脱细胞异体真皮加自体刃厚皮复合移植在创面修复中的临床应用

目的 寻找功能部位深度烧伤创面与瘢痕畸形修复的理想覆盖材料.方法将功能部位的深度烧伤创面和瘢痕切除后,创面行脱细胞异体真皮+自体刃厚皮复合移植.结果 25例患者复合皮全部成活,复合皮光滑柔软,局部弹性好,关节功能恢复良好.结论脱细胞异体真皮+自体刃厚皮是功能部位创面修复的理想覆盖材料.     

脱细胞真皮联合自体刃厚皮移植治疗烧伤后瘢痕(附36例报告)

目的探讨脱细胞真皮联合自体刃厚皮移植治疗烧伤后瘢痕的可行性及效果。方法对36例烧伤后瘢痕患者在严格无菌条件操作下将瘢痕切除(保留深筋膜上2~3 mm脂肪组织)后,植入脱细胞真皮和自体刃厚皮,创面用成纤维细胞生长因子(EGF)和抗生素外敷加压包扎,制动肢体。结果修复面积为6 cm×8 cm~28cm×30 cm,脱细胞真皮与自体刃厚皮贴覆成活>98%;6例随访6个月~2 a,无排斥反应,皮肤弹性、外观良好,触之柔软,关节部位功能良好;多次供皮区无瘢痕,仅有轻度色素沉着。结论脱细胞真皮是一种修复瘢痕切除后创面的理想组织工程化材料,其与自体刃厚皮移植联合治疗烧伤后瘢痕增生近期效果良好,尤其对自体皮源有限者可起到自体全厚皮的作用。     

复合皮移植治疗功能部位深度烧伤39例临床观察

应用脱细胞真皮基质加自体表皮复合移植修复切痂后烧伤创面39例。结果复合皮移植后皮片成活率94％，供、受皮区仅有轻度瘢痕，皮肤外观、弹性及肢体功能恢复良好。认为应用脱细胞真皮基质加自体表皮复合移植修复功能部位获得了类似于中厚皮移植的效果，节省了自体皮源，供皮区损伤小、恢复快，瘢痕轻。     

人工真皮联合自体薄层皮片移植修复难愈性创面的疗效观察

目的：观察人工真皮联合自体薄层皮片移植（简称复合皮移植）修复难愈性创面的疗效。方法选取住院的各种难愈性创面患者30例,均存在各种原因导致的不同程度和部位皮肤软组织缺损创面,部分病例伴有肌肉、肌腱、骨外露。一期清创后移植人工真皮,2～3周后局部肉芽组织生长良好,外露肌腱和骨组织被类真皮组织覆盖,二期移植自体薄层皮片。观察人工真皮和自体薄层皮片（复合皮）移植成活率、瘢痕增生、色素沉着和关节活动度等情况,综合评价人工真皮联合自体薄层皮片移植修复难愈性创面的临床效果。结果30例患者人工真皮移植后成活25例,成活率为83.3％;5例溶解失活,原因为局部感染4例,局部固定不良1例。存活的25例人工真皮联合自体薄层皮片移植成活率达100.0％。25例出院后均随访2～6个月,复合皮生长良好,光滑有弹性,无明显瘢痕增生,少量皮肤色泽改变;供皮部位恢复良好,无瘢痕增生,部分患者有少量色素改变。结论人工真皮联合自体薄层皮片移植修复难愈性创面,复合皮移植成活率高,创面愈合质量好,成活后的复合皮部位和供皮区瘢痕增生轻微,关节功能恢复良好,方法简便,为难愈性创面的修复提供了新选择。     

异体无细胞真皮基质用于深度烧伤创面的研究

以同种尸体网状中厚皮片为材料，经一系列理化方法清除皮片中的新有细胞成分，制得无细胞真皮基质，与自体超薄皮片一期或二期以复合皮的形式移植于深度烧伤创面上，结果为复合皮成活率高，外观，质地，弹性良好，无细胞真皮基质用于深度烧伤创面取得了令人满意的临床效果。     

