 11.4 7% )为主。 (2 )使用率较高的抗生素有青霉素、阿米卡星、万古霉素、亚胺培南 西司他丁钠盐和头孢他啶。 (3)铜绿假单胞菌对抗生素的耐药率逐渐上升 ,依次为 :哌拉西林 (41.5 7%～ 10 0 .0 0 % )、亚胺培南 西司他丁钠盐 (36 .36 %～98.4 6 % )、头孢他啶 (2 3.4 6 %～ 97.85 % )、阿米卡星 (13.16 %～ 10 0 .0 0 % )、环丙沙星 (6 .90 %～ 10 0 .0 0 % )。　结论　铜绿假单胞菌耐药性增加 ,主要与广泛应用抗生素有关。     

烧伤病房铜绿假单胞菌β内酰胺类抗生素耐药基因分析

目的 了解烧伤病房铜绿假单胞菌B内酰胺类抗生素耐药基因携带情况及耐药性。方法 采用K-B法检测来自烧伤创面和病房的铜绿假单胞菌对9种β内酰胺类抗生素的耐药谱。用PCR扩增法检出β内酰胺类抗生素耐药基因的阳性菌株，用他唑巴坦对哌拉西林阻断实验判断上述阳性菌株是否产超广谱β内酰胺酶（ESBL）。结果 12株检出β内酰胺类耐药基因的铜绿假单胞菌对所试的头孢菌素类抗生素和哌拉西林均耐药，其中7株对包括亚胺培南和氨曲南在内的9种抗生素耐药。他唑巴坦对哌拉西林耐药阻断实验提示，这7株耐药基因阳性菌株均产ESBL。本实验扩增出6种β内酰胺耐药基因，分别为VEB、IMP、PSE、FOX、OXA、VIM。结论 烧伤病房铜绿假单胞菌β内酰胺类抗生素耐药基因携带率较高，与细菌多重耐药有密切关系。     

烧伤病房铜绿假单胞菌体外药物敏感性分析

目的　了解并分析笔者单位烧伤病房铜绿假单胞菌的分离情况及对抗生素的敏感性。方法　选择1997年1月—2003年9月笔者单位烧伤病房的536例住院患者,取其创面分泌物、静脉导管尖端、痂下组织及血液标本,用VITEK AMS系统进行细菌鉴定和药物敏感试验。　结果　1997—2003年各年间,铜绿假单胞菌的分离率分别为24. 51%、23. 94%、21. 01%、40. 06%、36. 17%、46. 76%、55 72%。第三代头孢菌素抗菌活性呈下降趋势, 1997年对头孢哌酮、头孢氨噻肟、头孢他啶的敏感率分别为71%、66%、79%; 1998年分别为47%、25%、39%; 2002年为22%、16%、25%;到2003年,第三代头孢菌素基本失去对铜绿假单胞菌的抗菌活性,头孢他啶的敏感率仅为2%。1997—2003年各年间,铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南的敏感率分别为76%、33%、45%、41%、11%、31%、4%,其中2003年最低。　结论　1997—1999年,笔者单位烧伤病房铜绿假单胞菌的分离率居于相对稳定的水平, 2000年起呈明显上升的趋势。该菌对抗生素的耐药性日趋严重,呈多重耐药性。     

