开放手术与后腹腔镜离断式肾盂成形术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻的临床效果比较

目的：通过与开放性。肾盂成形术的临床效果比较,评价后腹腔镜离断式肾盂成形术的临床价值。方法：回顾性分析后腹腔镜离断式肾盂成形术64例（A组）及开放性肾盂成形术48例（B组）的临床资料,就两组患者一般资料、手术时间、术中出血量、术后肠道功能恢复时间、术后止痛药用量、术后住院天数、术后并发症及术后肾积水复发率等指标进行比较。根据数据类型选用x^2检验、两样本t检验或Wilcoxon秩和检验,P〈0．05差异有统计学意义。结果：两组患者的一般资料相似,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,具有可比性。后腹腔镜离断式肾盂成形术在手术时间、术中出血量、术后肠道功能恢复时间、术后止痛药用量、术后住院天数、术后并发症等方面优于开放性肾盂成形术,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,而术后肾积水复发率方面差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：后腹腔镜离断式肾盂成形术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻疗效肯定,与传统的开放性手术相比,创伤小、恢复快、术后近期疗效相当,是目前治疗肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻较理想的手术方法,值得进一步推广。     

后腹腔镜辅助小切口治疗肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻

目的评价后腹腔镜辅助小切口离断肾盂成形术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻（UPJO）的临床价值。方法回顾性分析2004年1月至2006年11月在我院行后腹腔镜辅助离断肾盂成形术患者22例，男性14例，女性8例。年龄18-37岁，平均26岁。其中重度肾积水3例，中度10例，轻度9例。结果本组21例患者均成功施行手术，无1例转为开放性手术。手术时间为（92．9±16．3）min，术中出血量为（18．9±6．3）ml，术后住院时间为（8．0±1．3）d。术后尿漏1例。经随访，术后3个月肾积水明显缓解率为95．5％。结论后腹腔镜辅助小切口离断肾盂成形术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻是一种安全、有效、微创的治疗方法。     

后腹腔镜辅助小切口离断式肾盂成形术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻

目的 探讨后腹腔镜辅助小切口离断式肾盂成形术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻（UPJO）的临床疗效。方法 采用后腹腔镜辅助，小切口、放大镜下吻合的离断式肾盂成形术治疗UPJO患者12例。男8例，女4例。年龄5～48岁。B超及尿路造影显示UPJO伴有肾积水，其中B超提示重度肾积水4例，中度6例，轻度2例。IVU显影良好9例，显影差3例。结果12例手术均获成功。手术时间100～180min，平均127min；出血量30～100ml，平均70ml；术后住院时间5～8d，平均5．6d；无手术并发症。术后随访3～12个月，经B超和IVU检查，UPJ吻合口无狭窄，肾积水减轻，肾功能有不同程度改善。结论 后腹腔镜辅助小切口离断式肾盂成形术是治疗UPJO的较实用、微创的手术，值得临床选择应用。     

腹腔镜离断性肾盂成形术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄患儿的疗效分析

［摘要］ 目的 探究肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄患儿采用腹腔镜离断性肾盂成形术治疗的效果。方法 选取江门市人民医院及中山大学附属第一医院2018年1月～2019年3月肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄患儿62例,根据手术方案不同分组,各31例。对照组行开放手术,观察组行腹腔镜离断性肾盂成形术。对比两组手术指标、并发症、肾积水复发情况、创伤指标如白介素-6（IL?6）、C反应蛋白（CRP）变化。结果 观察组术中出血量较对照组低,手术、肠道恢复、住院时间较对照组短（P<0.05）;观察组并发症发生率3.23%较对照组25.81%低（P<0.05）;术后1 d、术后2 d观察组血清IL?6、CRP水平较对照组低（P<0.05）;两组肾积水复发率无显著差异（P>0.05）。结论 腹腔镜离断性肾盂成形术治疗小儿肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄,具有创伤小、术后恢复快等优势,且安全性较高。     

腹腔镜下离断式肾盂成形术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻42例报告

目的：探讨经腹腔途径腹腔镜下离断式肾盂成形术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻（UPJO）的临床效果。方法：采用经腹腔途径腹腔镜下离断式肾盂成形术治疗UPJO患者42例,男25例,女17例,平均年龄30（12～50）岁。其中左侧24例,右侧18例;重度肾积水17例,中度肾积水22例,轻度肾积水3例。结果：42例手术均顺利完成,无中转开放手术者。其中3例伴肾盂结石者同时取出肾盂结石;5例迷走血管为梗阻原因者,将受压段输尿管切除后于血管腹侧吻合。平均手术时间110（80～200）min,平均术中出血量25（10～50）ml。术后漏尿2例,分别于术后7天及40天消失,其余患者术后4～5天拔出引流管,6～7天拔出导尿管;术前表现为腰腹部胀痛者术后症状减轻或消失,术后平均住院时间8（6～11）d。术后4～6周拔出双J管,未见特殊不适。40例随访3～36个月,行彩超及IVu等影像学检查,2例患侧UPJ吻合口狭窄伴肾积水,行输尿管镜下丝状电极内切开术后治愈;余38例中,肾积水消失15例,肾积水减轻18例,肾积水无加重5例。结论：经腹腹腔镜下离断式肾盂成形术视野清晰,易于缝合,创伤小,恢复快,是治疗UPJO较为理想的手术方法。     

