双相性马尔尼菲青霉菌的体外药敏试验研究

比较马尔尼菲青霉菌（Penicillium mareffei，PM）分别在25℃菌丝相和37℃酵母相时的MIC值，研究PM菌丝相和酵母相的相位改变对药物敏感性的影响。采用M27-p方案中的E-test法测定6株PM分别在25℃菌丝相（mycelial）和37℃酵母相（yeast）时对伊曲康唑、酮康唑、氟康唑、5-氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B等5种药物的MIC值。25℃菌丝相时伊曲康唑、酮康唑、5-氟胞嘧啶、氟康唑、两性霉素B的MIC值范围分别为：0.002-0.032цg/mL、0.016-0.19цg/mL、0.008-0.19цg/L、1.0-8.0цg/L、0.125-6.0цg/mL，仅两性霉素B出现耐药株各2株。37℃酵母相时伊曲康唑、酮康唑、5-氟胞嘧啶、氟康唑、两性霉素B的MIC值范围分别为：0.002-0.75цg/mL、0.012-0.125цg/mL、0.012-0.25цg/mL、1.5ц6.0цg/mL、0.047-2.0цg/mL，对氟康唑耐药株1株，5-氟胞嘧啶和两性霉素B出现耐药株各2株。结果示伊曲康唑敏感性最强，其次是酮康唑和5-氟胞嘧啶，两笥霉素B敏感性最弱。PM在25℃菌丝相和37℃酵母相时抗真菌药物敏感性存在差异，但菌丝相和酵母相的相位改变不影响其敏感性。     

酵母相马尔尼菲青霉菌体外抗真菌药敏试验研究

目的 用E－test法测定马尔尼菲青霉菌（penicillium marneffei,PM)酵母相的药物敏感性,指导临床合理用药。方法 采用M27－p方案中的E－test8法测定6株PM的酵母相（yeast）对伊曲康唑、酮康唑、氟康唑、5－氟胞嘧啶、二性霉素B的MIC值。结果 伊曲康唑MIC值范围0．002－0．016μg/ml,无耐药株;酮康唑MIC值范围为0．016－0．160μg/ml,耐药株1株;5－氟胞嘧啶MIC值范围0．032－0．380μg/ml,耐药株1株;氟康唑MIC值范围1．500－6．000μg/ml,无耐药株;二性霉素BMIC值范围0．047－1．500μg/ml,耐药株2株。结论 伊曲康唑敏感性最强,其次是酮康唑和5－氟胞嘧啶,二性霉素B敏感性相对较弱,酵母型PM对5种抗真菌药物敏感性存在差异。     

用E-test法对菌丝相马尔尼菲青霉进行体外药敏检测

用E test抗真菌药敏试条研究酮康唑、伊曲康唑、5 氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B、氟康唑对马尔尼菲青霉(PM)菌丝相的敏感性 ,判定MIC值。结果5种抗真菌药对PM菌丝相均具良好敏感性 ,尤以伊曲康唑为优。马尔尼菲青霉的药敏试验为临床上选择有效药物具有一定的意义。     

E-test法和Rosco纸片法检测申克孢子丝菌对伊曲康唑和氟康唑的敏感性试验

目的探讨申克孢子丝菌的体外抗真菌药敏试验E-test法和Rosco纸片法的可比性,观察申克孢子丝菌对伊曲康唑和氟康唑的敏感性。方法采用临床实验室标准化协会(CLSI)颁布的M27-P方案中的E-test法检测和Rosco纸片法检测申克孢子丝菌在菌丝相时对伊曲康唑、氟康唑的MIC值。结果采用E-test法和Rosco纸片法检测20株临床分离株25℃菌丝相时,伊曲康唑的MIC值范围分别为:0.012～2.0μg/mL,14～29mm,氟康唑的MIC值范围分别为:256μg/mL,0mm。结论体外抗真菌药敏试验E-test法和Rosco纸片法有较好的一致性和重复性。申克孢子丝菌25℃菌丝相时对伊曲康唑、氟康唑的敏感性存在差异,对伊曲康唑的敏感性高于氟康唑。     

