兔眼球后Tenon囊下灌注Bevacizumab的眼内通透性研究

目的：比较兔眼球后Tenon囊下灌注和玻璃体腔注射bevacizumab后玻璃体和血清中的浓度,并观察bevacizumab视网膜荧光显影,探讨bevacizumab球后Tenon囊下灌注的眼内通透性和眼外给药途径的可行性。

方法：实验用健康成年新西兰兔20只,随机分为A组和B组,A组均单眼接受单次玻璃体腔注射1.25mg bevacizumab(1.25mg/0.05mL),B组均单眼单次Tenon囊下灌注5mg bevacizumab(5mg/0.2mL)。1、3d后抽取玻璃体和血液,使用双抗体夹心Elisa检测玻璃体和血清中bevacizumab药物浓度,比较两组中玻璃体和血清内bevacizumab浓度差异,并通过激光共聚焦观察视网膜免疫荧光。

结果：给药1d后,A组和B组玻璃体腔内bevacizumab药物浓度分别为254.40±13.65、1.60±0.32μg/mL。A组和B组血清内bevacizumab药物浓度分别为0.55±0.15、0.63±0.05μg/mL,两组血清bevacizumab浓度比较差异无统计学意义(t=1.168,P=0.277)。给药3d后,A组和B组玻璃体腔内bevacizumab药物浓度分别为236.80±8.70、1.40±0.23μg/mL,A组和B组血清内bevacizumab药物浓度分别为0.66±0.17、0.64±0.14μg/mL,两组血清内bevacizumab浓度比较差异无统计学意义(t=0.207,P=0.841),两种给药方式视网膜各层荧光分布均能明显显现。

结论：给药1、3d后玻璃体腔注药组在玻璃体腔内bevacizumab药物浓度要明显高于Tenon囊下灌注组,玻璃体腔内注射是较为有效的给药途径,而球后Tenon囊下灌注也能使bevacizumab进入玻璃体腔而且达到完全抑制VEGF活动所需的浓度(>500ng/mL),并能至少持续3d以上,两种给药方法在血清中均能检测到较高浓度的bevacizumab,且两者浓度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),两种给药方式视网膜各层荧光分布均能明显显现,提示两种给药方式药物均能作用于视网膜各层。     

后Tenon囊下注射曲安奈德治疗弥漫性糖尿病黄斑水肿的临床观察

目的 观察后Tenon囊下注射TA治疗格栅样光凝失败的弥漫性DME的有效性和安全性.方法 选择因患弥漫性DME并已行格栅样光凝无效的患者(时间至少3个月以上)39例(42只眼).随机分二组,一组给予后Tenon囊下注射TA(posterior subtenon TA,PSTT)20mg/0.5ml;另外一组给予玻璃体腔内注射TA(intravitreal TA,IVTA)4mg/0.1ml,分别于治疗前、治疗后1、2和3月进行最佳矫正视力、OCT、眼压等检查,同时观察治疗后并发症,对结果进行统计分析,评价两种给药方式的临床疗效及安全性.结果 PSTT组和IVTA组治疗后1、2和3月的最佳矫正视力(best-corrected visual acuity,BCVA)均提高,与治疗前视力相比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01).两种注射方法之间在治疗前和治疗后各不同时间点,BCVA变化无统计学差异(P>0.05).PSTT组和IVTA组治疗后1月、2月和3月黄斑中心凹厚度与治疗前相比明显减低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01).两种注射方法之间在治疗前和治疗后各不同时间点,黄斑中心凹厚度差别无统计学差异(P>0.05).PSTT组治疗后眼压升高3例,占13.6%;IVTA组治疗后眼压升高6例,占30%,假性眼内炎1例.结论 后Tenon囊下注射TA和玻璃体腔内注射TA对于格栅样光凝失败的弥漫性DME患者,都能在短期内不同程度地提高患者中心视力,有效降低黄斑区视网膜水肿.虽然玻璃体腔注射给药方式效果更为明显,但后Tenon囊下注射仍不失为一种安全、有效的给药途径.     

