When is bacterial vaginosis not bacterial vaginosis?--a case of cervical carcinoma presenting as recurrent vaginal anaerobic infection.

Vaginal anaerobic infection is the most common cause of vaginal discharge in women. We present a case of recurrent vaginal anaerobic infection and cervical carcinoma and discuss the association of the two conditions. More frequent cytology/colposcopy may be indicated in women who give a history of recurrent or persistent vaginal anaerobic infection.     

Treatment of bacterial vaginosis with lactobacilli.

60 women with bacterial vaginosis were entered into a double blind, placebo-controlled treatment trial with lyophilized Lactobacillus acidophilus. The lactobacilli used were producing H2O2. Immediately after completion of treatment, 16 out of 28 women who were treated with lactobacilli had normal vaginal wet smear results, in comparison to none of the 29 women treated with placebo. All women harboured Bacteroides at inclusion. Bacteroides was eliminated from the vagina of 12 out of 16 healthy women after treatment. Only three of the women who received the Lactobacillus suppository were free of bacterial vaginosis after the subsequent menstruation.     

Managing recurrent bacterial vaginosis

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most frequently found condition of the female genital tract. It increases a woman's risk of acquiring HIV, is associated with increased complications in pregnancy, and may be involved in the pathogenesis of pelvic inflammatory disease. Yet there are many unanswered questions about its aetiology, making management of recurrent infection difficult and often idiosyncratic. This paper discusses the current knowledge and possible management of recurrent BV.     

Vaginal leucocyte counts in women with bacterial vaginosis: relation to vaginal and cervical infections

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether an elevated vaginal leucocyte count in women with bacterial vaginosis (BV) predicts the presence of vaginal or cervical infections, and to assess the relation of vaginal WBC counts to clinical manifestations. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed the relation of vaginal leucocyte counts to vaginal and cervical infections and to clinical manifestations in non-pregnant women diagnosed with BV at an STD clinic visit. RESULTS: Of 296 women with BV studied, the median age was 24 years and 81% were African-American. Elevated vaginal leucocyte counts were associated with objective signs of vaginitis and cervicitis and also predicted candidiasis (OR 7.9, 95% CI 2.2 to 28.9), chlamydia (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.4 to 6.7), gonorrhoea (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.3 to 5.4), or trichomoniasis (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.6 to 7.3). In general, as a screening test for vaginal or cervical infections, vaginal leucocyte count had moderate sensitivities and specificities, low positive predictive values, and high negative predictive values. CONCLUSIONS: An elevated vaginal leucocyte count in women with BV was a strong predictor of vaginal or cervical infections. Vaginal leucocyte quantification may provide an alternative approach to assessing need for empirical therapy for chlamydia and gonorrhoea, particularly in resource-limited high STD risk settings that provide syndromic management.     

细菌性阴道病诊断方法的研究进展

细菌性阴道病是导致育龄期妇女白带异常的常见原因,未经治疗或治疗不及时可致多种并发症.目前细菌性阴道病病因尚不明确,诊断以Amsel临床标准或Nugent评分法为主,但均存在主观性较强、费时费力、需要有相应知识的技术人员操作的缺点.近年来对细菌性阴道病快速检测及分子生物学诊断研究有了较大进展,主要以细菌定量为诊断依据,尚需进一步检验其诊断效能,尚未广泛应用于临床.     

Vulvovaginal candidiasis complicating recurrent bacterial vaginosis

In this study the authors reveal a high incidence of asymptomatic and symptomatic vulvovaginal yeast infection in patients with recurrent bacterial vaginosis. Symptomatic yeast vaginitis in these patients presents frequently as a mixed infection with symptoms and signs of both clinical entities being present simultaneously. The authors diagnosed vulvovaginal candidiasis in 10 (29%) out of 35 patients with a history of recurrent bacterial vaginosis; vulvovaginal candidiasis and bacterial vaginosis together were detected in 12 (34%) out of 35 women. Optimal therapeutic results usually require concomitant treatment of both candidal vaginitis and bacterial vaginosis. The lack of specificity of signs and symptoms of vaginitis mandates that women with recurrent bacterial vaginosis, for each symptomatic recurrence, be examined and evaluated by the use of simple laboratory tests to determine a specific diagnosis. Failure to appreciate the frequency of candida superinfection leads to empirical and inappropriate therapy for bacterial vaginosis.     

细菌性阴道病病因学研究进展

细菌性阴道病是育龄期妇女最常见的阴道感染性疾病。在过去的50年中已经发现多种能够引发BV的危险因素。然而,由于BV的复杂性以及缺乏可靠的动物模型,其病因至今为止仍不清楚。本文综述了BV病因学主要理论的进展:BV相关生物膜、正常阴道微生物群和宿主的免疫反应,BV是多种因素相互作用的结果。近年来有报道BV菌群对甲硝唑的耐药,BV的复发率也在不断增高,了解各种因素在BV的发病中的作用对于预防和治疗都有着重要作用。     

Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in adolescent girls

The age-related increase in the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis was determined in adolescent virginal and sexually active girls aged 13 to 18 years. Higher rates were recorded for girls with two or more sexual partners. Considering the potential spectrum of consequences of bacterial vaginosis, preventive strategies are required in this age group, not only for bacterial vaginosis but also for other sexually transmitted diseases.     

