低氧反复冲刺训练对篮球运动员专项速度耐力的影响

目的:探讨低氧反复冲刺训练对篮球运动员速度耐力的影响。方法:16名篮球运动员分为低氧组和常氧组,每组各8人。低氧组和常氧组分别在模拟海拔3000米的低氧环境中和常氧环境中用无氧功率自行车进行反复冲刺训练,每周2次,共计4周。反复冲刺训练前后,两组受试者在常氧环境中进行折返跑测试和Wingate无氧功测试,折返跑测试后分别在即刻、3 min、5 min、7 min、9 min等时间点进行血液采集,测量血乳酸值。记录折返跑成绩、Wingate无氧功测试的相对平均功率,并对数据进行统计分析。结果:与训练前相比,4周反复冲刺训练后,低氧组和常氧组的折返跑成绩均显著提高(P<0.05),但两组间无显著性差异(P>0.05);低氧组的血乳酸清除速率高于常氧组的,且在7分钟时间点有极显著差异(P<0.01);低氧组的相对平均功率有显著性提高(P<0.05),常氧组的相对平均功率无显著性变化(P>0.05),两组间的相对平均功率无显著性差异。结论:反复冲刺训练可以提高篮球运动员的速度耐力,低氧反复冲刺训练可以有效提高篮球运动员机体乳酸清除能力,这种有氧能力的提升有助于运动员在比赛中更好地发挥。     

高住低训对优秀女子跆拳道运动员运动能力和血象的影响

目的:探讨高住低训对女子跆拳道运动员运动能力和血象的影响。方法:13名优秀女子跆拳道运动员随机分为实验组(高住低训,n=8)和对照组(n=5),分别在模拟海拔2500m低氧舱(氧浓度15.4%左右)内和平原环境下进行为期4周的高住低训和跆拳道常规专项训练。分别于实验前、高住低训第28天和高住低训结束后10天进行有氧运动能力和无氧运动能力测试,并于实验前1天、高住低训期间每周及高住低训结束后第3、12天清晨空腹取血进行血细胞分析。结果:(1)实验组高住低训第28天和高住低训结束后10天VO2max和PWC170均显著高于实验前(P<0.01),4000m成绩显著优于实验前(P<0.01)。对照组变化不明显。(2)实验组高住低训结束后10天Wingate最高功率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。实验组高住低训第28天和高住低训结束后10天Wingate平均功率均显著高于自身实验前(P<0.05和P<0.01),Wingate疲劳指数则分别显著低于自身实验前(P<0.05和P<0.01)。对照组无明显变化。(3)实验组高住低训第28天血红蛋白、红细胞数目、红细胞压积显著高于自身实验前(P<0.05),实验组在高住低训第25天和28天血红蛋白水平分别显著高于对照组(P<0.05和P<0.01)。结果表明,为期28天的模拟海拔2500m高度的高住低训能提高女子跆拳道运动员有氧运动能力,同时在一定程度上提高其无氧功和60秒踢靶成绩。另外,高住低训可以提高与跆拳道运动员机体载氧能力直接相关的血液指标水平,这种改变主要表现在实验第3、4周。     

模拟高住低练对女子赛艇运动员血清铁、总铁结合力及相关指标的影响

目的:探讨模拟HiLo对女子赛艇运动员血液铁代谢及红细胞、血红蛋白等指标的影响。方法:以上海赛艇队13名女子运动员为研究对象,分为HiLo组(实验组,7人)和LoLo组(对照组,6人)。HiLo组每周6天低氧睡眠(氧分压为15.4%),每天10~12h,共4周,其余时间在常氧环境下生活和训练;LoLo组在常氧环境下生活和训练。分别在训练前,训练中第5、12、26天和训练后第5、12天进行血清铁、血清总铁结合力以及红细胞、血红蛋白等指标的测试与分析。结果:(1)HiLo组Hb、RBC在HiLo期间的第26天和HiLo后第5天显著高于HiLo前(P<0.05),HiLo后第12天基本恢复至HiLo前水平。(2)HiLo组血清总铁结合力在HiLo期间和HiLo后均高于HiLo前水平,其最大值出现在第12天,第26天血清总铁结合力降低,HiLo后第5天又开始回升,并且在HiLo后第12天显著高于同期LoLo组(P<0.05);HiLo组血清铁在HiLo期间和HiLo后与Hi-Lo前比较均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:女子赛艇运动员RBC和Hb在4周模拟HiLo后期明显升高,在时相上表现为血清总铁结合力升高之后RBC、Hb增加。     