后Tenon囊下注射曲安奈德联合玻璃体切割术在脉络膜脱离型视网膜脱离中的应用

背景 曲安奈德具有抗光作用,脉络膜脱离型视网膜脱离(RD/CD)术前玻璃体腔内注射TA可减轻炎症反应,改善手术效果,但由于术前眼压低,玻璃体腔注射易引起并发症.关于后Tenon囊下注射TA在RD/CD中的有效性和安全性尚未见报道. 目的 探讨后Tenon囊下注射TA治疗RD/CD的疗效及安全性.方法 采用回顾性研究方法,收集于2010年5月至2014年6月在温州医科大学附属眼视光医院首诊为RD/CD且接受手术的患者22例22眼的病历资料,患眼均于玻璃体切割术前5d行后Tenon囊下注射TA混悬液40 mg(0.4 ml),注药后观察葡萄膜的炎性反应.使用Goldmann眼压计和B型超声仪观察注药前及注药后5d患眼眼压、脉络膜脱离高度及脱离范围的变化,同时监测血压及血糖的变化,并于注药5d后行玻璃体切割术,所有患者术后随访3个月以上. 结果 行TA的后Tenon囊下注射的22眼葡萄膜炎症状均不同程度减轻;注药前患眼平均眼压为(5.4--.2.9) mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),注射TA后5d患眼平均眼压为(8.2±4.3) mmHg,眼压上升2.8 mmHg,差异有统计学意义(t=3.430,P＜0.01).注药前患眼平均脉络膜脱离高度为5.2(3.1,6.6)mm,注药后5d平均脉络膜脱离高度为0.9(0,3.8)mm,脉络膜脱离高度显著降低,差异有统计学意义(Z=-4.198,P＜0.01).注药前患眼平均脉络膜脱离范围为12(10,12)个点位,注药后5d平均脉络膜脱离范围为3(0,6)个点位,脱离范围显著下降,差异有统计学意义(Z=-4.124,P＜0.01).患者注药前后血糖、血压变化的差异均无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).术眼术前、术后1个月和3个月LogMAR视力分别为2.14±0.46、1.29±0.57和1.17±0.55,术后视力较术前明显好转,总体比较差异有统计学意义(F=22.060,P＜0.001).视网膜复位率为95.5％.7眼术后出现高眼压,其中5眼使用局部降眼压药物治疗后恢复,2眼药物取出后眼压恢复正常. 结论 RD/CD术前行TA后Tenon囊下注射能减轻术眼葡萄膜炎反应,升高眼压及降低脉络膜脱离,对血糖、血压影响小.     

曲安奈德玻璃体腔注射的并发症

曲安奈德（Triamcinolone acetonide TA）作为一种长效皮质类固醇激素已在眼科得到广泛应用，给药方式主要包括结膜下注射、Tenon，s囊下注射和球后注射，但由于治疗部位的有效浓度低、治疗效果不明显使这些给药方式受到一定的限制。近两年来，玻璃体腔注射曲安奈德（Intravitreal Triamcinolone acetonide IVTA）由于局部药物浓度高已得到推广。玻璃体腔注射曲安奈德主要用于治疗各种内眼性、新生血管性、增殖性或水肿性疾病，诸如弥漫性糖尿病黄斑水肿，视网膜静脉阻塞所致黄斑水肿，增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变，增殖性玻璃体视网膜病变，年龄相关性黄斑变性所致视网膜下新生血管，慢性早期结核性低眼压∥慢性葡萄膜炎和白内障术后持续性黄斑囊样水肿。曲安奈德确切的治疗机制虽尚不清楚，但是有几个假说，例如降低局部炎症介质，使钙通道上调，降低血管内皮生长因子的浓度，改善血——网膜屏障的功能。目前国内外已在广泛应用玻璃体腔注射曲安奈德，临床效果也很明显，但与此相关的并发症也有报道。玻璃体腔注射曲安奈德的并发症主要分为两类：手术相关性并发症和激素相关性并发症。     