Social and sexual risk factors for bacterial vaginosis

BACKGROUND: A number of sexual and social risk factors for bacterial vaginosis (BV) have been identified. However, many previous studies have used small numbers of patients, or highly selected or convenience samples, or poorly defined populations. This study aims to clarify potential sexual and non-sexual risk factors for BV. METHODS: Women attending the Sydney Sexual Health Centre with BV, between March 1991 and July 1999, were included. Controls were randomly selected women without BV. Information on the demographics, clinical findings, and sexual and non-sexual risk behaviours were extracted from the clinic database and analysed using SPSS and SAS. A logistic regression model was used to establish which associations with BV persisted. RESULTS: 890 women with BV and 890 controls were studied. Factors that were independently associated with BV were > or =3 male sexual partners in the past 12 months (OR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.19 to 2.04), at least one female sexual partner in the past 12 months (OR = 2.1, p = 0.003), a past pregnancy (OR = 1.5, p<0.0006), and smoking. In contrast, women with BV were significantly less likely to have used hormonal contraception (OR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.51 to 0.81) or to have used condoms consistently (OR = 0.5, 95% CI: 0.31 to 0.71) than controls. CONCLUSION: Our findings may be important for planning a preventive strategy for BV by discouraging smoking and increasing condom use and hormonal contraception among women.     

吸毒人群细菌性阴道病的调查

目的：了解细菌性阴道病(BV)在女性吸毒者中的感染率。方法：对399例女性静脉吸毒者进行阴道分泌物涂片，用革兰染色细菌形态计分法进行BV的诊断和菌群分析。结果：在调查的399例女性吸毒者中，确诊BV150例，占37．59％，其中G^ 大杆菌缺如的144例，占96％。在136例中度菌群失调者中G 大杆菌缺如者120例，占88．24％。结论：作为我国HIV感染干预的重点人群一女性吸毒者中BV的发病率高达37．59％。     

妊娠期合并细菌性阴道炎对妊娠结局的临床影响分析

目的:研究妊娠期合并细菌性阴道炎对妊娠结局的临床影响,以及有效治疗对改善细菌性阴道炎导致的异常妊娠结果的作用。方法:细菌性阴道炎患者接受不同的临床治疗,并选50例健康患者作为对照组。将治疗组与未治疗组、未治疗组与对照组患者的流产、早产、胎膜早破、新生儿鹅口疮发生情况进行统计学分析及对比。结果:患者接受药物治疗后,治疗有效率为92.0%。治疗组异常妊娠结果发生率为4.0%,未治疗组异常妊娠结果发生率为28.0%。经检验,差异具统计学意义(χ~2=21.43,P0.01)。药物治疗能大大降低异常妊娠结果发生率。对照组异常妊娠结果发生率为2.0%,未治疗组异常妊娠结果发生率为28.0%。经检验,具统计学意义(χ~2=26.51,P0.01)。细菌性阴道炎能增加异常妊娠结果风险。结论:健康的阴道环境,有利于妊娠的正常进行。妊娠期合并细菌性阴道炎,能增加异常妊娠结果的发生率,有效治疗能有效改善细菌性阴道炎导致的异常妊娠结果。妊娠期妇女在确诊患有细菌性阴道炎后,应立即进行有效的治疗措施。     

Treatment of male partners and recurrence of bacterial vaginosis: a randomised trial.

OBJECTIVE: To test the efficacy of treatment with clindamycin of a partner on the recurrence rate of bacterial vaginosis in women within 3 months from diagnosis. SUBJECTS: Eligible for the study were sexually active women with one current sexual partner, who were aged 18-45 years, with a clinical diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis and whose partner agreed to be treated. METHODS: A double blind, randomised, controlled trial was conducted comparing the effect of treating the partner with either clindamycin capsules or placebo on the reduction of the recurrence rate of bacterial vaginosis. Women were treated with clindamycin 2% vaginal cream, administered intravaginally once daily at bedtime for 7 consecutive days. The partners were randomly allocated to clindamycin hydrochloride capsules, 150 g by mouth four times daily for 7 consecutive days, or a placebo. A total of 139 couples were randomised--69 were treated with clindamycin vaginal cream group and 70 with placebo. One, 4, and 12 weeks after the end of treatment the patients and their partners were examined; vaginal discharges were examined to check for clue cells, vaginal pH was determined, and a KOH test carried out. RESULTS: Overall, 131 women out of the 139 who entered the study were cured (94.2%, lower 95% confidence interval 79.8, based on Poisson's approximation). There was no difference in the cure rate among women whose partner received clindamycin or placebo (chi(2) p = not significant). A total of 55 couples (26 in the clindamycin and 29 in the placebo group) withdrew from the study during the follow up period. Of the 69 women whose partner received clindamycin, 22 (31.9%) reported "recurrence" or persistence. The corresponding number was 21 (30%) of the 70 women whose partner received placebo (chi(2) p = not significant). Of the 84 couples in which the woman was cured by the first week's visit and who completed the study; there were five recurrences (11.6%) among the 43 women whose partner received clindamycin and nine (22.0%) of the 41 whose partner received placebo (chi(2) p = not significant). CONCLUSION: This study indicates that vaginal clindamycin is effective and safe in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis, but it does not support the suggestion that male treatment markedly reduces the short term recurrence rate.     

