泛耐药肺炎克雷伯菌株的医院内流行特性的研究

目的 了解华山医院泛耐药肺炎克雷伯菌株及其流行的特点.方法 收集2006年8月-2009年12月对CLSI推荐常规检测药物均耐药的肺炎克雷们菌临床分离株,共57株.所有菌株都进行药物敏感试验、超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)初筛及表型确证试验、改良Hodge试验、等电聚焦电泳,聚合酶链反应及其产物测序、接合试验、肠杆菌基因间重复共有序列PCR(ERIC-PCR)和多位点序列分型(MLST).结果 所有菌株都携带blaKPC-2、blaCTX-M-14、blaSHV12和blaTEM-1及qnrB和aac(6')-I b-cr基因.57株细菌中ST423型5株,MIST ST11型52株.ST423型散发,而ST11型呈医院内流行.57株细菌都对替加环素耐药,对多黏菌素、米诺环素和多西环素部分敏感.结论 本次泛耐药肺炎克雷们流行主要为ST11型菌株;不同的肺炎克雷伯菌株,播散能力不同;检出泛耐药肺炎克雷伯菌时应增加检测药物的种类.     

泛耐药肺炎克雷伯菌株的医院内流行特性的研究

目的 了解华山医院泛耐药肺炎克雷伯菌株及其流行的特点.方法 收集2006年8月-2009年12月对CLSI推荐常规检测药物均耐药的肺炎克雷们菌临床分离株,共57株.所有菌株都进行药物敏感试验、超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)初筛及表型确证试验、改良Hodge试验、等电聚焦电泳,聚合酶链反应及其产物测序、接合试验、肠杆菌基因间重复共有序列PCR(ERIC-PCR)和多位点序列分型(MLST).结果 所有菌株都携带blaKPC-2、blaCTX-M-14、blaSHV12和blaTEM-1及qnrB和aac(6')-I b-cr基因.57株细菌中ST423型5株,MIST ST11型52株.ST423型散发,而ST11型呈医院内流行.57株细菌都对替加环素耐药,对多黏菌素、米诺环素和多西环素部分敏感.结论 本次泛耐药肺炎克雷们流行主要为ST11型菌株;不同的肺炎克雷伯菌株,播散能力不同;检出泛耐药肺炎克雷伯菌时应增加检测药物的种类.

Abstract：

Objective To understand the epidemic characteristics of an outbreak of panresistance Klebsiella pneumoniae occurred between 2006 and 2009 in a university hospital of Shanghai, China. Methods A total of 57 panresistance K. pneumoniae isolates were collected from August 2006 to December 2009.Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates were determined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and microbroth dilution (MBD). ESBLs-producing initial screen test and phenotypic confirmatory test and carbapenemase-producing modified Hodge test ( MHT) were performed to detect the resistance phenotype of the isolates. Be-ta-lactamases were studied by IEF, PCR and the product sequencing. While conjugation assay were conducted to understand the transferability of these genes. The genetic relationship between isolates was established by ERIC-PCR and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Except for the antibiotics recommended by CLSI guideline in the routine test, the other antibiotics were added to find out the effective drugs to treat the infection. Results All 57 isolates were highly resistant to all examined antibiotics. All isolates produced ESBLs and carbapenemase. IEF revealed that each isolate produced four beta-lactamases. All isolates carried blaKPC-2,blaCTX-M-14,blaSHV12,blaTEM-1,qnrB and aac(6') - I b-cr. Forty-four of the 57 (77.2% ) isolates were successful to transfer their resistance genes to E. coli recipient J53 by conjugation assay. By RAPD, all 57 isolates were grouped into two genotypes that were further identified as members of MUST types 423 and 11.Sequence types 423(ST423) only occurred before May 2008 and ST11 occurred (52 isolates) after May 2008. Most of isolates of the outbreak were ST11 (91. 2% ). A part of isolates were susceptive to added antibiotics. Conclusion The outbreak of panresistance K.pneumoniae was caused by those isolates which carried multiple resistant genes. There is a different ability of dissemination between different ST types K. pneumoniae isolate. It was necessary to add the antibiotics to find out the effective drugs to treat the infection.     