玻璃体腔内注射曲安奈德后早期眼压变化和前房穿刺对眼压的影响

目的观察玻璃体腔内注射曲安奈德（TA）后眼压的早期变化以及前房穿刺对眼压的影响。方法将接受玻璃体腔内注射TA治疗的20例20眼患者随机分为前房穿刺组（A组）和未进行前房穿刺组（B组）,各10例10眼。A组在玻璃体腔内注射TA后前房穿刺并抽取0.05 mL房水,B组仅玻璃体腔内注射TA。应用Goldmann眼压计于玻璃体腔内注射前及注射后2、15、30 min,1 h,1 d,1周测量眼压,对2组注射前后眼压的变化进行对比研究。结果 A组注射前平均眼压为（13.70±2.52）mmHg,注射后2 min时为（8.20±1.33）mmHg,15 min时为（11.32±1.52）mmHg,A组注射后2 min时的眼压明显低于组内其他时间点,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。B组注射前平均眼压为（15.32±1.73）mmHg,注射后2 min时为（39.23±9.31）mmHg,15 min时为（16.24±3.52）mmHg,B组TA注射后2 min眼压明显高于注射前,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,注射后15 min恢复到正常眼压水平（16.24±3.52）mmHg。A组在注射后2 min的眼压明显低于B组同时间点的眼压,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。A组注射后早期可见一过性前房闪辉,B组未见眼部不良反应。结论玻璃体腔内注射TA后早期可引起一过性眼压升高,可选择性进行前房穿刺。前房穿刺和玻璃体腔内TA注射是安全的。     

后Tenon囊下注射曲安奈德联合格栅样光凝治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞黄斑水肿的临床疗效观察

目的观察后Tenon囊下注射曲安奈德（TA）联合格栅样光凝治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞（BRVO）黄斑水肿的临床疗效。方法选择我院门诊2009年5月至2011年10月缺血型BRVO黄斑水肿眼48例,随机分为两组,激光格栅样光凝治疗组和后Tenon囊下注射TA联合激光格栅样光凝治疗组,两组均先行激光格栅样光凝治疗黄斑水肿,实验组随后行TA40mg后Tenon囊下注射。观测两组治疗前和治疗后3天、1周、1月、3个月时视力、眼压、荧光素眼底血管造影（FFA）。结果所有患眼视力均有不同程度提高,实验组1周内6例视力提高,1,3月同期两组视力提高比较,有显著差异沪〈0．05）,FFA显示黄斑水肿减轻或消退。2月内暂时性眼压轻度升高6只眼,经局部药物治疗后3个月内均恢复正常。所有患眼未见眼内炎、眼球壁穿孔、眼眶出血等并发症。结论后Tenon囊下注射TA联合黄斑格栅样光凝治疗BRVO黄斑水肿效果明显,恢复快。     

曲安奈德两种给药方式治疗糖尿病性黄斑水肿的疗效对比观察

目的观察曲安奈德注射液玻璃体腔注射（IVI）和Tenon囊下给药（STi）治疗糖尿病性黄斑水肿的疗效。设计回顾性病例系列。研究对象37例通过荧光素眼底血管造影（FFA）和相干光断层扫描（OCT）诊断的糖尿病性黄斑水肿患者。方法分别给予一次性曲安奈德（4mg）玻璃体腔注射（n=19）或三次（0d、2w、4w）Tenon囊下给药（40mg／次）（n=18）。治疗后4、8、12、16、20、24W复查最佳矫正视力、眼底、眼压、FFA、OCT,评价其疗效。主要指标视力、视网膜黄斑中心凹厚度、眼压。结果32例患者完成了24周的观察研究。IVI组治疗前及治疗后24周的视力分别为（0．10±0．03）、（0．24±0．06）（F=15．459,P=0．000）;黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度分别为（460．73±46．33）μm、（394．53±41．43）μm（F=25．282,P=0．0000）。STi组治疗前及治疗后24周的视力分别为（0．11±0．04）、（0．18±0．07）（F=6．989,P=0．000）;黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度分别为（454．76±56．28）μm、（424．94±42．69）μm（F=5．145,P=0．000）。同一时间点,IVI的治疗效果较STi更显著,差异具有统计学意义（P均〈0．05）。两组患者未出现严重、不可逆转并发症。结论曲安奈德玻璃体腔注射和Tenon囊下多次给药均是治疗糖尿病性黄斑水肿的有效方法;玻璃体腔注射效果更显著,Tenon囊下给药更安全。（眼科,2009,18：246—250）     