女子中长距离项目自行车运动员专项能力训练手段评价

目的:评价女子中长距离项目自行车运动员专项能力训练手段的效果。方法:2007年到2009年,选取山东省备战第十一届全运会的8名优秀自行车女运动员为对象,在常规训练基础上,每周增加1～2次、每次2～3小时的专项训练器训练,交替采用1分钟间歇训练、20分钟变速训练和30分钟有氧能力训练。定期测试并分析评价每种方法训练过程中运动员平均心率、最高心率、血乳酸、踏频等,以及两人配合场地1.5 km训练成绩。结果:(1)在1分钟间歇训练中,踏蹬次数显著增加(P<0.05),运动中最高心率、平均心率和运动后血乳酸值均无明显变化。(2)在20分钟变速训练中,冲刺平均踏蹬次数显著增加(P<0.05),运动中最高心率、平均心率和运动后血乳酸值均无明显变化。(3)在30分钟有氧能力训练中,踏蹬次数显著增加(P<0.01),运动后血乳酸值无明显变化,平均心率有下降趋势,实验后期平均心率下降有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(4)在两人配合场地1.5 km训练中,运动时间显著减少(P<0.05),运动后血乳酸值无明显变化。结论:运用自行车专项训练器械,结合多种训练方法,对提高女子中长距离项目自行车运动员专项能力有效。     

补血耐力复合胶囊对军事五项运动员大负荷训练期间身体机能的影响

目的:观察服用耐力复合胶囊对军事五项队运动员大负荷专项训练期间身体机能及运动能力的影响。方法:20名运动员按运动等级和性别分层后随机分成实验组和对照组。除每天正常大负荷训练外,实验组补充补血耐力复合胶囊,对照组补充淀粉胶囊,连续服用4周。在实验第0周、2周和4周采静脉血测定红细胞计数(RBC)、血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞压积(HCT)、平均红细胞体积(MCV)、平均红细胞血红蛋白量(MCH)、平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度(MCHC)、红细胞体积分布宽度(RDW)、血清铁蛋白(SF)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)水平。实验前后进行跑台最大摄氧量和自行车无氧功的测试。结果表明:补血耐力复合胶囊能有效维持军事五项运动员大负荷训练期血红蛋白和红细胞压积水平,提高铁蛋白含量,增加体内铁贮备,有显著的抗自由基作用,能有效维持机体的最大摄氧量、平均功率和总功率,提高无氧最大功率。     

高住高练低训对优秀女子跆拳道运动员红细胞膜及有氧能力的影响

目的:探讨高住高练低训(HiHiLo)对运动员红细胞膜和有氧能力的影响。方法:13名女子跆拳道运动员分为实验组(8名)和对照组(5名),进行4周实验。实验组每晚在低氧房(氧浓度14.7%,模拟海拔2800m高原环境)居住10小时,每周在低氧房进行3次72%最大摄氧量蹬功率自行车练习,每次30分钟;对照组平原居住,每周在平原环境进行3次80%最大摄氧量蹬功率自行车练习,每次30分钟。两组平时的专项训练由同一教练、按同一训练计划、于同一道馆进行。分别于实验前、入住10小时、实验1周、2周、3周、4周测试两组受试者血液红细胞变形指数、红细胞膜流动性、膜band-3蛋白含量以及个体无氧阈(ILT)。结果:实验组在实验3周时band-3蛋白含量显著高于实验前(P<0.05);4周时,实验组band-3蛋白含量显著高于实验前(P<0.01)和对照组(P<0.05);实验组4周时的ILT显著高于实验前(P<0.05)和对照组(P<0.01)。结论:HiHiLo可提高红细胞膜band-3蛋白含量,有利于红细胞发挥正常生理功能;HiHiLo可提高机体有氧运动能力。     