原代自体表皮细胞悬液移植对烧伤大鼠的治疗作用

目的探讨原代自体表皮细胞悬液移植技术在治疗烧伤创面中的应用。方法选取Wistar大鼠60只,随机分成4组：烧伤治疗组（移植密度：A组：6.0×104/cm^2;B组：1.2×10^5/cm^2;C组：2.4×10^5/cm^2）和对照组（D组）,不同移植密度治疗后,观察各组愈合情况。结果大鼠烧伤模型达到Ⅲ度烧伤模型要求,A组伤口收缩明显,收缩面积约为原面积的34.3%;B组和C组收缩面积均未超过21.0%。D组为瘢痕化愈合,收缩严重,为原面积的84.5%。A组与B组、A组与C组、A组与D组、B组与D组、C组与D组瘢痕愈合、收缩比例比较P均〈0.01。结论原代自体表皮细胞悬液移植治疗Ⅲ度烧伤可行,移植密度以1.2×10^5/cm^2即可满足需要,创面形态和功能均愈合良好。     

异种脱细胞真皮基质覆盖自体微粒皮治疗大面积深度烧伤疗效观察

目的：观察异种脱细胞真皮基质覆盖自体微粒皮治疗大面积深度烧伤的临床疗效。方法对46例大面积深度烧伤患者采用早期切（削）痂术,创面行自体微粒皮移植加异种（猪）脱细胞真皮基质敷料治疗,观察脱细胞真皮基质变化以及创面修复情况。结果术后异种脱细胞真皮基质敷料与创面贴敷良好,未见明显溶解脱落;3～4周逐渐脱水干燥,自体微粒皮成活并扩展,异种脱细胞真皮基质敷料与创面逐步分离,直至创面愈合脱落。术后2个月,创面愈后外观、弹性较好,瘢痕增生轻。结论异种脱细胞真皮基质覆盖自体微粒皮治疗大面积深度烧伤疗效较好。     

表皮细胞生长因子联合复方多粘菌素B对老年深Ⅱ度烧伤病人创面瘢痕的疗效分析

目的探讨表皮细胞生长因子(EGF)联合复方多粘菌素B治疗老年深Ⅱ度烧伤病人创面瘢痕的疗效。方法选取120例老年深Ⅱ度烧伤病人,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组60例。对照组采用复方多粘菌素B治疗,观察组采用复方多粘菌素B联合EGF治疗。比较2组老年病人的创面愈合时间、愈合率、瘢痕发生率、创面细菌清除率以及疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)。结果观察组创面愈合时间显著低于对照组,7、14、21 d创面愈合率均高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组瘢痕发生率、瘢痕量表评分均低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),2组间创面细菌清除率差异无统计学意义。观察组7、14、21 d VAS疼痛评分均低于对照组(P0.05)。结论复方多粘菌素B与EGF联合治疗老年深Ⅱ度烧伤病人,具有促进创面愈合、降低创面感染风险、减少疼痛的优势,适用于临床。     

脱细胞异体真皮与自体薄皮片复合移植在老年烧伤整形患者中的应用

自体皮瓣、皮片是烧伤整形患者创面最常用的永久性覆盖物,但采用自体皮瓣、全厚或中厚皮片移植来治疗烧伤整形,常常受到供区的限制且供区愈合后亦会形成明显瘢痕。尤其对于老年烧伤整形患者,由于皮肤松弛、皮下脂肪少,烧伤后愈合慢,自愈时间长,如果采用自体皮瓣、皮片移植往往造成移植区伤口恢复不佳,且移植的皮瓣或皮片成活率较低。近年,     

烧伤后骨外露40例综合治疗体会

目的 探讨深度烧伤骨外露创面的有效处理方法.方法 选择深度烧伤合并骨外露患者40例,采用局部皮瓣修复、局部皮肤扩张术＋二期皮瓣转移覆盖、负压吸引＋皮片移植修复、局部外露骨骼打孔＋肉芽创面皮片移植修复等多种方法覆盖骨外露创面.结果 皮瓣修复效果早期就诊手术患者好于就诊较晚手术患者,其中以头皮扩张术后修复颅骨的外露效果最好.就诊较晚未手术患者治疗效果较差,后期均出现较为严重的瘢痕挛缩,愈后外观、功能均不满意.结论 深度烧伤合并骨外露的创面绝大部分需手术治疗,其中早期皮瓣转移修复骨外露创面是较为理想的方法.     

