气管镜下热消融联合冷冻切除术治疗气道良性肿瘤的临床分析

目的:总结分析气管镜下热消融联合冷冻切除术治疗原发气管、支气管良性肿瘤的应用价值。方法:总结北京友谊医院呼吸内科2010年至2012年间,6例原发气管/支气管良性肿瘤患者的临床表现、胸部CT、支气管镜下表现、病理类型及内镜下介入治疗方法及转归。结果:6例患者均为男性,病程在1个月~10年;病理类型包括:错构瘤3例,脂肪瘤1例、鳞状上皮乳头状瘤1例,肉芽肿1例。全部患者均在局麻联合静脉麻醉下进行气管镜下介入治疗手术,均采取热消融联合冷冻技术。所有病例术后气道完全开通,解除了气道梗阻。其中4例一次性手术清除病灶;1例因病灶分布广,分2次手术;1例因气道狭窄明显且狭窄部位位于声门下,分3次手术。术后无严重并发症,随访无复发。结论:气管镜下热消融联合冷冻治疗原发气管、支气管良性肿瘤疗效确切,简单、创伤小并安全。     

支气管内型错构瘤临床病理学特征及气管镜下热消融联合冷冻治疗

目的探讨支气管内型错构瘤的临床诊断、病理学特征及经气管镜下热消融联合冷冻治疗方法。方法收集北京友谊医院呼吸科2010—2012年间,经气管镜下切除及病理确诊的支气管内型错构瘤病例3例,探讨支气管内型错构瘤的临床病理学特征和经气管镜下介入治疗方法。结果经气管镜下可完全切除支气管内肿瘤。肿瘤病理结果为良性错构瘤。术后气道完全开通,术后无严重并发症,随访无复发。结论支气管内型错构瘤发病以成人为主,影像学表现为叶段支气管开口处软组织影伴远端炎症及肺不张,气管镜下常规活检取得组织体积小,不易确诊,需取大块瘤体进行病理确诊。气管镜下热消融联合冷冻治疗,能快速切除瘤体,同时避免切除部位瘢痕狭窄,效果良好。     

电子支气管镜下高频电刀治疗良恶性气道肿瘤

目的 观察支气管镜下高频电刀治疗良恶性肿瘤的临床疗效及安全性。方法 对20例支气管良恶性肿瘤致气道阻塞行支气管镜下高频电刀烧灼切割术。结果 1例主支气管软骨瘤、4例炎性肉芽肿及14例支气管肺癌患者经电灼后将阻塞气道完全打通，1例气管肿瘤患者经电灼后将气道打通1／2，并安装气管支架。结论 支气管镜下高频电刀治疗良恶性气道肿瘤疗效显著，良性肿瘤避免了开胸手术，达到临床根治；恶性肿瘤疗效直接，可延长生存时间。     

硬质支气管镜联合可弯曲支气管镜治疗淋巴结瘘型气管支气管结核所致中心气道狭窄2例

淋巴结瘘型气管支气管结核由纵隔或肺门淋巴结结核破溃侵入气管支气管形成, 破溃期通常需要在全身抗结核药物治疗的基础上接受可弯曲支气管镜下介入治疗。本文报道了2例淋巴结瘘型气管支气管结核所致中心气道狭窄的患者, 因经可弯曲支气管镜治疗后疗效欠佳, 故采用硬质支气管镜联合可弯曲支气管镜及冷冻、氩气刀等方式, 对气道内病灶进行介入治疗, 迅速解除了中心气道堵塞, 且在保障安全的前提下, 尽可能多地清除了病变淋巴结组织, 促进了瘘口愈合。     

良性气道狭窄病因分析

目的分析良性气道狭窄的病因构成。方法对重庆医科大学附属第一医院呼吸与危重症医学科2013年1月至2018年1月的237例确诊为良性气道狭窄的病例资料进行回顾性总结,分析其病因构成及狭窄部位。结果 237例良性气道狭窄病例中病因前三位为气管支气管结核166例(70. 04%),气管插管术20例(8. 44%),气管切开术后18例(7. 59%),其他病因有支气管异物、气管支气管肉芽肿、气管支气管良性肿瘤、全喉切除术、支气管吻合术后、原发性支气管淀粉样变、气管化学性损伤。在不同年龄、性别中,其病因构成有差异。气道狭窄部位大多发生于中心性气道,狭窄部位与病因存在一定的关联。结论本组病例中良性气道狭窄最常见的病因为气管支气管结核,其次为气管插管及气管切开术后所致的气道狭窄,常见狭窄部位为中心性气道。     

支气管内脂肪瘤二例报道并文献复习

目的 了解支气管内脂肪瘤临床特征.方法 复习国内发表的有病理证据的支气管内脂肪瘤的病例,结合近期北京医院收治的2例支气管内脂肪瘤病例进行分析.结果 40例患者中,男31例,女9例,平均年龄(53±11)岁,其中37例瘤体位于气管、主支气管及叶支气管.主要症状包括咳嗽、胸闷、发热、咯血等.30例胸部CT可见脂肪或软组织密度气道内肿物影,仅9例经气管镜活检诊断.32例患者最终选择外科手术治疗,7例行气管镜介入治疗.结论 胸部CT和气管镜介入检查均为诊断支气管内脂肪瘤的有效手段,支气管内脂肪瘤首选经气管镜进行气管、支气管腔内治疗.     