两周热环境训练结合营养干预对优秀女子网球运动员营养和机能状况的影响

目的:探讨高温、训练和营养干预对优秀女子网球运动员营养和机能状况的影响。方法:在2周热环境训练中对备战北京奥运会的8名国家队女子网球运动员进行营养干预,并在干预前(7月19日)和干预后(8月2日)测试其营养、形态和生化指标。结果:营养干预后,膳食总热能、碳水化合物和蛋白质摄入比例分别显著增加11.0%,3.2%和14.8%(P<0.05),均高于90%推荐值,脂肪摄入比例显著下降17.8%(P<0.05)。训练中补水、补糖和补盐量显著提高(P<0.05)。运动员瘦体重明显增加(P<0.05),体脂百分比显著降低(P<0.05)。血红蛋白、血尿素、肌酸激酶、睾酮和皮质醇指标维持正常。结论:合理膳食、营养补剂以及科学训练能改善网球运动员的营养和机能状况,有助于运动员热适应能力的提高。     

热应激对耐力自行车运动员运动能力及血浆压力激素的影响

目的:研究长时间高温环境运动对耐力自行车运动员高强度运动能力及血浆泌乳素(PRL),皮质醇(C)等激素水平的影响。方法:11名男子自行车运动员在3个不同环境温度(PⅠ22.4℃、PⅡ32.4℃、PⅢ37.7℃)下分别完成时间各为5周的训练,记录安静和运动时心率以量化运动负荷。每个周期的前2周耐力训练后进行功率车测试(成绩记为P15s,P60s,P300s),后3周混合训练后进行场地计时运动能力测试(成绩记为TT250m,TT1000m,TT4000m)。同时检测晨血浆PRL、C、及睾酮(T)浓度。结果:PⅡ和PⅢ的P15s及TT250m较PⅠ有提高,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01),而P60s和P300s均无显著变化。场地1000m运动能力在PⅡ较PⅠ有显著提高(P<0.01),而在PⅢ较PⅡ反而出现明显下降(P<0.05)。场地4000 m与1000 m计时运动结果相似。血浆PRL浓度与环境温度呈高度正相关(P<0.01)。结论:热应激对15 s以内的冲刺运动无不利影响,对60 s及300 s左右的高强度运动有抑制现象。血浆PRL与环境温度高度正相关性,结合C浓度及T/C值变化,有利于评估机体中枢疲劳状态。     

2周低住高练对游泳运动员心肺功能和有氧运动能力的影响

目的:探讨2周低住高练(LoHi)对游泳运动员心肺功能及其有氧运动能力的影响。方法:15名游泳运动员进行为期2周的LoHi训练(模拟海拔2500m),分别在训练前后采用自行车递增负荷力竭运动测试各项气体代谢指标和有氧运动能力。结果:2周LoHi训练后,(1)同等负荷下男运动员VO2/kg低于训练前,第5min50s时相差最大(-21.8%),最大摄氧量平台(VO2/kgmaxPD)持续时间延长了1min;女运动员自第6min后,VO2/kg值与训练前差值逐渐加大,第12min30s时达到最大(-14.5%),VO2/kgmaxPD持续时间缩短了1min30s;(2)男女运动员R值总体上均处于略微下降的趋势,R=1标志点出现时间明显延后。男运动员从R>1到力竭的时间延长,女运动员则缩短;(3)男运动员fb值在中低负荷阶段略高于训练前,女运动员只在10min50s到13min10s阶段低于训练前。不同负荷阶段,男运动员HR值始终低于训练前。训练后女运动员在第5min后HR值略低于训练前。结论:2周LoHi训练提高了男子游泳运动员对负荷的适应能力,表现为一般有氧运动能力和高负荷状态下的无氧耐力水平提高,但女子运动员的运动能力未见明显改善,表现出一定的性别差异。     