Impact of hypernatremia on burn wound healing: results of an exploratory, retrospective study

Severely burned patients need extensive initial fluid resuscitation. Formulas to calculate fluid needs during burn shock are well established. However, protocols for normalizing circulating fluid volume after cellular integrity has recovered do not exist. Resultant electrolyte shifts can cause hypernatremia, a possible sign of hypovolemia, which may in turn result in decreased tissue perfusion, subsequently affecting burn wound healing. The purpose of this retrospective chart review was to explore the hypothesis that hypernatremia in burn patients is a possible sign of systemic dehydration and that dehydration may affect burn wound skin graft take. Medical chart data from otherwise healthy burn victims with deep partial-thickness burns (total burn surface area [TBSA] >10%) who underwent skin grafting 7 days post injury were reviewed. Thirty (11 female; 19 male) patients with an average TBSA of 30% (± 11%) and an Abbreviated Burn Severity Index (ABSI) score of 7.9 (± 1.8) were included. Of those, 17 had normal average serum levels between day 2 and 6 following injury and 13 developed hypernatremia (serum sodium ≥146 mmol/L) an average of 5.5 days (± 1.5) after injury. Patients in this group underwent an average of 1.3 (± 0.8) re-grafting procedures compared to 0.35 (± 0.5) for patients without hypernatremia (P = 0.001). There was good correlation (r = 0.525) between daily infusion-diuresis ratios (IDR) and serum sodium levels, as well as between serum sodium levels and re-skin grafting occurrences (r = 0.62). The results indicate that research to confirm that hypernatremia is an indicator of dehydration and affects skin graft take is warranted and that protocols to optimize fluid volume following burn shock treatment are needed.     

Dextran hydrogel scaffolds enhance angiogenic responses and promote complete skin regeneration during burn wound healing

Neovascularization is a critical determinant of wound-healing outcomes for deep burn injuries. We hypothesize that dextran-based hydrogels can serve as instructive scaffolds to promote neovascularization and skin regeneration in third-degree burn wounds. Dextran hydrogels are soft and pliable, offering opportunities to improve the management of burn wound treatment. We first developed a procedure to treat burn wounds on mice with dextran hydrogels. In this procedure, we followed clinical practice of wound excision to remove full-thickness burned skin, and then covered the wound with the dextran hydrogel and a dressing layer. Our procedure allows the hydrogel to remain intact and securely in place during the entire healing period, thus offering opportunities to simplify the management of burn wound treatment. A 3-week comparative study indicated that dextran hydrogel promoted dermal regeneration with complete skin appendages. The hydrogel scaffold facilitated early inflammatory cell infiltration that led to its rapid degradation, promoting the infiltration of angiogenic cells into the healing wounds. Endothelial cells homed into the hydrogel scaffolds to enable neovascularization by day 7, resulting in an increased blood flow significantly greater than treated and untreated controls. By day 21, burn wounds treated with hydrogel developed a mature epithelial structure with hair follicles and sebaceous glands. After 5 weeks of treatment, the hydrogel scaffolds promoted new hair growth and epidermal morphology and thickness similar to normal mouse skin. Collectively, our evidence shows that customized dextran-based hydrogel alone, with no additional growth factors, cytokines, or cells, promoted remarkable neovascularization and skin regeneration and may lead to novel treatments for dermal wounds.     

Effect of Phyllanthus niruri. Linn on burn wound in rats

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus niruri. Linn (Euphorbiaceae) on experimentally induced burn wound model in rats and to evaluate whether it reverses the wound healing in steroid suppressed rats.MethodsTwo models including burn wound model and dexamethasone suppressed burn wound model were used in the study. The formulations of ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus niruri were prepared in gum acacia at 8% and in ointment base at 10% and were administered orally (400 mg/kg) and externally respectively. The parameters studied were the wound contraction and the period of epithelialisation.ResultsIn burn wound model, oral and topical administration of Phyllanthus niruri did not show any significant effects in wound contraction and period of epithelialisation when compared to control. In dexamethasone suppressed burn wound model, wound contraction rate was increased significantly by topical (P < 0.001) and oral (P < 0.001) administrations of Phyllanthus niruri by about 47.57% and 26.16% respectively. Topical administration has shown significant (P < 0.05) enhancement of wound contraction than oral dosage form. Dexamethasone depressed epithelialisation period was reversed significantly by topical (P < 0.0001) and oral (P <0.001) administrations of Phyllanthus niruri by about 32.5% and 21.3% respectively.ConclusionsBoth topical and oral administrations of ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus niruri are found to reverse dexamethasone suppressed burn wound healing.     