烧伤病房铜绿假单胞菌感染的分析与对策

1997年1月～2002年12，笔者监测了本单位烧伤重症监护病房(BICU)患者分离出的铜绿假单胞菌菌株并进行分析。     

烧伤创面铜绿假单胞菌的分离和耐药谱分析

目的　探讨烧伤创面铜绿假单胞菌耐药谱的变迁及诱导型 β 内酰胺酶的产生。 方法对笔者医院 1996年 6月～ 2 0 0 0年 6月鉴定的 4 5 2株烧伤创面铜绿假单胞菌 ,用VITEK AMS全自动细菌鉴定及药敏系统、E test浓度梯度法做药敏试验 ,以K B法为基础作诱导酶的检测。　结果　 4年中临床常用的头孢菌素及亚胺培南的耐药率均有提高 ;其中以头孢哌酮 /舒巴坦的耐药率最低 ,但 4年中耐药率的变化差异也有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,亚胺培南的耐药率在 2 0 %～ 4 0 %之间。 12 0株野生型铜绿假单胞菌中 ,以亚胺培南为诱导剂 ,检出产生诱导酶者为 72 .5 %。　结论　烧伤创面铜绿假单胞菌耐药谱的分析和诱导酶的检测 ,可以及时监控和调整抗生素的使用 ,对避免铜绿假单胞菌在医院内流行具有重要意义     

重症监护病房铜绿假单胞菌感染的危险因素和耐药性分析

目的 研究重症监护病房(icu)铜绿假单胞菌感染的发生率、危险因素及耐药情况.方法 收集171例脓毒症患者,分离培养铜绿假单胞菌并进行药敏试验.采用spss10.0统计学软件对可能的危险因素进行logistic回归分析.结果 171例脓毒症患者中,发生铜绿假单胞菌感染37例,分离培养出 45株铜绿假单胞菌.多因素logistic回归分析显示,近期抗菌药物使用史(or=4.291,95%ci:1.727～10.662)、住icu时间(or=1.117,95%ci:1.058～1.181)、机械通气(or=3.400,95%ci:1.348～8.579)以及中心静脉导管的使用(or=3.339,95%ci:1.322～8.434)为铜绿假单胞菌感染的独立危险因素.药敏试验显示铜绿假单胞菌对头孢寨肟的耐药率最高(68.9%),18株(40%)菌株表现为多重耐药.结论 铜绿假单胞菌足icu常见的病原菌,具有多重耐药性.加强抗菌药物的合理使用、严格执行各种有创导管的无菌操作是减少铜绿假单胞菌耐约的重要措施. abstract： objective to investigate the incidence, risk factors and drug-resistance of pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in intensive care unit (icu). methods totally 171 patients with sepsis admitted in icu were enrolled. pathogenic bacteria culture and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed. spss10. 0 software was used for logistic regression analysis of the risk factors. results pseudomonas aeruginosa infection was confirmed in 37 patients, and 45 strains of pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated. logistic regression revealed that recent antibiotics use ( or = 4. 291 , 95% ci: 1. 727-10. 662) , length of icu stay (or = 1.117, 95% ci: 1.058-1. 181) , mechanical ventilation (or = 3.400, 95% ci: 1.348-8.579) and central venous catheterization (or =3. 339, 95% ci: 1.322-8.434) were independent risk factors of pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. the resistance rate of cefotaxime was the highest (68.9%) and 18 strains (40%) were multidrug-resistant. conclusions pseudomonas aeruginosa infection is common in icu and it is usually multidrug resistant. the rational use of antibiotics and aseptic technique of invasive catheterization are important for the prevention of pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.     

铜绿假单胞菌耐药性分析及耐药基因检测

目的观察杭州市第一人民医院临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性变迁及相关耐药基因。方法采用WHONET软件对2003-2007年临床分离的1489株铜绿假单胞菌的药物敏感性试验结果进行统计分析;用琼脂稀释法测定11种抗菌药物对36株多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）;用PCR法检测β-内酰胺酶、氨基糖苷类修饰酶等编码基因,并对PCR扩增产物进行测序分析。结果铜绿假单胞菌对氨曲南、亚胺培南、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、哌拉西林、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、庆大霉素和阿米卡星的耐药率由2003年的13．4％、10．6％、8．7％、7．9％、12．7％、12．7％、6．7％、15．8％、20．5％、24．7％和10．9％分别增至2007年的35．3％、40．9％、18．4％、32．4％、32．9％、32．0％、21．9％、37．8％、38．6％、39．4％和34．8％;11种抗菌药物对多药耐药铜绿似单胞菌的MIC90均≥128μg/mL。36株多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌中,β-内酰胺酶编码基因阳性占58．3％（21／36）,氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因阳性占88．9％（32／36）,oprD2基因缺失率为80．6％（29／36）。结论铜绿假单胞菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药率呈增高趋势,多药耐药情况严重,临床上应给予高度重视。多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌携带多种β-内酰胺酶编码基因及氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因,oprD2基因的缺失率高。     