苦参碱聚乳酸微球玻璃体腔内注射的药代动力学研究

目的研究苦参碱聚乳酸微球玻璃体腔注射后的药代动力学特点。方法将30只新西兰白兔随机分为10组,每组3只兔（6只眼）。除空白组外,其余各组每只眼玻璃体腔均注入苦参碱聚乳酸微球（含苦参碱4 mg）。分别在注药后10 min,2 h,1、3、7、14、21、28、35 d各处死1组动物取双侧眼球并制备玻璃体样本。应用高效液相色谱法检测玻璃体腔药物质量浓度,用DAS软件计算主要的药代动力学参数。结果玻璃体腔注入苦参碱聚乳酸微球（含苦参碱4 mg）后,药物在玻璃体内的平均滞留时间MRT=（221.64±9.70）h,半衰期t1/2=（173.77±32.33）h。缓释微球在玻璃体腔释药可达35 d以上,35 d时药物质量浓度为（121.8±34.6）μg/mL。随时间延长,药物的总体清除率稳定增加。结论玻璃体腔注入苦参碱聚乳酸微球（含苦参碱4 mg）,药物在眼内清除较慢,清除时间明显延长,在玻璃体腔内能够长时间维持较高的质量浓度,表现出良好的体内缓释性。     

曲安奈德不同给药方式联合光凝对糖尿病性黄斑水肿的疗效观察

目的总结曲安奈德（triamcinolone acetonide,TA）联合黄斑部格栅样光凝对糖尿病性黄斑水肿的疗效．评估TA的两种不同给药方式（玻璃体腔和球周注射）的安全性。方法将48例（50眼）弥漫性黄斑水肿患者随机分为曲安奈德玻璃体腔（0．1ml,4mg）注射组（25眼）和曲安奈德球周（1ml,40mg）注射组（25眼）,两组均在注药1个月后行黄斑部格栅样光凝．观察两组注药后第1、第6、第10个月的最佳矫正视力、黄斑水肿的变化、并发症（包括术后短暂高眼压、继发性青光眼、白内障、眼内炎等）的情况。采用χ^2检验比较两组术后3个时间点的最佳矫正视力提高率、黄斑水肿吸收率和并发症发生率。结果全部患者经两种途径给药联合激光治疗后,在不同追踪时间内,视力均有大幅提升。两组在第1、第6、第10个月的最佳矫正视力、黄斑水肿的变化差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。两组10个月内的并发症发生率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,球周注射组远低于玻璃体腔注射组。结论曲安奈德（TA）球周注射联合黄斑部格栅样光凝治疗糖尿病性黄斑水肿,可以达到和球内注射同样的疗效,且并发症少．安全性高。     

玻璃体腔内注射曲安奈德后的眼压变化

目的观察玻璃体腔内注射曲安奈德（TA）后的眼压变化。方法回顾性收集我院接受TA玻璃体腔注射治疗黄斑水肿的138例（138只眼）患者的临床资料。治疗前1d测量眼压,每眼测3次,取平均值。所有患者均接受4mgTA常规玻璃体腔内注射。治疗后1周、2周、1个月同样方法测量眼压,以后每个月复查1次,随诊半年。以眼压≥21mmHg为眼压升高。对比分析治疗前后眼压的变化。结果治疗后有22只眼眼压升高,占15.94%,其中92.8%的患者高眼压出现在3个月内,治疗后5个月有21只眼恢复到基础水平,有1只眼行小梁切除术,随访期峰值平均眼压（16.39±4.37）mmHg,注药前平均眼压（14.77±2.80）mmHg,对所有数据进行t检验（P=0.004,P〈0.01）有显著差异,按照性别、年龄因素分组分析,采用方差分析,各组之间无显著统计学意义。结论 TA玻璃体腔内注射后眼压升高较常见,眼压升高多发生于3个月内,注射后至少随诊观察6个月。大多数眼压高的患者眼压能控制到基础水平,极少数患者引起激素性青光眼需手术治疗。     