不同抗真菌药物对艾滋病合并马尔尼菲篮状菌病临床疗效及体外药敏试验结果分析

目的观察艾滋病合并马尔尼菲篮状菌病患者体外真菌药敏结果和不同抗真菌治疗方案的疗效。方法将酵母相马尔尼菲篮状菌调成菌悬液并转移至药敏培养基中混匀,然后将混匀的酵母菌悬浮液接种到ATBTMFUNGUS 3酵母样真菌敏感性检测试纸条上孵育,可以通过肉眼判读杯状凹中酵母菌的生长情况,获得两性霉素B、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑、氟康唑、氟胞嘧啶的最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC);同时临床观察不同抗真菌药物治疗的疗效。结果84株马尔尼菲篮状菌均显示两性霉素B MIC<0.5 mg/L,伊曲康唑MIC<0.125 mg/L,伏立康唑MIC<0.06 mg/L。73株(86.90%)马尔尼菲篮状菌显示氟康唑MIC≥1 mg/L。69株(82.14%)马尔尼菲篮状菌显示氟胞嘧啶MIC≥4 mg/L。药敏结果显示马尔尼菲篮状菌对两性霉素B、伊曲康唑和伏立康唑的MIC均处于低水平,而对氟康唑和氟胞嘧啶MIC均处于高水平。84例患者中有7例未接受抗真菌治疗者均死亡,77例患者接受了抗真菌治疗,其中74例治疗好转,治疗好转率96.10%。两性霉素B治疗组好转率96.88%,伏立康唑治疗组好转率92.31%,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.43)。结论艾滋病合并马尔尼菲篮状菌病可以选择两性霉素B、伏立康唑和伊曲康唑治疗,不推荐选择氟康唑和氟胞嘧啶治疗。     

新生隐球菌生物膜体外抗真菌药物敏感性研究

目的了解新生隐球菌生物膜对氟康唑、两性霉素B、伊曲康唑和卡泊芬净的体外敏感性。方法采用标准微量稀释法测定上述4种抗真菌药物对20株新生隐球菌悬浮状态与生物膜状态的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),MIC结果判定采用四甲基偶氮唑盐[XTT,2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide inner salt]-降解法。结果悬浮新生隐球菌20株均对两性霉素B敏感(<1μg/mL),3株对氟康唑耐药(>64μg/mL);1株对伊曲康唑耐药;20株均对卡泊芬净耐药。而生物膜新生隐球菌显示:在20株中,除4株对两性霉素B敏感外,其余各株均对两性霉素B耐药。20株菌均对氟康唑和伊曲康唑耐药,远远高于耐药浓度。对卡泊芬净,均高于其耐药浓度。结论标准微量稀释法结合四甲基偶氮唑盐(XTT)-降解法测定新生隐球菌生物膜对抗真菌药物的敏感性其结果具有可重复性和一致性的特点;新生隐球菌生物膜的明显降低抗真菌药物的敏感性。     

氟康唑治疗孢子丝菌病的临床疗效及体外抗真菌药敏试验研究

目的观察氟康唑对孢子丝菌病的临床疗效,检测孢子丝菌对氟康唑、伊曲康唑的体外敏感性,探讨孢子丝菌病治疗的新方法。方法对60例孢子丝菌病患者给予氟康唑片口服治疗[成人首次100mg,以后50mg,儿童3～5mg/(kg.d)],30例患者给予10%碘化钾溶液10mL口服治疗,并采用E-test法检测其中10株孢子丝菌对氟康唑和伊曲康唑的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果氟康唑组有效率为95.00%,碘化钾组为86.67%。采用E-test法检测10株孢子丝菌对氟康唑和伊曲康唑的MIC值,范围分别为>256μg/mL,0.012～8.0μg/mL。结论氟康唑对孢子丝菌病有较好的临床疗效,但申克氏孢子丝菌对对氟康唑的体外敏感性较低。E-test法可以作为一种孢子丝菌的体外抗真菌药敏试验方法。     