烧伤病区多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌DNA的脉冲场凝胶电泳分析

目的:了解烧伤病区铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa,PA)感染的分子流行病学特征。方法:采用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分型的方法,对15株分离自烧伤临床病人的多重耐药PA染色体组DNA进行分析。结果:15株检测菌株中有9株菌分别属于两种不同的PFGE图谱类型,具有同源性的菌株占测试菌株的60%。结论:导致我院烧伤患者感染多重耐药的PA中有同源性的比例较高,提示在烧伤救治中采取有针对性的措施,防止烧伤病房内的交叉感染对于降低烧伤感染率、提高烧伤救治水平具有重要意义。     

烧伤患者耐药鲍氏不动杆菌感染现状和对策

不动杆菌自1911年被发现以来,已确定至少有32个不同种类,其中大部分不致病,广泛分布于自然环境中,并可寄生于健康人体.鲍氏不动杆菌属于莫拉菌科的革兰阴性非发酵杆菌,感染范围包括呼吸道、血液、皮肤和软组织以及各类植入性医疗器材等.在过去10年内,鲍氏不动杆菌表现出多药耐药或泛耐药性,已成为ICU、烧伤病房细菌感染的重要病原菌,是全球面临的临床棘手问题.为此,笔者结合本团队基础研究和临床工作经验,分析和评述鲍氏不动杆菌耐药机制及防治其感染的对策.     

烧伤病房鲍氏不动杆菌耐药性趋势和同源性分析

Objective To monitor genotypes and drug-resistance trend of Acinetobacter baumannii (AB) isolated from burn wards. Methods Twenty-six strains of AB isolated from wound secretion, venous catheter, and blood were collected from burn patients hospitalized in our burn wards from November 2008 to February 2009, and June to September 2010. Homogeneous genotype analysis was performed with repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR, and drug-resistance rate to 13 antibiotics including amikacin, gentamicin, etc. , which were commonly used in clinic, was tested by K-B paper disk diffusion. The data of drugresistance rate were processed with chi-square test. Results ( 1 ) Sixteen AB strains were multi-drug resistant (MDR), 9 AB strains were pan-drug resistant (PDR). Among all strains, the resistance rate to gentamicin, piperacillin, piperacillin/tazobactam, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefepime, ciprofloxacin, imipenem, and meropenem was respectively higher than 90.00%; the resistance rate against cefoperazone/sulbactam was the lowest (11/26, 42.31% ). There were obvious difference among the drug-resistance rates of AB strains to 13 antibiotics (with rates from 42.31% to 100.00% , x 2 = 97. 371, P ＜ 0.05 ). (2)There were 7 genotypes among 26 AB strains, respectively type A ( 17), type B (3), type C (2) , type D (1), type E (1), typeF (1), and typeG (1). Out of the 17 AB strains inAgenotype, 1 strain was from 2008, 1 strain was from 2009, 15 strains were from 2010, and among them 11 strains were collected from wound secretion and 6 strains were obtained from blood and venous catheter. Conclusions AB strains in A genotype are dominant in our burn wards in recent years, which are MDR or PDR to commonly used antibiotics. Cefoperazone/sulbactam is the drug of choice for burn patients with AB infection.     

