无创通气在慢性气道疾病呼吸衰竭中的疗效

无创通气(non-invasive ventilation,NIV)是指不经气管插管或气管切开而进行的机械通气.目前已有大量临床实验的结果支持其用于治疗慢性气道疾病(包括慢性阻塞性肺疾病和哮喘)所致的急性和慢性呼吸衰竭,同时它也有助于有创通气的撤机.尽管NIV的有效性已被广泛认可,但是并非对所有患者均有效,患者的合理选择是其成功的重要因素.     

无创机械通气治疗呼吸衰竭临床观察

目的探讨无创机械通气(NIPPV)在临床中的应用价值。方法选取BiPAP无创机械通气治疗呼吸衰竭的病例并随机分为治疗组28例,在应用无创机械通气治疗2 h后测血气分析,对照组28例,行常规治疗即抗感染,化痰,平喘治疗并进行疗效观察。结果两组资料总有效率对比无创机械通气治疗呼吸衰竭病例可起到改善呼吸性酸中毒(P<0.01),降低PaCO2(P<0.01),降低呼吸频率(P<0.01),降低气管插管率(P<0.01),缩短住院天数的作用(P<0.01)。结论无创机械通气治疗呼吸衰竭简便,安全,有效。在临床应用中有重要价值。     

无创通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病呼吸衰竭的研究进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）常并发呼吸衰竭,机械通气是重要治疗措施,其中无创通气（NIV）是临床上常用治疗方法。NIV治疗COPD急性加重期急性呼吸衰竭可以改善患者的呼吸功能、动脉血氧饱和度和降低通气插管率。NIV治疗COPD稳定期慢性呼吸衰竭也能改善动脉血氧饱和度、生活质量和运动耐力。严重酸中毒、高血糖和患者病情严重等是预测NIV治疗失败因素。该文对NIV治疗COPD急性加重期和稳定期、NIV参数设置、影响NIV疗效因素方面进行了综述。     

机械通气对老年肺动脉高压伴呼吸衰竭患者血浆脑钠肽水平的影响

目的 探讨机械通气对肺动脉高压伴呼吸衰竭患者血浆脑钠肽(BNP)水平的影响.方法 选择肺动脉高压伴呼吸衰竭患者60例,随机分成两组,每组30例,有创机械通气组在常规治疗的基础上给予气管切开或气管插管呼吸机辅助呼吸,无创机械通气组在常规治疗的基础上给予面罩呼吸机辅助呼吸,分别观察治疗前及治疗24 h后两组患者血气分析、血浆BNP含量及肺动脉压的变化.结果 治疗24 h后两组患者动脉血气分析指标均较治疗前有明显改善(P＜0.05),并且有创机械通气组较无创机械通气组改善明显(P＜0.05);治疗24 h后无创机械通气组和有创机械通气组患者血浆BNP含量及肺动脉压力明显降低(P＜0.05),无创机械通气组患者较有创机械通气组患者下降明显(P＜0.05).结论 机械通气治疗肺动脉高压伴呼吸衰竭患者效果显著,明显改善血气分析指标,降低BNP水平及肺动脉压力,并且有创机械通气效果优于无创机械通气.     

无创正压通气治疗急性肺损伤呼吸衰竭的护理

机械通气是治疗急慢性呼吸衰竭的有效方法之一,传统的机械通气需气管插管或气管切开,给患者造成一定的痛苦,亦会引起多种并发症。我院ICU病房于2003～2005年对12例急性肺损伤致呼吸衰竭的患者采用无创正压通气(NIPV)辅助呼吸,疗效甚佳,从而使一些呼衰患者避免了气管插管,亦同样达到治疗效果,转危为安。现将临床护理体会介绍如下。1无创正压通气的原理、装置,使用和适应症无创正压通气是指不建立人工气道,采用机械装置的通气,通过面罩进行呼吸支持的机械通气技术,通常采用压力支持通气(PSV) 呼气末正压(PEEP)或双水平气道正压调节通气(…     

无创通气治疗技术的临床应用研究进展

无创通气(noninvasive ventilation,NIV)具有使用方便、并发症少等优点,临床应用日趋广泛.NIV不仅可用于治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病、支气管哮喘、急性肺损伤和急性呼吸窘迫综合征、心源性肺水肿等引起的呼吸衰竭,还可为外科手术和拒绝插管的有创通气患者提供通气支持以及协助有创通气患者早期拔管脱机等.本文综述了近年来NIV的临床应用进展.     