Suppression of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization by posterior sub-tenon administration of triamcinolone acetonide

PURPOSE: To evaluate the inhibitory effect of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) on choroidal neovascularization (CNV) by posterior sub-Tenon administration using a laser-induced CNV model in the rat. METHODS: Experimental CNV was induced by laser photocoagulation in Brown-Norway male rats. Experimental eyes received posterior sub-Tenon administration of either 2 mg (n = 10) or 0.5 mg (n = 8) of TA. Control eyes (n = 10) received posterior sub-Tenon administration of isotonic sodium chloride solution. Two weeks after treatment, CNV was evaluated by fluorescein angiography and histopathological examination. Concentrations of TA in the vitreous, retina, and choroid were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography at 3 and 7 days after posterior sub-Tenon administration. RESULTS: The eyes treated with 2 mg of TA showed statistically significant inhibition of fluorescein leakage by fluorescein angiography, as compared with control eyes and eyes treated with 0.5 mg of TA (P < 0.01). The thickness of CNV membranes in eyes treated with 2 mg of TA also decreased statistically significantly, as compared with control eyes (P < 0.01). TA was detected in the vitreous, retina, and choroid 3 days after administration and in the choroid 7 days after administration. CONCLUSIONS: Posterior sub-Tenon administration of TA may be useful to treat CNV.     

Comparison of complications after Ahmed versus Baerveldt implant in glaucoma patients: one year follow-up

AIM: To compare surgical results of the Ahmed and Baerveldt implant procedures in glaucoma patients at 1y follow-up at Jakarta Eye Center (JEC) Eye Hospitals. METHODS: This cohort retrospective study was conducted on glaucoma patients aged ≥18y who had undergone Ahmed and Baerveldt implant surgery. Intraocular pressure (IOP), visual acuity, glaucoma medication, success rate, early and late postoperative complications, and the number of resurgeries were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 351 eyes in the Ahmed group and 94 eyes in the Baerveldt group were included in this study. At 1y follow-up, the mean IOP was found to be significantly lower in the Baerveldt group (13±4.47 mm Hg) compared to the Ahmed group (15.02±5.73 mm Hg; P=0.025). Glaucoma medication was required in both the Ahmed and Baerveldt groups (58.92% vs 71.67%). Comparable success rate was found in both groups. The Ahmed group revealed a complete and qualified success of 86.82%, and failure of 13.17%. Similarly, the Baerveldt group showed complete and qualified success in 87.75% and failure in 12.25% cases. In the Ahmed group, 11.97% early complications, 26.06% late complications and 9.97% resurgeries were observed. In comparison, in the Baerveldt group, 23.40% early complications, 30.95% late complications and 11.70% resurgeries were observed. CONCLUSION: Both groups of glaucoma implants show significant IOP reduction, however, the Baerveldt implant group demonstrates greater IOP reduction with more failure rates and complications than the Ahmed implant group.     

Preparation, characterization, and in vivo evaluation of triamcinolone acetonide microspheres after intravitreal administration

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the intraocular pressure (IOP) increasing effect and bioavailability of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) microspheres, as a novel drug delivery system, after intravitreal administration. Methods: Microspheres loaded by TA were prepared by the solvent evaporation method. After encapsulation, the final microspherical formulation was tested in an animal model. The left eyes of rabbits received microspherical TA and the right eyes were injected with conventional TA suspension. The drug concentration in the vitreous samples at days 7, 14, 28, and 56 after the injection was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The IOP was also checked at the same days with the Schiotz tonometer. Results: There was no statistically significant (P>0.05) difference between mean concentration of TA in the vitreous of right and left eyes at the different sampling times except day 56. Mean IOP of eyes that received microspherical TA was increased less than that of the eyes injected with TA suspension, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05) for each measurement day. TA was detectable in both eyes after 8 weeks. Both TA microsphere and suspension showed the sustained release profile. Conclusion: The results of this study showed less IOP increasing effect of triamcinolone microspheres in comparison with suspension form.     