E-test法检测申克氏孢子丝菌对抗真菌药物敏感性的研究

为探讨申克氏孢子丝菌的体外抗真菌药敏试验方法的重复性及准确性,观察申克氏孢子丝菌对两种抗真菌药的敏感性,我们采用美国临床实验室标准委员会（NCCLS）颁布的M27-P方案中的E-test法检测申克氏孢子丝菌分别在菌丝相和酵母相时对伊曲康唑、氟康唑的MIC值。结果：25℃菌丝相时氟康唑、伊曲康唑的MIC值范围分别为：2～256μg/mL、0.012～8.0μg/mL。37℃酵母相时氟康唑、伊曲康唑的MIC值范围分别为：4～256μg/mL、0.125～32μg/mL。申克氏孢子丝菌菌丝相的MIC值较低,酵母相的MIC值较高。申克氏孢子丝菌25℃菌丝相和37℃酵母相时对伊曲康唑、氟康唑的敏感性存在差异。对伊曲康唑的敏感性高于氟康唑。     

白念珠菌对三唑类药物体外抗真菌敏感性及拖尾现象的研究

@@@@目的：评价66株白念珠菌对三唑类药物的体外敏感性和拖尾现象。方法：参照CLSI的M27－A3方法进行,检测分离自不同部位的66株白念珠菌对氟康唑、伊曲康唑和伏立康唑的体外敏感性和拖尾现象,应用肉眼观察和酶标仪读取MIC结果。结果：依据判读折点,对氟康唑敏感菌株63株,剂量依赖3株,MIC几何均值为0．59μg？mL,对伊曲康唑敏感39株,剂量依赖25株,耐药2株,MIC几何均值为0．156μg？mL,对伏立康唑敏感65株,剂量依赖1株,MIC几何均值为0．059μg？mL。3种药物表现不同程度的拖尾现象,分光光度法读取吸光值可清晰反映出MIC值、菌量变化及拖尾现象。结论：拖尾现象是三唑类药物体外抗真菌敏感性检测的常见现象,分光光度法可以客观、直接地观察体外MIC结果及拖尾现象。     

几种抗真菌药物对马尔尼菲青霉的体外药敏试验

目的 观察马尔尼菲青霉（PM）广西野生银星竹鼠寄生株与临床人分离株对伏立康唑和几种常用抗真菌药物的敏感性。方法 采用美国临床实验室标准委员会（CLSI）M27-A2和M38-A方案中的微量稀释法,测定伏立康唑、伊曲康唑、特比萘芬、两性霉素B 及氟康唑对14株广西野生银星竹鼠PM寄生株与25株临床人PM分离株25 ℃菌丝相及37 ℃酵母相的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）。用两样本均数比较t检验比较PM寄生株与临床人PM分离株MIC的差异性,用配对t检验比较同一株菌在两种不同温度相下的MIC差异性。结果 伏立康唑、伊曲康唑、特比萘芬、两性霉素B、氟康唑对PM寄生株菌丝相的MIC分别为：0.0313 ～ 0.1250、0.1250 ～ 1.0000、0.0313 ～ 0.5000、0.2500 ～ 4.0000、2.0000 ～ 8.0000 mg/L;对PM寄生株酵母相的MIC分别为：0.0078 ～ 0.2500、0.0313 ～ 0.5000、0.0313 ～ 1.0000、0.2500 ～ 2.0000、1.0000 ～ 8.0000 mg/L;对PM临床人分离株菌丝相的MIC分别为：0.0313 ～ 0.2500、0.0625 ～ 1.0000、0.0313 ～ 1.0000、0.2500 ～ 4.0000、2.0000 ～ 32.0000 mg/L;对PM临床人分离株酵母相的MIC分别为：0.0039 ～ 0.2500、0.0313 ～ 0.5000、0.0313 ～ 2.0000、0.1250 ～ 2.0000、2.0000 ～ 16.0000 mg/L。5种抗真菌药物对广西野生银星竹鼠PM寄生株与临床人PM分离株菌丝相和酵母相均敏感。同一温度下伏立康唑对两种不同来源PM的MIC最低,其他药物的MIC依次为伊曲康唑、特比萘芬 < 两性霉素B < 氟康唑。同一药物在同一温度下对广西野生银星竹鼠PM寄生株与PM临床分离株的MIC无明显差异;伊曲康唑、两性霉素B、特比萘芬对同一菌株在菌丝相和酵母相下的MIC存在差异。结论 PM对伏立康唑的敏感性最高;来自于广西野生银星竹鼠的PM寄生株与临床人PM分离株对伏立康唑、伊曲康唑、特比萘芬、两性霉素B及氟康唑的MIC类似;菌相的改变可影响PM对伊曲康唑、两性霉素B、特比萘芬的敏感性。     