2010-2016年丽水地区肺炎克雷伯菌blaKPC基因的分子流行病学研究北大核心CSCD

目的 分析丽水地区blaKPC基因分布特征,探讨肺炎克雷伯菌blaKPC基因的分子流行病学变迁规律.方法 收集丽水市中心医院2010—2016年从临床分离的所有非重复产KPC菌株,以梅里埃VITEK 2 Compact系统鉴定菌种,MLST法分析菌株ST型,复制起始子分析法鉴定质粒类型,PCR法扩增检测转座子结构,并以二代测序技术测定质粒DNA序列进而验证blaKPC基因定位,最后从菌株、质粒、转座子三个水平分析本地区blaKPC基因的流行规律.结果 共收集blaKPC基因阳性菌株125株,其中肺炎克雷伯菌111株,占88.8％,且以ST11型为主（103株）.肺炎克雷伯菌中,IncF质粒阳性占48.6％,主要整合缺失型Tn1721/Tn4401嵌合体（48/54株）;而未分型质粒占50.5％,主要整合野生型嵌合体（54/56株）.其中,94.4％的IncF质粒阳性菌分离自2011—2014年,而后急剧减少;而76.8％的未分型质粒阳性菌分离自2014—2016年,且逐年上升.结论 ST11型肺炎克雷伯菌是丽水地区blaKPC基因的主要宿主,且携带含缺失型嵌合体的IncF质粒和野生型嵌合体的未分型质粒的菌株在2014年前后交叉流行,现以后者为主.     

肺炎克雷伯菌AmpC酶基因分型和随机扩增DNA多态性研究

目的了解我院肺炎克雷伯菌AmpC酶的基因分型及耐药情况,指导临床合理使用抗生素。方法采用K-B法初筛出可疑产AmpC酶的菌株,再用三维试验检测产AmpC酶的情况,用多重PCR进行基因分型、随机扩增DNA多态性技术进行同源性的分析。结果从临床260株肺炎克雷伯菌中初筛出57株可疑产AmpC酶的菌株,三维试验检测57株菌中AmpC酶阳性有51株,产AmpC酶的肺炎克雷伯菌大多数是DHA型占90%,只有很少一部分产MIX型占6%、FOX型占2%和ACC型占2%。通过15种药物对产AmpC酶肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性的分析,51株对亚胺培南的敏感性为98.0%,对头孢西丁耐药性为100%,对其他第三代头孢菌素的耐药性均超过70%。结论我院临床分离产AmpC酶的肺炎克雷伯菌主要基因型是DHA型,且呈多重耐药。     

环丙沙星耐药肠杆菌科细菌临床株qnr和aac(6')-Ⅰ b-cr基因的检测

目的 了解温州地区环丙沙星耐药肠杆菌科细菌临床株的qnr、aac(6')-Ⅰ b-cr基因的分布情况.方法 收集2005年8月-2008年4月间温州医学院附属第一医院环丙沙星耐药的肠杆菌科细菌共461株,其中大肠埃希菌370株,阴沟肠杆菌39株,克雷伯菌属细菌52株.应用PCR方法 检测qnr和aac(6')-Ⅰ b幕因,DNA测序检测qnrA、qnrB、qnrS和aac(6')-Ⅰ b-cr基因;接合传递试验方法 探讨细菌质粒介导的耐药性传递情况.结果 461株环丙沙星耐药的肠杆菌科细菌临床株中检出含qnr基因阳性菌株15株(3.25%),包括qnrA基因阳性株5株(4株阴沟肠杆菌和1株解鸟氨酸克雷伯菌)、qnrB基因阳性株4株(2株肺炎克雷伯菌和2株大肠埃希菌)、qnrS基因阳性株6株(2株肺炎克雷伯菌和4株大肠埃希菌);检出52株细菌(包括42株大肠埃希菌、4株阴沟肠杆菌和6株克雷伯菌属细菌)携带aac(6')-Ⅰ b-cr.15株qnr基因阳性的菌株同时携带aac(6')-Ⅰ b-cr,药敏结果 显示对业胺培南敏感但对多种抗生素耐药.15株qnr基因阳性的菌株中7株质粒接合传递试验成功,临床株对喹诺酮类和氨基糖苷类的耐药性部分传递给了受体株.结论 qnr基因在温州地区环丙沙星耐药的肠杆菌科细菌临床株中较少见,而aac(6')-Ⅰ b-cr基因存在较普遍.     