Epidemiology of burn unit infections in children

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiology of burn unit infections, the effect of these infections on the mortality rate, and antibiotic resistance pattern of the predominant bacteria isolated from children.Patients and method Epidemiologic data for 610 children, aged 0 to 15 years, admitted to the burn unit at Dicle University Hospital during a 5-year period were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: In 207 patients (33.9%), 279 nosocomial infections were identified. The most common types of infections were burn wound infections (72.4%), urinary tract infections (10.8%), pneumonia (9.3%), and septicemia (7.5%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa (181 isolates) was the most common microorganism. Thirty-six patients (5.9%) died at the hospital. Sepsis was associated with mortality in 18 (50%) cases, pneumonia in 6 (17%), and varied noninfectious reasons in 12 patients (33%). P aeruginosa isolates showed high resistance to commonly used antimicrobials. Antibiotic susceptibility test results suggested that imipenem was the most effective agent for P aeruginosa and Escherichia coli strains. CONCLUSION: The major type of nosocomial infections in the burn unit was burn wound infections, and the majority of nosocomial infections resulted from multiple drug-resistant, gram-negative bacteria.     

Effect of acute ethanol exposure on the dermal inflammatory response after burn injury

BACKGROUND: More than 100,000 people each year are admitted to U.S. hospitals for severe burn injury. Strikingly, ethanol use prior to injury is apparent in nearly 50% of burn patients, rendering them six times more likely to die from infection than patients not exposed to ethanol. We previously reported that the kinetics and magnitude of neutrophil chemokine production and subsequent accumulation of neutrophils in the lung was dramatically altered when ethanol exposure preceded injury. Here, we tested whether burn injury and ethanol exposure combined, altered susceptibility to infection, neutrophil chemoattractant production, and neutrophil accumulation at the site of the burn wound. METHODS: Male B(6)D(2)F1 mice were administered a dose of ethanol designed to achieve 90-100 mg/dl circulating levels and 30 min later subjected to a 15% total body surface area dorsal scald injury. Susceptibility to topically applied Pseudomonas aeruginosa was examined. At various times after injury, burn wound and normal tissues were collected for assessments of neutrophil counts, myeloperoxidase quantitation, and neutrophil chemoattractant (KC and MIP-2) production. RESULTS: Ethanol exposure prior to burn injury enhanced susceptibility to infection after burn and was associated with significantly elevated production of KC, but not MIP-2, at the wound site. Despite the enhanced elevation of KC, neutrophil accumulation in the wounds of ethanol exposed, burn injured mice did not differ from those that received burn injury alone. TNFalpha (a potent activator of neutrophils), however, was found to be significantly elevated in the wounds of mice that received only burn injury, but not in those that received injury in combination with prior ethanol exposure. CONCLUSION: In the presence of ethanol, neutrophils are adequately recruited to the site of burn injury, but their host defense functions are impaired, perhaps due to the lack of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNFalpha.     

不同处理条件下脱细胞脐动脉制备小口径组织工程人工血管生物力学性质的对比研究

目的:测定使用3种不同方法处理人脱细胞脐动脉支架后,分别植入种子细胞组装的小口径人工血管生物力学性质,为小口径人工血管的研究提供参考。方法:取同一条人脱细胞脐动脉,均分3段并分三组:A组为0.9%氯化钠溶液处理组,B组为75%乙醇处理组,C组为0.5%戊二醛处理组。然后在特制的搏动培养装置中,将种子细胞的混悬液种植于血管支架内表面;最后对其进行组织学及生物力学性能检测,并相互比较。结果:制备的三组小口径人工血管中B组及C组的塑形性较A组好;力学测试结果显示:抗张力强度C组最大(4.98±0.16)N,B组次之(3.27±0.11)N,A组最小(1.79±0.13)N(B组与A组比较P=0.023;C组与A组比较P=0.027);抗爆破压强度:B组(541±20)mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa),C组(605±24)mmHg,两组均大于A组(386±18)mmHg(B组与A组比较P=0.035;C组与A组比较P=0.042);位移-负荷曲线分析显示:,C组的斜率最大,B组次之,A组最小;HE染色结果显示:AB两组血管的内皮细胞数量、覆盖程度均优于C组;扫描电镜的检测结果显示:A组与B组的细胞种植情况也好于C组;结论:使用75%乙醇或0.5%戊二醛处理后的脱细胞脐动脉塑形性好,血管形态结构好、生物力学性质均明显较0.9%氯化钠液处理组好;而75%乙醇处理后的脱细胞脐动脉在其顺应性方面较0.5%戊二醛处理后更接近于生理状态、且种子细胞种植效果相对较好,因此75%乙醇处理的人脱细胞脐动脉是较理想的血管支架材料。     

Acoustic pressure wound therapy for management of mixed partial- and full-thickness burns in a rural wound center