我国优秀速滑运动员无氧耐力实验研究

对33名优秀速滑运动员60s Wingate无氧功试验结果表明我国男子优秀速滑运动员无氧功率输出绝对值明显高于女子,相对值(W/kg)则无显著性差异;30s、45s、60s平均输出功率(MP)及疲劳%组间比较均无显著性差异;不同训练程度速滑运动员(国际健将级、国家一级)无氧功率输出峰值(PP),30s、45s及60s功率输出平均值(MP)组间比较未见显著性差异;30s、45s、60s疲劳％组间比较,健将级显著低于国家一级运动员。提示我国速滑运动员在重视乳酸系统供能能力训练的同时,要加强非乳酸供能能力训练,国家一级运动员尤其要提高乳酸系统供能能力。     

Specificity of test duration when assessing the anaerobic lactacid capacity of high-performance track cyclists

The specificity of three maximal cycling sprint tests as a measure of anaerobic lactacid capacity was determined in nine highly trained male cyclists when they performed 10-, 30-, 40-, and 60-s tests on a modified Repco wind-braked cycle ergometer. Peak power (PP), percent power loss (% PO), total work done (TW), and peak blood lactate (PHLa) were determined for each test. The cyclists also performed a 1000-m time trial under competition conditions during which 200-m split times, total time (TT), and peak post-competition blood lactate (TTPHLa) were recorded. While there was no statistically significant difference between the peak blood lactate of the 30-, 40-, and 60-s tests, peak blood lactate achieved after the 1000-m time trial was significantly greater than those after the cycle ergometer tests. Although there were high intercorrelations (0.88-0.99) between the anaerobic power and capacity indices of the laboratory tests, only the PP and TW achieved during the 60-s test correlated significantly (P less than 0.05) with TT. The data suggest that when assessing the anaerobic power and capacity of elite 1000-m time trial cyclists, a cycle ergometer test duration of at least 60 s should be employed.     

应用专项训练器械结合不同训练方法提高自行车运动员专项体能的研究

目的:探讨自行车训练器材结合不同训练方法在场地自行车短距离项目运动员专项体能训练方面的应用及其效果。方法:山东省备战第十一届全运会的9名优秀自行车运动员,从2006年9月至2009年全运会前,在常规训练内容基础上,每周增加1～2次专项训练器训练,交替采用1min定量负荷间歇训练法、1min不定负荷间歇训练法和最大强度力竭训练法。定期测试上述训练过程中运动员最高心率、平均心率,最后一次运动后即刻心率、血乳酸和次日晨血清CK和BU等,比较分析测试结果以及年度最好比赛成绩。结果:(1)1min定量负荷间歇训练中,运动员最高心率、平均心率、血乳酸与第一次利用专项训练器械训练时相比明显降低,次日晨CK值也明显下降。(2)1min不定负荷间歇训练中,踏频在135次/分钟以上的运动持续时间明显增加(P<0.01),后2次测试运动员血乳酸显著升高。(3)最大强度力竭训练中,运动员最大强度运动至力竭运动时间,后3次与第1次比较均显著延长(P<0.01)。(4)从比赛成绩看,在全国自行车锦标赛中,运动员成绩每年都有大幅提高。这说明专项训练器械和上述训练方法相结合可提高自行车运动员专项体能。     