The value of Gardnerella-vaginalis-culture in bacterial-vaginitis- score-confirmed bacterial vaginosis

The relative value of a semiquantitative Gardnerella vaginalis culture for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis (BV) was studied in 113 women attending a STD clinic. The standard diagnosis of BV was based on the BV score, which is a 10-point grading system to evaluate gram-stained vaginal samples objectively and reproducibly. The sensitivity of G. vaginalis culture for the diagnosis of BV was 28%, while the specificity was 89%. The positive and the negative predictive values were 50% and 76% for G. vaginalis culture in our population. Our data suggest that G. vaginalis culture cannot be recommended for the routine diagnosis of BV. However, G. vaginalis culture will detect asymptomatic women with high vaginal colonization with G. vaginalis. Further studies are needed to find whether these women are at risk of developing BV.     

Predictors of bacterial vaginosis in adolescent women who douche

OBJECTIVE: Risk factors for bacterial vaginosis (BV) include douching and sexual activity, although the exact cause of BV is unknown. GOAL: The goal of this study was to determine the relative significance of douching as a risk factor for BV. STUDY DESIGN: Two hundred fifty adolescent women who regularly douched were enrolled into a randomized douching intervention trial. Behavioral questionnaires and testing for sexually transmitted diseases and BV were performed. Associations between baseline characteristics and behaviors were compared for teens who were BV-positive and BV-negative at baseline. RESULTS: Positive correlates of BV included multiple partners, recent sexual intercourse, douching after menses, recent douching, and gonorrhea. Of these, douching after menses showed the strongest association (odds ratio, 5.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.99-13.15) in a multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Douching after menses was strongly correlated with BV; however, difficulty remains in trying to evaluate douching and sexual behavior independently.     

细菌性阴道病临床表现特征及其与解脲支原体的关系研究

目的:分析细菌性阴道病患者临床表现特征,探讨其与解脲支原体(Uu)的关系。方法:400例疑为细菌性阴道病患者入院时均对外阴、宫颈和阴道粘膜进行检查,采集阴道分泌物。依据阴道状况及分泌物情况对患者进行诊断,将其分为BV组和健康人群组。比较两组阴道临床症状特征和微生态(细菌培养情况及菌群密集度)特征,并进行解脲支原体培养,分析其与BV的关系。结果:250例细菌性阴道病患者主要临床症状:白带异味患者127例,占50.8%;发作时间14天至2年半,平均发作时间(3±6.1)月;白带增多者84例,占33.6%;外阴瘙痒者70例,占28%;64例无明显症状,占25.6%。阴道分泌物检查表明,186例(74.4%)分泌物呈均匀稀薄状,235例(94.0%)阴道pH值高于4.5,所有患者线索细胞呈阳性;139例(55.6%)氨性实验成阳性。与健康人群相比,BV组的pH值、Nugent评分、白带异味、白带增多、无显著症状、均质稀薄分泌物、阴道pH值高于4.5、氨性实验阳性(%)、线索细胞阳性比例患者百分比显著高于健康人群(P<0.05)。BV患者沙眼衣原体和人型支原体检出率分别为6.0%和41.6%,卡方检验表明其显著高于健康人群(P<0.05);BV组乳酸菌密集度较高,集中于0-Ⅰ级,阴道加特纳菌密集度增加,Ⅱ-Ⅳ级占77.6%,组间Ridit分析表明两组的乳酸菌密集度和阴道加特纳菌密集度差异差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。250例BV患者中,复发性BV共7例(2.8%)。250例细菌性阴道病患者中,190例(76.0%)解脲支原体呈阳性;150例健康人群中,90例(60.0%)呈解脲支原体阳,二者差异显著(χ2=8.69,P=0.00);215例人群菌量高于104ccu/mL,其中含172例(80%)BV患者,185例菌量低于104ccu/mL,合并BV阳性者78例(42.2%),二者差异显著(χ2=9.92,P=0.00)。经Logistic回归分析表明,BV阳性率与Uu检测菌量之间呈正相关,相关系数R2=0.99,P=0.01。结论:细菌性阴道病患者临床多表现为白带异常、阴道分泌物呈稀薄状、阴道pH值高于4.5和微生态失调,其解脲支原体阳性率较高,其量与BV发生率呈正相关,临床中应注意合并治疗。