Infection, pain, and cosmetically unacceptable scarring frequently complicate full-thickness burns. Outpatient management can be difficult without specialized care. A retrospective case series study was conducted in a rural wound center lacking specialized burn care to assess the clinical effectiveness of acoustic pressure wound therapy, a noncontact low-frequency, nonthermal ultrasound wound therapy that accelerates healing through positive pressure, stimulating fibroblasts, clearing bacteria and debris, and relieving pain. Data from the records of 14 consecutively treated outpatients (age range 5 months to 78 years old) with mixed partial- and full-thickness burns involving the trunk, extremities, or both, averaging 7% of body surface area (range: 1% to 24%), were reviewed. Patients received acoustic pressure wound therapy with standard burn care. Burn thickness was determined by clinical appearance. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated based on scarring characteristics of healed wounds (ie, cosmetic appearance) and pain resolution. Pain was patient-rated using a 10-point visual analog scale (0 = no pain, 10 = severe). Patients were followed for 6 months post-healing. Pain improved with therapy (range: two to 10 treatments). No patient required hospitalization or developed complications related to infection. Pliable, nonhypertrophic scars developed in 86% of patients and hypertrophic scars developed in 14%. Repigmentation was seen in 79% of patients, with only minor irregularities; hypopigmentation occurred in 21%. Scars available for follow-up (71%) remained unchanged. Acoustic pressure wound therapy with standard burn care was found to heal mixed partial- and full-thickness burns and reduced pain in outpatients, resulting in cosmetically acceptable scarring without infectious complications, surgery, or skin grafts and may prove beneficial for inpatient management of extensive full-thickness burns. Further study is warranted.     

Total gluteal pouching with pseudoanus caused by burn injury

PURPOSE: We report the case of a 69-year-old man who had suffered a third-degree burn injury of the buttocks close to the perianal region at the age of 2 years. Although initial attempts for conservative treatments failed, wound healing was achieved after numerous skin grafts. However, after prolonged healing, the patient developed scar contracture, resulting in total effacement of the gluteal folds and natal crease, and formation of a gluteal pseudoampulla and a pseudoanus. As a result of misinterpretation of the local anatomy, for the next 50 years the patient had to defecate into the gluteal pouch and empty this pseudoampulla by manually compressing the buttocks and irrigating with chamomile tea. METHOD: After a thorough examination revealed the presence of a normal, uninjured anus hidden by the scarred pouch, we excised this burn scar to expose the unburned perianal tissue and covered the resulting defect with a meshed, split-thickness skin graft. RESULT: Anorectal function was preserved, the anatomic contour was restored, and primary wound healing was achieved after one single-stage operation. CONCLUSION: To prevent such deformities, we recommend early excision and skin grafts as initial treatment, as opposed to conservative treatment, and thorough follow-up examinations to avoid misinterpretation of such a complex, altered local anatomy.     

Support of the metabolic response to burn injury

Severe burn causes metabolic disturbances that can last for a year after injury; persistent and profound catabolism hampers rehabilitative efforts and delays the meaningful return of individuals to society. The simplest, effective anabolic strategies for severe burn injuries are: early excision and grafting of the wound; prompt treatment of sepsis; maintenance of environmental temperature at 30-32 degrees C; continuous feeding of a high carbohydrate, high protein diet, preferably by the enteral route; and early institution of vigorous and aerobic resistive exercise programmes. To further keep erosion of lean body mass to a minimum, administration of anabolic agents, recombinant human growth hormone, insulin, oxandrolone, or anticatabolic drugs such as propranolol are alternative approaches. Exogenous continuous low-dose insulin infusion, beta blockade with propranolol, and use of the synthetic testosterone analogue oxandrolone are the most cost effective and least toxic pharmacological treatments to date.     

烧伤整形术后感染相关因素及病原菌分析

目的探讨引起烧伤整形术后感染的因素及病原菌的种类，为预防烧伤患者整形术后的感染，促进烧伤患者整形术后的康复提供依据。方法回顾2005年10月～2010年10月731例烧伤行整形术的患者临床资料，并对感染因素和病原菌进行统计分析。结果731例烧伤行整形术患者感染78例，总感染率10．67％，其中术前创面情况、术前住院时间、手术时间、烧伤愈合时间与手术后感染明显相关；分泌物细菌培养75例阳性，感染病原菌以金黄葡萄球菌感染为主，占38．67％；大肠埃希菌占24．00％，假单胞铜绿杆菌感染占22．67％，变形杆菌感染占8．00％。结论手术前创面状况、术前住院时间、整形手术时间、烧伤愈合时间为烧伤整形术后感染主要影响因素。