IL-1β对兔眼的降眼压作用及不良反应观察

目的观察白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）一次剂量给药对兔眼的降眼压作用及相关不良反应。方法随机将兔分为A组和B组,分别结膜下注射100ng／mL或400ng／mL的IL-1β 100μL,对侧眼注射等量生理盐水。分别于用药前及用药后0．5、1、2、3、4、5、6h行表面麻醉,采用气眼压计测定眼压。将兔眼按上述B组的剂量和方法,右眼结膜下注射400ng／mL的IL-1β 100μL,左眼注射等量生理盐水,每日1次,连续2周,并行眼前节、眼底、闪光视网膜电图（F—ERG）及组织病理学检查,观察IL-1β对眼部的毒性作用。结果100ng／mL及400ng／mL的IL-1β均可有效降低兔眼的眼压（P〈0．05）,最大降眼压幅度分别为：（1．9±1．0）mmHg及（3．8±1．8）mmHg,在其有效降眼压质量浓度范围内,未见明显不良反应。结论IL-1β可有效降低兔眼的眼压,局部使用具有安全性。     

玻璃体积血对兔眼视网膜影响的研究

目的　观察兔眼玻璃体积血后不同时间视网膜电图（electroretinogram，ERG）及超微结构的变化，为玻璃体积血治疗及预后评估提供实验依据。方法　新西兰大白兔32只，右眼均为实验眼，自体全血0.2 mL玻璃体内注射构建玻璃体积血模型，左眼为空白对照眼。随机分为4组，分别于造模后3 d、7 d、14 d及30 d选取一组常规检查后记录ERG的变化，随后处死动物立即摘取眼球制备标本观察超微结构。结果　实验性玻璃体积血3 d后常规ERG波形消失，造模后7 d逐渐出现。强闪光源刺激下，造模后3 d实验眼ERG的b波振幅与a波振幅与对照眼相比均明显降低（均为P＜0.01）。a波振幅在造模后30 d明显恢复，与对照眼无明显差异（P＞0.05），较造模后14 d差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）；b波振幅在造模后7 d时开始回升，与对照眼无明显差异（P＞0.05），较造模后3 d差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05），造模后14 d及30 d接近正常。扫描电镜显示实验眼造模后3 d无玻璃体后脱离（posterior vitreous detachment，PVD）发生，造模后7 d部分性PVD占1/8，完全性PVD占1/8，造模后14 d部分性PVD占2/8，完全性PVD占5/8，造模后30 d部分性PVD占1/8，完全性PVD占7/8；对照眼各阶段未见PVD发生。结论　玻璃体积血后约1周可轻度可逆地影响视网膜功能并加速导致PVD形成，为实验及临床判断玻璃体积血后视网膜功能变化和临床玻璃体手术治疗的时间窗的选择提供了参考。     

蛇毒纤溶酶诱导兔眼玻璃体后脱离的实验研究

目的观察蛇毒纤溶酶是否可以诱导兔眼玻璃体后脱离（PVD）,并评价其对视网膜的毒性作用。方法根据随机数字表法将24只新西兰白兔分为A、B、C、D组,每组6只。左眼玻璃体腔注射0.1mL生理盐水作为对照。右眼玻璃体腔分别注入1000U/mL（商品单位）的蛇毒纤溶酶0.04、0.05、0.08、0.1mL,术后1、3、7d通过裂隙灯、间接检眼镜检查,观察眼前后节的变化。术后7d通过组织病理学检查,观察药物注入后是否诱发PVD,并评价其对视网膜结构的影响。结果术后7d对照眼无PVD形成,光学显微镜下见各实验组均有不同程度的部分性PVD形成。A、B、C组的视网膜结构与对照组比较无明显改变;D组可见局限性视网膜内界膜溶解破坏,局部视网膜隆起变薄及脉络膜下渗出的毒性改变。A组和D组的扫描电镜结果与光学显微镜一致。随着玻璃体腔蛇毒纤溶酶注射剂量的增加,玻璃体液化程度加大,PVD的范围也加大。结论兔眼玻璃体腔注射适当剂量的蛇毒纤溶酶,在术后7d可以诱导部分性PVD的形成,且视网膜形态无明显改变。大剂量应用时可见视网膜结构的毒性改变。     