模拟不同海拔高住低练对大鼠心肌VEGF和HSP70的影响

目的:探讨模拟不同海拔高住低练对大鼠心肌保护性蛋白热休克蛋白70(HSP70)和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达的影响。方法:适应性喂养1周后,将48只SD大鼠按体重随机分为6组:常氧对照组(C)、14.5%O2低氧暴露组(14.5%O2LH)、12.7%O2低氧暴露组(12.7O2LH)、常氧训练组(TL)、14.5%O2高住低练组(14.5%O2LiLo)、12.7%O2高住低练组(12.7%O2HiLo),每组8只。采用20.9%、14.5%和12.7%三种氧浓度暴露和运动强度逐渐递增的高住低练模型,两LH组每天在低压氧舱中放置22 h后2 h舱外常氧生活,两HiLo组每天在低压氧舱中放置22 h后常氧生活1 h,再常氧训练1 h,所有进行低氧暴露的动物每周实验6天;TL组和两HiLo组进行一次5～10 min跑台适应性训练(速度为16 m/min,坡度为0)后,每天训练速度为35m/min,运动时间从30 min至60 min递增,每3天增加5 min,每天训练1次,每周6天,共4周。实验方案结束后24 h,麻醉大鼠取大鼠心尖肌组织,采用免疫组织化学技术检测VEGF和HSP70表达。结果:(1)与C组比较,14.5%O2LH组、TL组和12.7%O2的HiLo组VEGF阳性物质表达量显著增加(Ρ<0.05),12.7%O2LH组增加不显著(Ρ>0.05),而14.5%O2HiLo组表达量增加非常显著(Ρ<0.01);14.5%O2LH组VEGF阳性物质表达量较12.7%O2LH组显著增加(Ρ<0.05),12.7%O2HiLo组比14.5%O2HiLo组显著降低(Ρ<0.05),14.5%O2HiLo组VEGF阳性物质表达量较14.5%O2LH组显著增加(Ρ<0.05)。(2)与C组相比较,14.5%O2LH组、14.5%O2和12.7%O2两HiLo组HSP70阳性物质表达量增加(Ρ<0.05),12.7%O2LH组表达最明显,而TL组增加不显著(Ρ>0.05);14.5%O2LH和HiLo两组HSP70阳性物质表达量分别比12.7%O2LH和HiLo两组显著降低(Ρ<0.05),而两LH组HSP70阳性物质表达量分别与两HiLo组相比无显著性差异(Ρ>0.05)。结论:单纯低氧暴露、常氧运动及高住低练三种应激因素均诱导细胞保护性蛋白VEGF和HSP70表达;14.5%O2HiLo组的VEGF表达最显著,而12.7%O2LH组的HSP70表达最显著。     

Adding strength to endurance training does not enhance aerobic capacity in cyclists

The molecular signaling of mitochondrial biogenesis is enhanced when resistance exercise is added to a bout of endurance exercise. The purpose of the present study was to examine if this mode of concurrent training translates into increased mitochondrial content and improved endurance performance. Moderately trained cyclists performed 8 weeks (two sessions per week) of endurance training only (E, n = 10; 60‐min cycling) or endurance training followed by strength training (ES, n = 9; 60‐min cycling + leg press). Muscle biopsies were obtained before and after the training period and analyzed for enzyme activities and protein content. Only the ES group increased in leg strength (+19%, P < 0.01), sprint peak power (+5%, P < 0.05), and short‐term endurance (+9%, P < 0.01). In contrast, only the E group increased in muscle citrate synthase activity (+11%, P = 0.06), lactate threshold intensity (+3%, P < 0.05), and long‐term endurance performance (+4%, P < 0.05). Content of mitochondrial proteins and cycling economy was not affected by training. Contrary to our hypothesis, the results demonstrate that concurrent training does not enhance muscle aerobic capacity and endurance performance in cyclists.     

Concurrent endurance and explosive type strength training improves neuromuscular and anaerobic characteristics in young distance runners

To study effects of concurrent explosive strength and endurance training on aerobic and anaerobic performance and neuromuscular characteristics, 13 experimental (E) and 12 control (C) young (16 - 18 years) distance runners trained for eight weeks with the same total training volume but 19% of the endurance training in E was replaced by explosive training. Maximal speed of maximal anaerobic running test and 30-m speed improved in E by 3.0 +/- 2.0% (p < 0.01) and by 1.1 +/- 1.3% (p < 0.05), respectively. Maximal speed of aerobic running test, maximal oxygen uptake and running economy remained unchanged in both groups. Concentric and isometric leg extension forces increased in E but not in C. E also improved (p < 0.05) force-time characteristics accompanied by increased (p < 0.05) rapid neural activation of the muscles. The thickness of quadriceps femoris increased in E by 3.9 +/- 4.7% (p < 0.01) and in C by 1.9 +/- 2.0% (p < 0.05). The concurrent explosive strength and endurance training improved anaerobic and selective neuromuscular performance characteristics in young distance runners without decreases in aerobic capacity, although almost 20% of the total training volume was replaced by explosive strength training for eight weeks. The neuromuscular improvements could be explained primarily by neural adaptations.     