Dermatology in private practice in France in 2000

OBJECTIVES: Data regarding French dermatological practice are scarce. Our objective was to identify the skin disorders most commonly diagnosed by office-based dermatologists. We also documented the severity of these skin disorders, as reflected by the repercussions on patient's everyday life, and the way physicians managed patients. DESIGN: We carried out a one-day survey of visits to a randomly selected sample of 900 French office-based dermatologists. The randomization was stratified according to the five French different dialing area codes. RESULTS: Office-based dermatologists saw 6411 patients with 7839 skin disorders during the survey. The daily number of visits to French dermatologists was estimated at 47 000 and the annual number between 12 and 14 millions. Office-based dermatologists mostly managed warts, acne, nevus, dermatitis, malignancies and pre-malignancies, fungal infection and psoriasis. Repercussions on patients'everyday life were assessed by physicians as important or very important in 28 p. 100 of cases. Half of the patients received topical treatment, 20.5 p. 100 a systemic drug and 40 p. 100 a minor surgical procedure (including cryotherapy). CONCLUSION: Although dermatologists frequently see benign skin disorders such as warts or nevus, more severe diseases represent an important part of their activity.     

Decrease in neutrophils observed in vivo in psoriatics after PUVA therapy

Summary In 56 patients leucocyte and differential counts were done before and at weekly intervals during PUVA treatment of chronic recalcitrant psoriasis. A statistical significant (P<0.01) decrease in the percentage of neutrophils was observed during the first week of the PUVA therapy. This observation could be closely related to the clinical clearing of psoriasis (P=0.02).The effect of PUVA therapy in psoriasis may be due to a decrease in the number of immunocompetent neutrophils demonstrated in psoriatic lesions.     

37例麻风患者的家庭集聚性调查分析

目的:明确麻风家庭感染者的发病情况。方法:利用全国麻风病防治信息管理系统(LEPMIS)数据库,描述性分析麻风家庭感染者的发病情况。结果:符合条件的共17户家庭37例麻风患者,其中多菌型患者33例,少菌型4例;密切接触5年内发病4例(10.81%),5~10年发病者11例(29.73%),超过10年发病者13例(35.14%),不明时间者9例(24.32%);其中因父母子女关系感染17例(45.95%)、祖孙关系5例(13.51%)、兄弟关系2例(5.41%)。结论:多菌型麻风是家庭传染者的主要传染源。     

Progress in Malassezia Research in Korea

Yeasts of the genus Malassezia are part of the normal flora of human skin. However, they are also associated with various skin diseases. Since the introduction of Malassezia to the Korean Dermatologic Society two decades ago, remarkable progress has been made in our knowledge of this genus. In this paper, we review recent developments in Malassezia research, including taxonomy and methods for species identification, recent genome analyses, Malassezia species distribution in healthy conditions and in specific skin diseases, trials investigating the mechanisms underlying Malassezia-related diseases, as well as therapeutic options. This review will enhance our understanding of Malassezia yeasts and related skin diseases in Korea.     