无创正压通气的临床研究进展

所谓“无创通气”国内外较公认定义指:不经人工气道(气管插管、切开)将机械通气输入肺的所有方法和技术,目前我国正在临床应用研究的NIV主要是指面罩进行的无创正压通气(NPPV)。1 NPPV在有创-无创序贯通气中应用序贯通气通常指急性呼吸衰竭患者行有创通气后,在未达到拔管、撤机     

有创和无创正压通气对COPD急性加重并严重呼吸衰竭患者血浆脑钠肽水平的影响

目的探讨有创和无创正压通气对慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)急性加重并严重呼吸衰竭患者血浆脑钠肽(BNP)的影响。方法选择61例COPD急性加重并严重呼吸衰竭患者,根据机械通气方法不同分为有创通气组31例和无创通气组30例,两组患者均给予相同常规治疗方案,在此基础上,有创通气组采取气管插管呼吸机辅助呼吸,无创通气组采取面罩呼吸机辅助呼吸,观察两组患者治疗后24 h动脉血气分析及血浆BNP变化。结果治疗24 h后,有创通气组pH、动脉血氧分压(PaO2)明显高于对无创组,动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)、血浆BNP明显低于无创组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。结论机械通气可有效改善COPD急性加重并严重呼吸衰竭患者通气功能,降低血浆BNP,有创正压通气治疗效果优于无创正压通气。     

序贯性机械通气治疗肺心病合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的分析

目的探讨有创与无创序贯性机械通气治疗肺心病合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的方法与疗效。方法对60例肺心病合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者进行气管插管后机械通气,待有更换机械通气方式指征时,随机分为两组,每组30例。治疗组给予拔除气管插管改无创机械通气,对照组继续有创机械通气。观察患者病情变化、血气分析、死亡率、呼吸机相关肺炎发生率、机械通气时间及住院时间。结果两组患者治疗效果无差异性(P>0.05),但两组患者发生呼吸机相关肺炎率、死亡率、机械通气时间、住院时间均有差异性(P<0.05)。结论序贯性机械通气可降低肺心病合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者呼吸机相关肺炎发生率及死亡率,缩短机械通气时间和住院时问。     

无创机械通气治疗慢性呼吸衰竭患者的护理体会

无创正压通气（NPPV）是指无需建立人工气道的正压通气,通常经过鼻／面罩等方法连接患者。和有创机械通气一样,无创机械通气也能通过改善肺通气和肺换气功能降低呼吸功,对呼吸衰竭患者提供有效的呼吸支持。临床研究证明,部分患者应用NPPV可以减少急性呼吸衰竭的气管插管、气管切开及相应的并发症,改善预后。减少慢性呼吸衰竭患者呼吸机的依赖,减少患者的痛苦和医疗费用,提高生活质量。     

Application of non-invasive mechanical ventilation in an asthmatic pregnant woman in respiratory failure: a case report

The use of non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV) during an asthma attack is controversial. We report a case of a 28-year-old female patient in her 16th week of pregnancy with community-acquired pneumonia who presented during an asthma attack, which led to hypoxic respiratory failure. She was successfully treated using NIV. This case is worth discussing as it includes two clinical conditions in which NIV is often considered contraindicated.KEY WORDS : Mechanical ventilation, pregnant, respiratory failure, severe asthma     

Non-invasive ventilation in the management of acute respiratory failure in Pakistan