烧伤病房鲍氏不动杆菌耐药性趋势和同源性分析

Objective To monitor genotypes and drug-resistance trend of Acinetobacter baumannii (AB) isolated from burn wards. Methods Twenty-six strains of AB isolated from wound secretion, venous catheter, and blood were collected from burn patients hospitalized in our burn wards from November 2008 to February 2009, and June to September 2010. Homogeneous genotype analysis was performed with repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR, and drug-resistance rate to 13 antibiotics including amikacin, gentamicin, etc. , which were commonly used in clinic, was tested by K-B paper disk diffusion. The data of drugresistance rate were processed with chi-square test. Results ( 1 ) Sixteen AB strains were multi-drug resistant (MDR), 9 AB strains were pan-drug resistant (PDR). Among all strains, the resistance rate to gentamicin, piperacillin, piperacillin/tazobactam, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefepime, ciprofloxacin, imipenem, and meropenem was respectively higher than 90.00%; the resistance rate against cefoperazone/sulbactam was the lowest (11/26, 42.31% ). There were obvious difference among the drug-resistance rates of AB strains to 13 antibiotics (with rates from 42.31% to 100.00% , x 2 = 97. 371, P ＜ 0.05 ). (2)There were 7 genotypes among 26 AB strains, respectively type A ( 17), type B (3), type C (2) , type D (1), type E (1), typeF (1), and typeG (1). Out of the 17 AB strains inAgenotype, 1 strain was from 2008, 1 strain was from 2009, 15 strains were from 2010, and among them 11 strains were collected from wound secretion and 6 strains were obtained from blood and venous catheter. Conclusions AB strains in A genotype are dominant in our burn wards in recent years, which are MDR or PDR to commonly used antibiotics. Cefoperazone/sulbactam is the drug of choice for burn patients with AB infection.     

烧伤患者耐药鲍氏不动杆菌感染现状和对策

不动杆菌自1911年被发现以来,已确定至少有32个不同种类,其中大部分不致病,广泛分布于自然环境中,并可寄生于健康人体.鲍氏不动杆菌属于莫拉菌科的革兰阴性非发酵杆菌,感染范围包括呼吸道、血液、皮肤和软组织以及各类植入性医疗器材等.在过去10年内,鲍氏不动杆菌表现出多药耐药或泛耐药性,已成为ICU、烧伤病房细菌感染的重要病原菌,是全球面临的临床棘手问题.为此,笔者结合本团队基础研究和临床工作经验,分析和评述鲍氏不动杆菌耐药机制及防治其感染的对策.     

Frequency of Pseudomonas aeruginosa serotypes in burn wound infections and their resistance to antibiotics

Pseudomonas aeruginosa plays a prominent role as an etiological agent involved in serious infections in burned patients. In this study P. aeruginosa infections were analyzed at the Motahari Burn Center in Tehran (from 22 December 1998 to April 1999) to estimate their frequency, antibiotic susceptibility and serotypes. One hundred and eighty-four positive cultures and 205 bacterial strains were isolated among swabs or biopsy specimens during the study period. Pseudomonas was found to be the most common (57%) followed by Acinetobacter (17%), Escherichia coli (12%), Staphylococcus aureus (8%) and other organisms (6%). The frequency of P. aeruginosa resistance to gentamicin, ceftizoxime, carbenicillin, cephalothin and ceftazidime was over 90%. The antibiotics to which P. aeruginosa was most sensitive were amikacin and tetracyclin. The "O" serotypes isolated from the 117 Pseudomona aeroginosa isolates were serotypes O:2, O:5, O:6, O:8, O:11, O:12 and O:16. The most common serotype was O:6 (20/17%) followed by O:11 (18/15%) and O:5 (14/12%). The serotype most resistant was O:16 (8%) and the most sensitive was O:8 (2%). Since treatment of infection with available antibiotics according to the results attained proved to be difficult, prevention of infection in the burned patients is considered as an appropriate means of conquering overcoming infection problems. The sum of frequencies of serotypes O:6, O:11, O:5 and O:16 was more than 60%, therefore vaccination of burn patients with polyvalent antiserum to these serotypes could possibly produce immunity in more than half of the burned patients.