Posterior juxtascleral injection of anecortave acetate: magnetic resonance and echographic imaging and localization in rabbit eyes

PURPOSE: To confirm juxtascleral delivery of anecortave acetate in rabbit eyes by ocular imaging techniques and to determine drug localization and distribution as a function of time after injection. METHODS: Four female New Zealand white rabbits (weight, 2.5-3.0 kg) received a single juxtascleral posterior sub-Tenon capsule injection of 0.5 mL or 1 mL of 30 mg/mL anecortave acetate. Rabbit eyes were imaged with ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before injection, immediately after injection, and at 2 hours, 1 week, and 4 weeks after injection. Rabbit eyes were also imaged with b-mode ultrasonography during the juxtascleral injections. RESULTS: Ultrasonography and MRI demonstrated that juxtascleral posterior sub-Tenon capsule injection of anecortave acetate effectively delivered the drug in direct apposition to the posterior pole of the rabbit eye. The drug remained in the juxtascleral site for at least 5 weeks. The drug was visualized clearly by MRI immediately after injection, decreasing in intensity thereafter. Cannula insertion and the drug delivery process were clearly visualized by real-time ultrasound analysis. Immediately after drug injection, ultrasonography indirectly localized anecortave acetate localization as an echolucent zone posterior to the scleral surface. At the later time points, however, the juxtascleral location of the drug was verified with ultrasonography as a relatively echogenic focus in the same location. CONCLUSIONS: Juxtascleral administration of anecortave acetate via a posterior sub-Tenon capsule approach effectively delivered the drug to the desired position in direct apposition to the globe posteriorly. MRI and ultrasonography both demonstrated that anecortave acetate remained localized to this location for at least 5 weeks after initial injection.     

盐酸去甲万古霉素-PNIPAAm-PEO纳米粒在兔眼内的毒理学和药代动力学研究

背景 传统给药方法治疗眼内炎症时,药物难以透过血-视网膜屏障而达到有效的治疗浓度,局部药物缓释系统可以减少用药剂量并降低药物的毒性作用,构建载药药物缓释系统对眼内感染性疾病的治疗具有重要意义. 目的 评价多聚体材料聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺-聚氧化乙烯（PNIPAAm-PEO）构建的盐酸去甲万古霉素-PNIPAAm-PEO（NV-PNIPAAm-PEO）纳米粒在兔眼玻璃体腔内注射给药后的眼部毒理学和眼内药代动力学特征,为眼后节给药治疗感染性眼病提供依据. 方法 NV-PNIPAArn-PEO纳米粒平均载药量约为质量分数22％,用无菌生理盐水配成质量浓度为20 g/L的凝胶液.新西兰白兔41只采用随机数字表法分为实验组31只和对照组10只,将20 g/L NV-PNIPAAm-PEO凝胶液0.1 ml注射入实验组兔的一侧眼玻璃体腔内,对照组注入等容量的生理盐水.分别于给药后的第1、2、3、7、14、21和28天进行眼前后节裂隙灯显微镜和B型超声检查,记录实验眼的视网膜电图（ERG）反应,对角膜、虹膜、玻璃体和视网膜组织行组织病理学检查,以评价NV-PNIPAAm-PEO对眼部组织结构和功能的影响.将兔眼角膜和视网膜脉络膜制备组织匀浆,收集兔房水、玻璃体和血浆样本,用高效液相色谱分析（HPLC）法检测上述各组织中的药物质量浓度.结果 NV-PNIPAAm-PEO玻璃体腔内注射后1～28 d,裂隙灯显微镜下可见眼前后节组织正常,B型超声检查未见异常;最大混合ERG b波振幅、a波振幅和峰潜时在两组间的差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.视网膜组织病理学检查表明,两组兔玻璃体腔内注射后视网膜结构均正常.HPLC法分析表明,注射后1～28d,兔眼角膜组织中药物质量分数均低于检测水平下限,血浆药物质量浓度最高为（0.34±0.11） mg/L,房水药物质量浓度为（0.08±0.04）～（2.16±0.07） mg/L,视网膜脉络膜中药物质量分数为（0.11±0.02）～（2.54±0.38）μg/g,玻璃体药物质量浓度为（5.65±1.14） ～ （406.69±21.05） mg/L,21d内玻璃体腔内药物质量浓度高于大多数革兰阳性菌的最低抑菌质量浓度. 结论 载药量约为22％ NV-PNIPAAm-PEO纳米粒在兔眼玻璃体腔内注射未见明显眼内毒性反应,玻璃体腔内可维持有效药物质量浓度时间达21d,NV-PNIPAAm-PEO纳米粒是治疗眼内感染较好的缓释给药方法.     