儿童产超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌感染的检测与分析

目的了解儿童感染性疾病中肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌感染时产生超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的情况及其耐药特点.方法对202株肺炎克雷伯菌和134株大肠埃希菌应用双纸片协同试验进行ESBLs的测定,纸片扩散法进行常规药敏试验,按照NCCLS的标准判读结果.结果对336株儿童患者感染菌株试验,共检测出81株ESBLs菌株,ESBLs总产生率为24.1%;其中肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs率为29.7%,大肠埃希菌产ESBLs率为15.7%.产ESBLs菌株的耐药率显著高于不产ESBLs菌株(t＝6.603,p<0.01),对氨苄西林、氨曲南、头孢他定和头孢噻肟耐药,对复方新诺明、氨苄西林/舒巴坦的耐药率也较高(耐药率高于60%),且多为多重耐药株,对丁胺卡那霉素、诺氟沙星、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感率较高(耐药率低于30%);所有被测菌株对亚胺培南的耐药率为0.结论儿童感染细菌ESBLs发生率相当高,产ESBLs菌株已成为引起医院感染的重要病原菌,耐药高且多重耐药情况严重,治疗较困难,需加强ESBLs检测,以合理使用抗生素,延缓和防止ESBLs的发生和播散.     

儿科患者中对碳青霉烯类不敏感肠杆菌科细菌耐药性和耐药基因的研究

目的 研究儿科临床分离的对碳青霉烯类抗生素不敏感的肠杆菌科细菌耐药性和产生碳青霉烯酶的耐药基因特征.方法 收集2008年1月至2010年12月北京儿童医院住院患儿分离出的46株对碳青霉烯类抗生素不敏感的肠杆菌科细菌.使用琼脂稀释法进行药敏试验,测定抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)值,按照临床实验室标准化研究所(CLSI) 2011年推荐标准判断结果.使用改良Hodge试验和双纸片协同试验,进行产碳青霉烯酶的表型确证.使用PCR方法进行碳青霉烯酶相关耐药基因的检测.采用WHONET5.6软件进行数据分析.结果 46株对碳青霉烯类抗生素不敏感的肠杆菌科细菌,26株为肺炎克雷伯菌,占56.5％,13株为阴沟肠杆菌,占28.3％,7株为大肠埃希菌,占15.2％.对亚胺培南和美罗培南不敏感率分别为肺炎克雷伯菌69.2％和80.8％,阴沟肠杆菌76.9％和100％,大肠埃希菌85.7％和100％.46株肠杆菌科细菌,改良Hodge试验阳性40株(87.0％),双纸片协同试验阳性41株(89.1％).IMP基因阳性38株(82.6％),其余8株均未扩增出特异性条带检测均为阴性.结论 目前儿科临床分离对碳青霉烯类抗生素不敏感菌株中,肺炎克雷伯菌最多,占56.5％.肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌和大肠埃希菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素亚胺培南不敏感程度低于美罗培南,对碳青霉烯不敏感肠杆菌科细菌主要产生B类金属酶,均为IMP基因型.     