Data were collected from hospital records on all patients who received non-invasive ventilation (NIV) during the period 1999-2000. Patients were treated with NIV if they had type I or type II respiratory failure or if they had respiratory distress with a respiratory rate above 30/min. A total of 68 patients (35 males) were studied. NIV was applied using a Respironics Bi-PAP device mostly on a high-dependency unit (HDU). A successful outcome with NIV was achieved in 70% (26/37) of patients with type II failure, 65% (11/17) patients with type I failure and 64% (9/14) patients with respiratory distress. Of the 16 patients considered to be inappropriate for invasive ventilation on admission, eight were treated successfully with NIV. NIV can be applied successfully in developing countries.     

Acute respiratory failure in the cancer patient: the role of non-invasive mechanical ventilation

The most common cause of ICU admission in patients affected by a hematologic or solid cancer is acute respiratory failure, often associated with a respiratory infection. The prognosis of these critically ill patients is disappointingly low especially if they require endotracheal intubation. In the last 10 years, non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV), delivered through a face or nose mask, has been increasingly used as an alternative to invasive ventilation. There is good evidence that, compared to the standard medical therapy alone or with invasive mechanical ventilation, NIV may improve survival and reduce the rate of infectious complications in patients affected by hematologic cancers. Patients with a solid tumor and "reversible" acute respiratory failure are also likely to benefit from NIV, while the use of NIV in palliative care of terminally ill patients still needs to be elucidated. The success of NIV is strictly dependent on its "early" use and on the experience of the staff involved.     

Nichtinvasive Beatmung nach Extubation

The effectiveness of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in the management of difficult or prolonged weaning has most convincingly been shown for hypercapnic respiratory failure, mainly due to COPD. In this context three different clinical scenarios should be distinguished. First NIV as a systematic technique to facilitate early extubation leading to a decrease in ventilator-associated pneumonia and mortality, second, NIV as a preventive strategy immediately after planned extubation in patients showing risk factors for recurrent respiratory failure, and third, NIV application as a rescue therapy in patients with apparent respiratory failure after planned extubation, revealing the potential to avoid re-intubation in hypercapnic patients with pre-existing respiratory disorders. In non-COPD patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure after extubation, NIV cannot generally be recommended. NIV application within the weaning process requires a high degree of experience in this technique and progress to urgent re-intubation must not be delayed.     

Compliance with home non-invasive ventilation

Home non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is being increasingly employed to treat chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure. However, there is little data on compliance with home NIV. Sixty-five patients, aged 72.6 ± 9.4 years, who were using home NIV were administered a questionnaire on symptomatology and adverse effects associated with home NIV. Mean daily use of home NIV was 7.3 ± 2.9 h/day, and the median percentage of days on which home NIV was used for ≥4 h/day was 96.7%.     

Outcome of adult patients with cystic fibrosis admitted to intensive care with respiratory failure: the role of non-invasive ventilation

Recourse to mechanical ventilation may prove necessary in adult patients with cystic fibrosis who have reached the stage of severe respiratory insufficiency. We report the experience of an intensive care service using non-invasive ventilation (NIV) as the first step in the management of acute respiratory failure in these patients. The records of 16 patients with cystic fibrosis presenting with acute respiratory failure and treated with NIV were analysed retrospectively. The characteristics of the group were: mean age 26.9 +/- 9.5 years; mean FEV1 21.5 +/- 10.4% predicted; mean body mass index 16.8 +/- 2.1; mean Pa CO(2) on admission 66 +/- 15 mm Hg. The mean duration of NIV in the ICU was 10 +/- 7 days. Eight patients (50%) died after having been intubated on account of failure of NIV. The eight survivors were discharged home with long-term NIV (mean duration 235 +/- 158 days). Six of them have received a lung transplant. The mode of onset of respiratory failure was an important prognostic factor: a rapid onset (<7 days) was invariably associated with death, on the other hand a gradual deterioration (> 7 days) was noted in the eight patients able to leave the ICU. In conclusion NIV may be regarded as the treatment of choice in patients with cystic fibrosis admitted to ICU with respiratory failure. In the case of persistent hypercapnia after the acute episode long-term NIV may keep them stable while awaiting lung transplantation.     