支气管镜下介入治疗支气管结核气道阻塞82例临床疗效分析

目的 探讨经支气管镜下介入治疗支气管结核气道阻塞的临床疗效。方法 对82例支气管结核气道阻塞的患者在全身常规抗结核治疗的同时,联用支气管镜下介入治疗,根据气道阻塞狭窄程度选择冲洗、钳夹清除、高频电凝治疗及球囊扩张术治疗,后再局部管腔内注入抗结核药物INH。结果 82例患者管腔完全通畅54例、管腔轻度狭窄26例,气道阻塞未改变2例。结论 经支气管镜下介入治疗支气管结核气道阻塞的疗效确切,能有效解除气道阻塞。     

经喉罩或气管插管连接行常规机械通气在全身麻醉介入治疗手术中的安全性

目的 探索并评价使用喉罩或气管插管联合常规机械通气在介入治疗手术中的应用价值.方法 纳入2009年7月至2010年1月收入首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院呼吸科在全身麻醉下经喉罩或气管插管联合常规机械通气条件下接受气管镜介入治疗的患者29例,其中男19例,女10例,年龄19 ～74岁,平均(47±18)岁.观察手术前后的气道压、潮气量、术中血气分析、并发症及手术时间等指标,并对影响通气效果的相关因素进行分析.结果 所有患者术中一般情况稳定,通气效果满意,无严重并发症出现.气管镜插入喉罩或气管插管后,潮气量下降27.1％,峰压升高63.1％,平台压及平均压分别升高43.7％和32.4％;使用气管插管的患者操作前后峰压升高79.3％,高于使用喉罩的患者峰压升高程度(55.3％).结论 全身麻醉下使用喉罩或气管插管联合常规机械通气条件下进行气管镜介入治疗安全可靠.操作过程中峰压明显增高,但整个气道的平均压力仍能保持较低水平;在使用喉罩或气管插管进行气管镜介入治疗时,应尽可能选用较大内径的喉罩或插管,以最大限度地降低气道压并避免内源性呼气末正压的产生.     

良性气管狭窄158例病因及介入治疗疗效分析

目的 了解良性气管狭窄的病因构成及呼吸介入治疗良性气管狭窄的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2005年9月至2012年9月广州呼吸疾病研究所收治的158例良性气管狭窄患者的临床资料以及呼吸介入治疗的疗效.结果 良性气管狭窄占同期良性中央气道狭窄患者的38.2％(158/413).158例良性气管狭窄病因构成包括气管插管或气管切开术后狭窄97例(61.4％,其中气管插管52例,气管切开术后45例),气管结核26例(16.5％),良性肿瘤8例(5.1％),吸入性损伤7例(4.4％),复发性多软骨炎6例(3.8％),放疗后狭窄2例(1.3％),气管吻合术后狭窄2例(1.3％),其他原因10例(6.2％).149例良性气管狭窄患者经呼吸介入治疗后咳嗽气促等症状明显缓解,气管内径由治疗前(4.22±2.06) mm增加至(10.16±2.99) mm(t =21.48,P＜0.01),气促评分由治疗前2.29±0.75下降至0.63 ±0.67(t=19.85,P ＜0.01),介入治疗的近期有效率为94.3％;经介入治疗1个月和3个月,气管狭窄的复发率分别为38.3％和26.8％.结论 良性气管狭窄的发病有逐年增多的趋势;气管插管和气管切开术后为最常见的构成病因,其次是气管结核;呼吸介入治疗良性气管狭窄近期疗效良好,但部分患者反复出现再狭窄,需各种呼吸介入方法多次、联合治疗.     

气管镜下氩等离子体凝切术联合冷冻治疗气道良性肿瘤五例临床分析

原发性气管支气管良性肿瘤临床少见,既往由于技术限制,多数患者采取开胸手术治疗.近几年随着气管镜介入治疗的进展,激光、高频电、氩等离子体凝切术、冷冻、微波及光动力等技术均可用于治疗(支)气管腔内良性肿瘤.其中氩等离子体凝切术( argon plasma coagulation,APC)和冷冻治疗具备良好的疗效和安全性,临床应用日渐增多.现回顾分析2009年1月至2011年1月浙江大学附属邵逸夫医院收治的确诊为气管和(或)支气管良性肿瘤、接受APC联合冷冻治疗并随访1年以上的5例病例资料,分析诊疗过程,探讨APC联合冷冻治疗在(支)气管良性肿瘤中的应用价值.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.