儿童产超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌感染的检测与分析

目的　了解儿童感染性疾病中肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌感染时产生超广谱 β -内酰胺酶 (ESBLs)的情况及其耐药特点 .方法　对 2 0 2株肺炎克雷伯菌和 134株大肠埃希菌应用双纸片协同试验进行ESBLs的测定 ,纸片扩散法进行常规药敏试验 ,按照NCCLS的标准判读结果 .结果　对 336株儿童患者感染菌株试验 ,共检测出 81株ES BLs菌株 ,ESBLs总产生率为 2 4 .1% ;其中肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs率为 2 9.7% ,大肠埃希菌产ESBLs率为 15 .7% .产ESBLs菌株的耐药率显著高于不产ESBLs菌株 (t=6 .6 0 3,p <0 .0 1) ,对氨苄西林、氨曲南、头孢他定和头孢噻肟耐药 ,对复方新诺明、氨苄西林 /舒巴坦的耐药率也较高 (耐药率高于 6 0 % ) ,且多为多重耐药株 ,对丁胺卡那霉素、诺氟沙星、头孢哌酮 /舒巴坦敏感率较高 (耐药率低于 30 % ) ;所有被测菌株对亚胺培南的耐药率为 0 .结论　儿童感染细菌ESBLs发生率相当高 ,产ESBLs菌株已成为引起医院感染的重要病原菌 ,耐药高且多重耐药情况严重 ,治疗较困难 ,需加强ESBLs检测 ,以合理使用抗生素 ,延缓和防止ESBLs的发生和播散     

7株泛耐药克雷伯菌的耐药特征及其耐药基因

从浙江丽水市中心医院分离到无重复泛耐药克雷伯菌7株:5株肺炎克雷伯菌(K1-K5)、1株臭鼻克雷伯菌(K6)、1株解鸟氨酸克雷伯菌(K7). 菌株鉴定及药敏:取患者痰液标本在血平板上,37℃,18～24 h生长分离单个菌落.采用Vitek2 -compact鉴定仪经GNI卡鉴定为克雷伯菌.取M-H平板上37℃,18 h生长的单个菌落,采用鉴定仪配套的GN13卡鉴定菌株药敏.结果所有菌株对亚胺培南、厄他培南、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟等碳青霉烯类、头孢类抗生素耐药,且均对氨苄西林/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、复方新诺明、氨曲南、呋喃妥因耐药;除解鸟氨酸克雷伯菌(K7)外,其他菌株同时对左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星等喹诺酮类抗生素耐药.     

质粒介导KPC-2型碳青霉烯酶肺炎克雷伯菌儿童分离株耐药基因研究

目的 研究碳青霉烯类耐药肺炎克雷伯菌临床儿童分离株的耐药特点及分子流行病学特征.方法 收集温州医学院附属第二医院2010年7月-2011年6月从儿童标本中分离的耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌12株,所有菌株为非重复菌株,菌种鉴定采用全自动微生物分析仪.改良的Hodge试验筛选产碳青霉烯酶阳性菌株,采用PCR法检测KPC、IMP、bla(s)、VIM、SPM和整合酶基因,测序确定基因型.对菌株进行质粒结合试验、质粒消除试验检测质粒的转移性.脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分析耐药菌株的同源性.结果 12株耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌对庆大霉素、妥布霉素、阿米卡星、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、复方磺胺甲噁唑的敏感率分别为8.3％、41.7％、58.3％、8.3％、8.3％、33.3％;12株菌均携带有KPC-2基因,且同时携带有TEM-1和SHV型β-内酰胺酶基因,其中SHV-11-like和SHV-1 2-like各6株;11株携带CTX-M型基因,其中4株为CTX-M-14-like基因,6株CTX-M-15-like基因;2株携带有OXA-10型基因,1株携带有PER-1基因.未检出NDM-1、GIM、SPM、SIM、VIM型碳青霉烯酶基因.12株均为Ⅰ类整合酶基因(int1)阳性.2株通过接合试验把质粒传递给受体菌EC600.所有接合子blaTEM-1基因阳性、超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)基因阳性及对亚胺培南、庆大霉素、阿米卡星、妥布霉素和头孢噻肟耐药,接合子ESBL基因型与供菌一致.2株菌经质粒消除后对亚胺培南的MIC值均有较大程度降低,消除后KPC-2基因扩增为阴性.12株KPC-2基因阳性菌株经PFGE分成5个基因型,主要为B型和C型.结论 KPC-2型碳青霉烯酶基因已经在儿童肺炎克雷伯菌中播散,常伴随携带多种类型的ESBL基因和Ⅰ类整合酶基因,部分耐药基因可通过质粒播散.     