Nichtinvasive Beatmung als Therapie der akuten respiratorischen Insuffizienz

Background

Scientific evidence is accumulating that non-invasive ventilation (NIV) may be beneficial for different patient groups with acute respiratory insufficiency (ARI). The aim of the new S3 guidelines is to propagate evidence-based knowledge about the indications and limitations of NIV in clinical practice.

Methods

A total of 28 experts from 10 German medical societies were involved in the process of development of the present guidelines. These experts systematically analyzed approximately 2,900 publications. Finally, the recommendations were discussed and approved in two consensus conferences.

Results

In hypercapnic ARI, NIV reduces the length of stay and mortality during intensive care treatment [grade A recommendation (A)]. Patients with cardiopulmonary edema should be treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or NIV (A). For immunocompromized patients with ARI, NIV reduces the mortality (A). In patients with hyper-capnic postextubation respiratory failure and during weaning from mechanical ventilation, NIV reduces the risk of reintubation (A). For patients who decline to be ventilated invasively, NIV may be an acceptable alternative (B). Non-invasive ventilation can also successfully be used in pediatric patients with ARI caused by different reasons (C). In acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) NIV cannot generally be recommended because the failure rate is relatively high.

Conclusion

NIV is still not as widely implemented in clinical medicine as would be expected on the basis of the scientific literature. The aim of the present guidelines is to further propagate NIV for the treatment of ARI.     

Non-invasive ventilation using a novel ventilator and non-vented full-face mask for patients with respiratory failure during the COVID-19 pandemic: Report of three cases

The Japanese government's latest manual on COVID-19 management mentions non-invasive ventilation (NIV). Before this version, we experienced three cases in which COVID-19 was a concern. Each case had one of the following conditions: obesity hypoventilation syndrome, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, acute heart failure with acute kidney injury with hypercapnia. The guidelines indicate that patients with these diseases are good candidates for NIV. NIV was used in a negative pressure room with staff in personal protective equipment. We describe the use of NIV instruments with anti-viral filters and a non-vented mask, including a new NIV machine for COVID-19 respiratory care.     

Non-invasive ventilation in immunocompromised patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure

The survival rate of immunocompromised patients has improved over the past decades in light of remarkable progress in diagnostic and therapeutic options. Simultaneously, there has been an increase in the number of immunocompromised patients with life threatening complications requiring intensive care unit (ICU) treatment. ICU admission is necessary in up to 15% of patients with acute leukemia and 20% of bone marrow transplantation recipients, and the main reason for ICU referral in this patient population is acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, which is associated with a high mortality rate, particularly in patients requiring endotracheal intubation. The application of non-invasive ventilation (NIV), and thus the avoidance of endotracheal intubation and invasive mechanical ventilation with its side effects, appears therefore of great importance in this patient population. Early trials supported the benefits of NIV in these settings, and the 2011 Canadian guidelines for the use of NIV in critical care settings suggest the use of NIV in immune-compromised patients with a grade 2B recommendation. However, the very encouraging results from initial seminal trials were not confirmed in subsequent observational and randomized clinical studies, questioning the beneficial effect of NIV in immune-compromised patients. Based on these observations, a French group led by Azoulay decided to assess whether early intermittent respiratory support with NIV had a role in reducing the mortality rate of immune-compromised patients with non-hypercapnic hypoxemic respiratory failure developed in less than 72 h, and hence conducted a multicenter randomized controlled trial (RCT) in experienced ICUs in France. This perspective reviews the findings from their RCT in the context of the current critical care landscape, and in light of recent results from other trials focused on the early management of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure.