绿茶多酚对戊四氮致痫大鼠海马XIAP和Caspase-3表达的影响

目的 探讨绿茶多酚(Green tea polyphenols,GTPs)对癫痫大鼠海马中XIAP、caspase-3表达的影响.方法 将雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组(NS组)、癫痫组(PTZ组)和绿茶多酚组(GTPs组).依据Racine分级标准观察各组动物行为学表现,用HE染色观察大鼠海马神经元损伤情况,Western Blot方法测定各组大鼠海马组织中XIAP及caspase-3蛋白表达变化.结果 PTZ组:大鼠海马XIAP表达水平(0.23±0.02)较NS组(0.47±0.05)明显降低(P＜0.05);caspase-3蛋白(0.63±0.12)较NS组(0.24±0.07)明显升高(P＜0.05).与PTZ组比较,GTPs组大鼠海马XIAP表达(0.53±0.10)显著升高(P＜0.05);caspase-3表达(0.30±0.09)显著降低(P＜0.05).结论 癫痫可导致海马组织中抗凋亡蛋白XIAP表达下降,凋亡执行蛋白caspase-3表达增加;而GTPs则能够上调XIAP表达,降低caspase-3的表达,推测GTPs可能通过抗凋亡途径来发挥癫痫后的神经保护作用.     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子对癫痫大鼠海马神经元凋亡的影晌

目的探讨碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF）对致痫大鼠的神经保护作用及可能机制。方法给予戊四氮（PTZ）致痫大鼠每日腹腔注射bFGF（bFGF组，n=36）、生理盐水（NS组，n=36），分别于痫性发作后6h、12h、24h、48h、3d、5d处死取脑，切片进行bcl-2、caspase-3染色，用原位末端标记（TUNEL）方法检测海马神经元凋亡细胞。结果痫性发作6h后两组海马CA1、CA3区的bcl-2、caspase-3、TUNEL染色阳性表达差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；12～48h表达逐渐增强，bFGF组bcl-2、TUNEL的表达显著高于NS组，bFGF组caspase-3的表达显著低于NS组（P均〈0．01）；3d后表达减弱，bFGF组与NS组的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论bFGF能显著减轻癫痫所致的海马神经元凋亡，提示可能通过调控bcl-2和caspase-3基因的表达发挥作用。     

丙戊酸钠对戊四氮致痫大鼠海马神经元凋亡的影响

目的 探讨丙戊酸钠(VAP)对戊四氮(PTZ)致痫大鼠海马神经元凋亡的影响.方法 将48只成年Wistar大鼠随机平均分为正常对照(NC)组、PTZ组和VAP组,PTZ组和VAP组大鼠腹腔注射阈下剂量的PTZ 35mg/(kg·d),直至达到点燃标准.点燃后,VAP组大鼠经腹腔注入VAP15mg/(kg·d),PTZ组大鼠经腹腔注入生理盐水,30min后,再腹腔注射PTZ诱发癫痫发作.应用免疫组化法检测大鼠海马神经元Fas、Caspase-3和Survivin的表达.结果 PTZ组大鼠海马神经元Fas、Caspase-3阳性细胞数和光密度明显高于VAP组和NC组(均P<0.01),Survivin阳性细胞数和光密度明显低于VAP组(P<0.01),但高于NC组(P<0.05);VAP组大鼠海马神经元Fas、Caspase-3阳性细胞数和光密度明显高于NC组(均P<0.05),Survivin阳性细胞数和光密度明显高于NC组(P<0.01).结论 癫痫发作可以导致大鼠海马神经元的凋亡,而丙戊酸钠有对抗癫痫发作导致细胞凋亡的作用,主要通过促进Survivin的表达和抑制Fas和Caspase-3的表达发挥作用.     

A型钾通道Kv4.1在戊四唑致痫大鼠海马区的表达

目的通过检测A型钾通道Kv4.1在戊四唑(PTZ)致痫大鼠海马CA1、CA3及齿状回区的表达变化,探讨A型钾通道在癫痫发病机制中的作用。方法 SD大鼠40只,随机分为正常组、致痫后1 h、24 h、72 h组。腹腔注射PTZ制备大鼠癫痫模型,应用免疫组化及Western Blot技术检测Kv4.1在各时间段海马CA1、CA3及齿状回区的蛋白表达情况。结果致痫组大鼠海马区Kv4.1蛋白表达水平在致痫后1 h、24 h、72 h三个时间段均明显高于正常组(P<0.05);各致痫组之间Kv4.1蛋白表达水平无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论大鼠癫痫模型海马区A型钾通道Kv4.1蛋白表达增多,Kv4.1的表达上调可能在癫痫的发生中起作用。     

丙戊酸钠对戊四氮致癎大鼠海马Bax和Bcl-2表达的影响

目的探讨丙戊酸钠(VAP)对戊四氮(PTZ)致癎大鼠海马Bax和Bcl-2表达的影响.方法将24只成年Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照(NC)组、PTZ组和VAP组,PTZ组和VAP组大鼠腹腔注射阈下剂量的PTZ 35 mg/(kg·d),直至达到点燃标准.点燃后,VAP组大鼠经腹腔注入VAP 15 mg/(kg·d),PTZ组大鼠经腹腔注入生理盐水,30 min后,再腹腔注射PTZ诱发癫癎发作.应用免疫组化法检测大鼠海马神经元Bax和Bcl-2蛋白的表达.结果大鼠海马神经元Bax阳性细胞数和光密度,PTZ组均明显高于VAP组和NC组(均P<0.01),VAP组明显高于NC组(P<0.05);大鼠海马神经元Bcl-2阳性细胞数和光密度,PTZ组明显高于NC组(P<0.05),VAP组均明显高于PTZ组和NC组(均P<0.01).结论 VAP可以增强癫癎大鼠海马神经元Bcl-2的表达和降低Bax的表达,有对抗癫癎发作导致细胞凋亡的作用.     

人参总皂苷对大鼠脑外伤后神经细胞凋亡的影响

目的 研究人参总皂苷对脑外伤大鼠神经细胞凋亡的影响,探讨其抑制创伤性脑损伤(TBI)后继发性损伤的作用机制.方法 采用改良的Feeney自由落体法建立脑外伤模型,将Sprague-Dawley大鼠54只按照随机数字表法分为假手术组、脑外伤组、人参总皂苷治疗组(治疗组),每组18只.模型建立后24h处死大鼠,采用干湿重法测量脑水含量,光镜下观察尼氏染色海马细胞形态,凋亡细胞原位末端标记法(TUNEL)和免疫组织化学方法观察大脑皮质、海马神经细胞凋亡及凋亡基因bax、bcl-2、caspase-3的蛋白表达情况.结果 与脑外伤组比较,人参总皂苷治疗后的治疗组脑含水量明显减低,损伤侧海马病理学改变明显减轻,神经细胞凋亡减少,bcl-2的表达增高,bax、caspase-3的表达减少,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 人参总皂苷可以减轻脑外伤后继发性损伤,其机制可能是升高bcl-2的表达,抑制bax、caspase-3的表达,从而阻滞TBI后神经细胞凋亡.     

A型钾通道Kv1.4在致痫大鼠海马区的表达

目的 通过检测A型钾通道Kv1.4在戊四唑(PTZ)致痈大鼠海马CA1、CA3及齿状同区的表达变化,探讨A型钾通道与癫痫发病的关系.方法 SD大鼠40只,随机分为对照组、致痫后1h、24h、72h组,每组各10只.腹腔注射PTZ制备大鼠癫痫模型,应用免疫组化及Western Blot技术检测Kv1.4在各时间段海马CA1、CA3及齿状回区的蛋白表达.结果 致痫组大鼠海马区Kv1.4蛋白水平在致痫后1h、24h、72h 3个时间段均明显低于正常组(P<0.05);各致痫组之间Kv1.4蛋白水平均无明显差异(P>0.05).结论 (1)A型钾通道Kv1.4在SD大鼠海马中广泛分布.表达丰富,以轴突处最为明显.(2)大鼠癫痫模型海马区A型钾通道Kv1.4蛋白表达减少,提示Kv1.4的表达下调可能与癫痫的发病相关.     