Intraocular pressure elevation after intravitreal or posterior sub-Tenon triamcinolone acetonide injection

BACKGROUND: Despite the benefits of intraocular steroids for the treatment of inflammatory, neovascular, proliferative, and edematous diseases, one of the side effects is raised intraocular pressure (IOP). In this study, we attempted to identify when IOP elevates, peaks, and returns to the preinjection baseline IOP after intravitreal or posterior sub-Tenon administration of triamcinolone acetonide, as well as the factors that might affect IOP. METHODS: Retrospective case review was undertaken of 69 patients (82 eyes), who received either a 4 mg intravitreal (16 eyes) or a 20 mg posterior sub-Tenon (66 eyes) triamcinolone acetonide injection. IOP assessment for each eye was completed at the preinjection baseline and at the first, third, and sixth month of follow-up. RESULTS: The mean IOP of all eyes increased significantly at each follow-up. The mean maximum elevation ratio from the baseline was 4.0 (SD 5.2) mm Hg. An elevation of 5 mm Hg or greater occurred in 28 eyes (34.1%). The maximum elevation correlated significantly with age (p < 0.01). The incidence of an elevation of 5 mm Hg or greater was significantly higher among patients younger than 60 years (p < 0.01) and relatively higher among female patients (p = 0.051). The mean IOP increased significantly at the first month after intravitreal injection but at all follow-up periods after posterior sub-Tenon injection. There was no significant difference in IOP elevation according to disease type, although eyes with diabetic retinopathy tended to be at higher risk of IOP elevation. Two eyes of two female patients, who had received posterior sub-Tenon injections for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy, required glaucoma surgery. INTERPRETATION: The IOP elevation of 5 mm Hg or greater observed in 34.1% of the eyes was consistent with past reports. IOP elevation was associated with patients of less than 60 years of age and with female sex, and it lasted longer after posterior sub-Tenon injection than after intravitreal injection. Careful assessment of IOP during a follow-up period of at least 6 months is paramount, especially in younger female patients after posterior sub-Tenon injection.     

532激光联合TA后Tenon's囊下注射治疗弥漫型DME

目的：研究弥漫型糖尿病黄斑水肿（DME）患者全视网膜光凝（PRP）前,予以TA（曲安奈德注射后 Tenon＇s 囊下）治疗的临床效果。方法：回顾分析我院2008-10/2012-05以来,于我科治疗的96例96眼弥漫型DME患者临床资料,依据治疗方式将其分为研究组与对照组,每组48例48眼,对照组仅予以PRP治疗,研究组PRP 1wk前,予以TA治疗,在6mo后对比两组BCVA（最佳的矫正视力）及视网膜厚度改变情况,对两组眼压变化予以分析。结果：经治疗后,两组6mo随访发现,对照组同治疗前相较,其BCVA呈降低表现,研究组呈升高表现,两组具有明显差异（P〈0.05）,并且在随访期内,两组患者眼压均在正常范围内波动变化,不具差异（P〉0.05）,研究组黄斑中心凹厚度降低9.6μm,对照组增高31.9μm,呈明显差异（P〈0.05）,研究组旁中心凹厚度降低5.0μm,对照组增加22.1μm,呈明显差异,研究组中心凹周边厚度增加0.4μm,对照组增加19.4μm,不具差异（P〉0.05）。结论：弥漫型DME患者PRP前,予以TA治疗,安全有效,并且优于单纯进行PRP治疗,可以在基层医院推广实施。