Hard cornification in reptilian epidermis in comparison to cornification in mammalian epidermis

The structure of reptilian hard (beta)-keratins, their nucleotide and amino acid sequence, and the organization of their genes are presented. These 13-19 kDa proteins are basic, rich in glycine, proline and serine, and different from cytokeratins. Their mRNAs are expressed in beta-cells. The central part of beta-keratins (this region has been previously termed 'core-box' and is peculiar of all sauropsid proteins) is composed of two beta-folded regions and shows a high identity with avian beta-keratins. This central part present in all beta-keratins, including feather keratins, is the site of polymerization to build the framework of beta-keratin filaments. Beta-keratins appear cytokeratin-associated proteins. Their central region might have originated in an ancestral glycine-rich protein present in stem reptiles from which beta-keratins evolved and diversified into reptiles and birds. Stem reptiles of the Carboniferous period might have possessed glycine-rich proteins derived from exons/domains corresponding to the variable, glycine-rich region of cytokeratins. Beta-keratins might have derived from a gene coding for small glycine-rich keratin-associated proteins. The glycine-rich regions evolved differently in the lineage leading to modern reptiles and birds versus that leading to mammals. In the reptilian lineage some amino acid regions produced by point mutations and amino acid changes might have given rise to originate the central beta-pleated region. The latter allowed the formation of filamentous proteins (beta-keratins) associated with intermediate filament keratins and replaced them in beta-keratin cells. In the mammalian lineage no beta-pleated region was generated in their matrix proteins, the glycine-rich keratin-associated proteins. The latter evolved as glycine-tyrosine-rich, sulphur-rich, and ultra-sulphur-rich proteins that are used for building hairs, horns and nails.     

Experimental approaches to lymphocyte migration in dermatology in vitro and in vivo

Lymphocyte trafficking through the dermal compartment is part of the physiological surveillance process of the adaptive immune system. On the other hand, persistent or recurrent lymphocyte infiltrates are hallmarks of both types of chronic inflammatory skin diseases, Th1-type such as psoriasis or Th2/allergic-type like atopic dermatitis. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying lymphocyte movements is one of the key prerequisites for developing more effective therapies. In this review, we introduce a range of simple-to-sophisticated experimental in vitro and in vivo approaches to analyze lymphocyte migration. These methods start from static in vitro adhesion and chemotaxis assays, include dynamic endothelial flow chamber, intravital dual photon, and transcutaneous live-video microscopy, and finally encompass specific genetically deficient or engineered animal models. Discussing pros and cons of these assay systems hopefully generates both state-of-the-art knowledge about the factors involved in most common chronic skin diseases as well as an improved understanding of the limitations and chances of new biologic pharmaceuticals that are currently introduced into clinical practice.     

Dermatoses in cement workers in southern Taiwan

Construction workers are known to have occupational dermatoses. The prevalence of such dermatoses was unknown in Taiwanese construction workers. The objective of this study was to determine the work exposure, prevalence of skin manifestations, and sensitivity to common contact allergens in cement workers of southern Taiwan. A total of 1147 current regular cement workers were telephone-interviewed about skin problems during the past 12 months, work exposure, and personal protection. Among those interviewed, 166 were examined and patch tested with common contact allergens. A high % of cement workers reported skin problems in the past 12 months. More men (13.9%) reported skin problems possibly related to work than women (5.4%). Prevalence was associated with lower use of gloves, duration of work as cement worker, and more time in jobs involving direct manual handling of cement, especially tiling. A high % of dermatitis was noted in the 166 workers examined, which correlated with reported skin problems. On patch testing, construction workers had a high frequency of sensitivity to chromate. Sensitivity to chromate or cobalt was associated with reported skin problems, or dorsal hand dermatitis on examination. These workers'dermatitis was under-diagnosed and inadequately managed. It is concluded that cement workers in southern Taiwan had a high prevalence of skin problems related to cement use. Protective measures, work practice, and physician education should be improved to prevent or manage such problems.