bla KPC and rmtB on a single plasmid in Enterobacter amnigenus and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from the same patient

Enterobacter amnigenus (EA76) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP76) isolates with multidrug-resistant (MDR) patterns were identified from the same patient in the neurosurgery department of our hospital. An outbreak of MDR K. pneumoniae had also occurred in this department. To characterize the resistance mechanism and molecular epidemiology of these isolates, sequential experiments including antimicrobial susceptibility testing, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), plasmid analysis, pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) were performed. EA76 and KP76 were resistant to all of the antibiotics tested, except colistin and tigecycline. blaKPC-2, blaTEM-1, blaSHV-12, blaCTX-M-3, blaCTX-M-14, and rmtB genes were identified in both isolates, with blaKPC-2, blaTEM-1, blaCTX-M-14, and rmtB being co-carried on one plasmid in each isolate. Further analysis showed different restriction patterns between the two KPC-carrying plasmids. Of the 11 carbapenem-resistant isolates found in the outbreak, all were resistant to all of the β-lactams tested, with 63.64% (7/11) also exhibiting resistance to aminoglycosides and 72.73% (8/11) exhibiting resistance to quinolones. PCR analysis and molecular typing of the 11 K. pneumoniae strains revealed that the seven aminoglycoside-resistant isolates shared the same antibiotic-resistant gene pattern and identical or one-band-difference PFGE profiles relative to KP76. In addition, all of the eight aminoglycoside-resistant isolates, including KP76, belonged to the national epidemic clone ST11. The overall results indicate the emergence of E. amnigenus and outbreak of ST11 K. pneumoniae, with both co-harboring blaKPC and rmtB genes on a single plasmid in our neurosurgery wards.     

Clonal dissemination of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in a Korean hospital

In this study, we investigated the molecular characteristics of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates that were recovered from an outbreak in a Korean hospital. A new multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for K. pneumoniae based on five housekeeping genes was developed and was evaluated for 43 ESBL-producing isolates from an outbreak as well as 38 surveillance isolates from Korea and also a reference strain. Overall, a total of 37 sequence types (STs) and six clonal complexes (CCs) were identified among the 82 K. pneumoniae isolates. The result of MLST analysis was concordant with that of pulsedfield gel electrophoresis. Most of the outbreak isolates belonged to a certain clone (ST2), and they produced SHV-1 and CTX-M14 enzymes, which was a different feature from that of the K. pneumoniae isolates from other Korean hospitals (ST20 and SHV-12). We also found a different distribution of CCs between ESBL-producing and -nonproducing K. pneumoniae isolates. The MLST method we developed in this study could provide unambiguous and well-resolved data for the epidemiologic study of K. pneumoniae. The outbreak isolates showed different molecular characteristics from the other K. pneumoniae isolates from other Korean hospitals.     