Effects of resistance training on endurance capacity and muscle fiber composition in young top-level cyclists

Equivocal findings exist on the effect of concurrent strength (S) and endurance (E) training on endurance performance and muscle morphology. Further, the influence of concurrent SE training on muscle fiber-type composition, vascularization and endurance capacity remains unknown in top-level endurance athletes. The present study examined the effect of 16 weeks of concurrent SE training on maximal muscle strength (MVC), contractile rate of force development (RFD), muscle fiber morphology and composition, capillarization, aerobic power (VO2max), cycling economy (CE) and long/short-term endurance capacity in young elite competitive cyclists (n=14). MVC and RFD increased 12-20% with SE (P<0.01) but not E. VO2max remained unchanged. CE improved in E to reach values seen in SE. Short-term (5-min) endurance performance increased (3-4%) after SE and E (P<0.05), whereas 45-min endurance capacity increased (8%) with SE only (P<0.05). Type IIA fiber proportions increased and type IIX proportions decreased after SE training (P<0.05) with no change in E. Muscle fiber area and capillarization remained unchanged. In conclusion, concurrent strength/endurance training in young elite competitive cyclists led to an improved 45-min time-trial endurance capacity that was accompanied by an increased proportion of type IIA muscle fibers and gains in MVC and RFD, while capillarization remained unaffected.     

The effect of high load training on psychomotor speed

The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether overreached athletes show psychomotor slowness after a period of high load training. Fourteen well-trained cyclists (10 male, 4 female, mean age 25.3 [SD = 4.1] years, mean maximal oxygen consumption 65.5 [SD = 8.1] ml/kg.min) performed a maximal graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer, filled out two questionnaires and performed two tests of psychomotor speed before and after high load training and after two weeks of recovery training. A control group performed the two tests of psychomotor speed on the same occasions without changing physical activity levels. Five cyclists were classified as functional overreached, seven cyclists were classified as well-trained and two cyclists were excluded from analysis. Results showed no significant differences in psychomotor speed between the control, well-trained and functional overreached groups on the three measurements. A trend towards psychomotor slowness was found for the functional overreached compared to the control group after high load training. Additional research with more subjects and a greater degree of overload training is necessary to more conclusively determine if psychomotor speed can be used as an early marker for overtraining.     

Characteristics of track cycling.

Track cycling events range from a 200 m flying sprint (lasting 10 to 11 seconds) to the 50 km points race (lasting approximately 1 hour). Unlike road cycling competitions where most racing is undertaken at submaximal power outputs, the shorter track events require the cyclist to tax maximally both the aerobic and anaerobic (oxygen independent) metabolic pathways. Elite track cyclists possess key physical and physiological attributes which are matched to the specific requirements of their events: these cyclists must have the appropriate genetic predisposition which is then maximised through effective training interventions. With advances in technology it is now possible to accurately measure both power supply and demand variables under competitive conditions. This information provides better resolution of factors that are important for training programme design and skill development.     

The response of trained athletes to six weeks of endurance training in hypoxia or normoxia

This study was performed to investigate the effect of training under simulated hypoxic conditions. Hypoxia training was integrated into the normal training schedule of 12 endurance trained cyclists. Athletes were randomly assigned to two groups and performed three additional training bouts per week for six weeks on a bicycle ergometer. One group (HG) trained at the anaerobic threshold under hypoxic conditions (corresponding to an altitude of 3200 m) while the control group (NG) trained at the same relative intensity at 560 m. Preceding and following the six training weeks, performance tests were performed under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Normoxic and hypoxic .VO2max, maximal power output as well as hypoxic work-capacity were not improved after the training period. Testing under hypoxic conditions revealed a significant increase in oxygen saturation (SpO 2, from 67.1 +/- 2.3 % to 70.0 +/- 1.7 %) and in maximal blood lactate concentration (from 7.0 to 9.1 mM) in HG only. Ferritin levels were decreased from 67.4 +/- 16.3 to 42.2 +/- 9.5 microg/l (p < 0.05) in the HG and from 54.3 +/- 6.9 to 31.4+/- 8.0 microg/l (p = 0.17) in the NG. Reticulocytes were significantly increased in both groups by a factor of two. In conclusion, the integration of six weeks of high intensity endurance training did not lead to improved performance in endurance trained athletes whether this training was carried out in hypoxic or normoxic conditions.