后腹腔镜离断性肾盂成形术(附22例报告)

目的：探讨后腹腔镜离断性肾盂成形术的临床效果。方法：采用后腹腔途径对22例确诊为肾盂输尿管连接部(UPJ)梗阻的患者施行腹腔镜离断性肾盂成形术。结果：22例手术全部成功。手术时间70～180min，平均108min；术中出血量5～50ml，平均16ml；术后住院时间6～8d，平均7．2d。围术期无并发症。16例术后获随访3～15个月，UPJ吻合口无狭窄，肾积水得到改善。结论：后腹腔镜离断性肾盂成形术是治疗UPJ梗阻有效、安全及微创的方法，值得临床推广使用。     

后腹腔镜下离断式肾盂成形术

目的探讨后腹腔镜下离断式肾盂成形术的临床应用价值.方法采用经后腹腔途径实施腹腔镜下离断式肾盂成形术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部（UPJ）梗阻25例.男22例,女3例.B超检查：肾盂扩张积水＜15 mm（轻度）4例,15～30 mm（中度）15例,＞30 mm（重度）6例.IVU检查：30 min内显影良好16例,30～120 min淡显影6例,120 min未显影3例.结果25例手术均成功.手术时间150～240 min,平均170 min;术中出血量30～120 ml,平均70 ml;术后住院时间6～8 d,平均7 d.未发生明显外科并发症.25例术后均随访3～14个月,IVU显示UPJ吻合口无狭窄,肾功能显著改善,30 min内显影良好22例,30～120 min淡显影3例.肾积水明显减轻,肾盂扩张积水消失16例,轻度6例,中度3例.结论后腹腔镜离断式肾盂成形术微创、安全、有效、术后恢复快,可望作为UPJ梗阻治疗的有效手术方法.     

后腹腔镜与开放离断肾盂成形术的临床效果比较

目的：通过与开放离断肾盂成形术的效果比较,评价后腹腔镜离断肾盂成形术的临床价值。方法：回顾性分析的腹腔镜离断肾盂成形术56例（A组）及开放离断肾盂成形术10例（B组）的临床资料,就两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后肠道功能恢复时间、术后止疼药用量、术后住院天数,并发症和成功率等指标进行比较。根据数据类型选用X^2检验,成组t检验或Mann-Whitey U检验。结果：A组在术中出血量,术后肠道功能恢复时间,术后止产药用量。术后住院天数方面优于B组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;并发症和成功率与B组相当,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：后腹腔镜离断肾盂成形术是一种治疗肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻的微阳、安全、有效的方法,但存在较明显的学习期。熟练后可在较短时间内完成手术。     

腹腔镜下离断式肾盂成形术

目的　探讨腹腔镜下离断式肾盂成形术的临床疗效。　方法　采用经腹腔途径施行腹腔镜离断式肾盂成形术治疗输尿管肾盂连接部 (UPJ)梗阻 18例。男 11例 ,女 7例。B超提示重度积水 8例、中度 7例、轻度 3例。IVU显影良好 10例 ,显影差或不显影 8例。　结果　 18例手术均获成功。手术时间 10 0～ 2 10min ,平均 14 2min ;出血量 4 0～ 2 0 0ml。术后平均住院时间 7.4d。术后尿漏 1例。随访 3～ 12个月 ,UPJ吻合口无狭窄 ,肾积水减轻 ,中度积水 4例、轻度 7例、肾积水消失 7例 ;肾功能改善、IVU显影良好 14例 ,显影改善 4例。　结论　腹腔镜下离断式肾盂成形术是治疗UPJ梗阻的有效、可行的微创手术 ,可以替代开放手术。     

后腹腔镜肾盂离断成形术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻的经验及中期随访报告

目的探讨后腹腔镜下肾盂离断成形术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻（ureteropelvic junction obstruction,UPJO）的效果。方法2003年6月～2011年12月对47例UPJO行后腹腔镜下肾盂离断成形术,在。肾下极腰大肌前缘间找到输尿管,游离出输尿管肾盂连接部,在狭窄段远端约1cm处离断输尿管,裁剪肾盂,同时切除肾盂输尿管狭窄段,连续缝合吻合口后壁后顺行置入双J管,再连续缝合前壁。结果47例均顺利完成,无中转开放手术。平均手术时间157．7min（80～317min）,平均出血量69ml（10～400ml）,平均术后住院时间7．5d（4～28d）,平均术后拔引流管时间5．7d（1～26d）。29例术后随访18～120个月,平均53．6月,其中18例随访时间〈5年,11例随访5～10年,以腰痛为主诉者有14例症状消失（6例积水消失,8例积水减轻）,1例腰痛缓解不明显;14例体检发现肾积水中,4例积水消失,7例积水减轻,3例积水缓解不明显（1例术后2个月再次出现输尿管狭窄,行经皮肾造瘘）。结论后腹腔镜下肾盂离断成形术是治疗UPJO的安全方法,中期随访效果满意。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.