Molecular typing and virulence analysis of serotype K1 Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from liver abscess patients and stool samples from noninfectious subjects in Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan

Serotype K1 Klebsiella pneumoniae with multilocus sequence type 23 (ST23) has been strongly associated with liver abscess in Taiwan. Few data regarding the strain types and virulence of this serotype from other Asian countries are available. Serotype K1 K. pneumoniae strains isolated from liver abscess and stool samples from subjects hospitalized in Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan hospitals were examined. Forty-seven serotype K1 isolates were identified: 26 from liver abscess samples and 21 from stool samples. MLST revealed 7 sequence types: 85.1% (40 of 47 isolates) belonged to ST23, 1 isolate belonged to ST163 (a single-locus variant of ST23), and 2 isolates were ST249 (a 3-locus variant of ST23). New STs, namely, ST367, ST425, and ST426, were allocated to 3 of 4 isolates from stool samples. The virulence of these strains was determined by neutrophil phagocytosis and mouse infection models. Except for two ST23 isolates, all Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were resistant to phagocytosis. Resistance to serum killing varied in isolates of ST23, while all non-ST23 strains were susceptible to serum killing except one with ST249 from a liver abscess. All hypervirulent isolates with a 50% lethal dose of <10(2) CFU were from ST23, were resistant to phagocytosis and serum killing, and also carried both virulence-associated genes, rmpA and aerobactin. Multilocus sequence typing genotype 23 was the most prevalent sequence type among serotype K1 K. pneumoniae isolates from both liver abscess and stool samples in the Asia Pacific region. Serotype K1 K. pneumoniae isolates with capsule expression leading to phagocytic resistance and with the aerobactin gene were associated with hypervirulence.     

First outbreak of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae producing both SHV-12-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and DHA-1-type AmpC beta-lactamase at a Korean hospital

PURPOSE: Coexistence of different classes of beta-lactamases in a single bacterial isolate may pose diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. We investigated a spread of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates co-producing an AmpC beta-lactamase and an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) in a university hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Over a three-month period, a total of 11 K. pneumoniae isolates, which exhibited resistance to cefotaxime, aztreonam, and cefoxitin, were isolated. These isolates showed positive to ESBLs by double disk tests. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by broth microdilution testing. All isolates were examined by isoelectric focusing, PCR and sequence analysis to identify bla(SHV) and bla(DHA), and molecular typing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). RESULTS: All 11 isolates were highly resistant (MIC, > or = 128microg/ml) to ceftazidime, aztreonam, and cefoxitin, while they were susceptible (MIC, < or = 2microg/ml) to imipenem. The bla(SHV-12) and bla(DHA-1) genes were detected by PCR and sequence analysis. PFGE revealed a similar pattern in 10 of the 11 strains tested. CONCLUSION: This is the first outbreak report of K. pneumoniae in Korea which co-produced SHV-12 and DHA-1 beta-lactamase, and we suggest a clonal spread of multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae at a hospital.     

Allocation of Klebsiella pneumoniae Bloodstream Isolates into Four Distinct Groups by ompK36 Typing in a Taiwanese University Hospital

The OmpK36 porin plays a role in carbapenem resistance and may contribute to bacterial virulence in Klebsiella pneumoniae. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of different groups of K. pneumoniae separated by ompK36 typing. Among 226 nonduplicate K. pneumoniae bloodstream isolates collected at a Taiwanese hospital in 2011, four ompK36 types, designated types A, B, C, and D, were identified by PCR in 61, 28, 100, and 36 isolates, respectively; 1 isolate was untypeable. Statistical analysis showed significantly higher rates of antimicrobial resistance (all tested antibiotics except meropenem), extended-spectrum β-lactamases or DHA-1 (47.5% together), Qnr-type quinolone resistance determinants (50.8%), and IncFIIA-type plasmids (49.2%) in group A than in others. Seventeen isolates were identified as belonging to 3 international high-risk clones (4 sequence type 11 [ST11], 10 ST15, and 3 ST147 isolates); all isolates but 1 ST15 isolate were classified in group A. The significant characteristics of group C were hypermucoviscosity (62.0%) and a higher virulence gene content. This group included all serotype K1 (n = 30), K2 (n = 25), and K5 (n = 3) isolates, 6 of 7 K57 isolates, all isolates of major clones associated with pyogenic liver abscesses (29 ST23, 11 ST65, 5 ST86, 7 ST373, and 1 ST375 isolates), and 16 (94.1%) of 17 isolates causing bacteremic liver abscesses. Twelve (42.9%) of the group B isolates were responsible for bacteremic biliary tract infections. Group D was predominant (83.3%) among 12 K20 isolates. This study suggests that most clinical K. pneumoniae isolates can be allocated into four groups with distinct characteristics based on ompK36 types.     

Containment of an outbreak of KPC-3-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Italy

From March 2009 to May 2009, 24 carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were recovered from 16 patients hospitalized in an Italian intensive care unit (ICU). All isolates contained KPC-3 carbapenemase and belonged to a single pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) clone of multilocus sequence type 258 (designated as ST258). A multimodal infection control program was put into effect, and the spread of the KPC-3-producing K. pneumoniae clone was ultimately controlled without closing the ICU to new admissions. Reinforced infection control measures and strict monitoring of the staff adherence were necessary for the control of the outbreak.     

A nosocomial outbreak of KPC-2-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a Chinese hospital: dissemination of ST11 and emergence of ST37, ST392 and ST395

In China, Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) -producing K. pneumoniae isolates have been identified. However, little is known about the spread and outbreak of KPC-producing enterobacterial pathogens. In this study, 48 non-duplicated KPC-producing isolates were analysed for genetic relatedness by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), antimicrobial susceptibility by E-test, and sequence type (ST) by multilocus sequence typing. S1-PFGE and Southern blot were used for plasmid profiling, and PCR and subsequent sequencing were performed to determine the effects of genetic background on the blaKPC gene. From December 2011 to June 2012, an outbreak of the KPC-2-producing K. pneumoniae was observed. The 48 isolates of K. pneumoniae are categorized into eight PFGE types (A1, A2, A3, A4, B, C, D and E). The predominant pathogens of the outbreak were strains with PFGE types A1, A2 and A3, which all belong to ST11. Furthermore, ST37, ST392 and ST395 KPC-2-producing K. pneumoniae isolates have also been sporadically identified. The blaKPC-2-carrying plasmids vary in size from 30 to 220 kb. The genetic environments of the blaKPC-2 gene for most strains were consistent with the genetic structure of blaKPC-2 on the plasmid pKP048. In conclusion, the dissemination and outbreak of KPC-2-producing K. pneumoniae isolates in this study appeared to be clonal, and ST11 K. pneumoniae was the predominant clone attributed to the outbreak. This is the first study to report the emergence and spread of KPC-producing K. pneumoniae ST392 and ST395 worldwide. Our findings suggest that horizontal transfer of Tn3-based transposons might mediate the spread of blaKPC-2 gene between different K. pneumoniae clones in China.     

Nosocomial outbreak of septicaemia in neonatal intensive care unit due to extended spectrum β-lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae showing multiple mechanisms of drug resistance

A total of 14 phenotypically similar clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, resistant to multiple drugs including cefotaxime and ceftazidime, were isolated from blood of neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) within a short span of 10 days. Alarmed at the possibility of occurrence of outbreak, a thorough investigation was done. Microbiological sampling of the NICU and labour room (LR) environment yielded 12 K. pneumoniae isolates. The presence of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) in the clinical and environmental strains was detected by double-disk synergy test (DDST), CLSI phenotypic confirmatory disk diffusion test (PCDDT) and E-test ESBL strips. Amp-C screen (disk) test was done to determine Amp-C β-lactamase production. 100% clinical strains, 57% NICU strains and 80% LR strains were ESBL positive. 57% clinical, 43% NICU and 20% LR strains were Amp-C screen positive. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of representative ESBL positive (10 clinical and 5 environmental) strains showed CTX gene and TEM and/or SHV gene in all. K. pneumoniae showing multiple mechanisms of drug resistance was responsible for the outbreak.