雷公藤多甙对致痫大鼠学习记忆及海马Ng和PKC表达的影响

目的研究雷公藤多甙(TWP)在戊四氮(PTZ)所致癫痫大鼠学习记忆障碍中的干预作用及可能机制,探讨神经颗粒素(Ng)和蛋白激酶C(PKC)在癫痫大鼠海马组织中的表达的影响。方法通过水迷宫及Y迷宫筛选方式挑选学习记忆功能正常的SD大鼠90只,随机分为PTZ致痫组、TWP低剂量组(TWP1)、TWP高剂量组(TWP2)、正常对照组,采用戊四氮(PTZ)腹腔注射慢性点燃癫痫。用水迷宫和Y迷宫对4组大鼠进行学习记忆能力检测,运用实时荧光定量PCR及酶联免疫吸附法分别检测其海马组织Ng和PKC基因mRNA及相应蛋白的表达水平。结果与PTZ组相比,TWP干预组大鼠在水迷宫中提高,其学习记忆能力接近NC组(P0.05);而4组逃避潜伏期差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。在Y迷宫TWP干预组错误反应次数比PTZ组明显减少(P0.05),其行为能力接近NC组(P0.05);但4组在全天总反应时间上的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。经TWP干预后大鼠海马Ng和PKC基因mRNA及相应蛋白的表达上调,与PTZ组比较,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),上调水平与NC组接近(P0.05);而TWP1和TWP2两组之间的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 TWP可有效改善PTZ所致癫痫大鼠的学习记忆能力,这与上调大鼠海马组织Ng及PKC表达水平密切相关。     

转录因子X盒结合蛋白1转染对神经干细胞在缺氧环境下grp78、EDEM表达及抗凋亡能力的影响

目的将X盒结合蛋白1基因以重组腺病毒为载体转染胚鼠海马神经干细胞,观察其在缺氧环境下是否可以使移植后干细胞内grp78、EDEM表达增加以及对干细胞抗凋亡能力的影响。方法取孕16d SD大鼠胚鼠的海马组织进行神经干细胞的分离、克隆、nestin免疫荧光检测,以及传代和扩增。将重组腺病毒Ad-XBP1-EGFP质粒转染胚鼠海马神经干细胞,得到基因修饰后的胚鼠海马神经干细胞。选取未转染的神经干细胞标记为对照组、未转染组;选取转染后的神经干细胞标记为转染组。未转染组和转染组用CoCl2诱导缺氧,24h后WesternBlot检测3组神经干细胞中xbp-1,grp78,EDEM,bcl-2及bax表达,流式细胞术检测NSCs和XBP1-NSCs的凋亡情况。结果在缺氧条件下,与未转染组相比,转染组的grp78表达增加,EDEM表达水平上升,bcl-2水平上升,而bax水平下降(P0.05);转染组神经干细胞凋亡程度较未转染组减轻(P0.05)。结论可以利用重组腺病毒作为载体成功将X盒结合蛋白1基因导入胚鼠海马神经干细胞中;转染后的神经干细胞在缺血缺氧条件下grp78、EDEM水平上升,抗凋亡能力较普通神经干细胞明显增加。     

钾通道Kv1.2与致痫大鼠发病相关性的研究

目的通过检测戊四唑(PTZ)致痫大鼠钾通道Kv1.2蛋白表达,探讨钾通道Kv1.2与癫痫发病的相关性。方法 40只SD大鼠分成实验组30只和正常对照组10只。实验组30只大鼠通过腹腔注射PTZ建立全身强直阵挛发作大鼠癫痫模型,取成功致痫鼠24只均分成3组,分别于致痫后3个时间段(1h、24h、48h)取脑组织。用免疫组化法和Western blot法检测大鼠钾通道Kv1.2蛋白。结果实验组大鼠海马区钾通道Kv1.2蛋白表达水平在致痫后3个时间段(1h、24h、48h)均明显低于对照组(P0.05)。实验组大鼠海马区钾通道Kv1.2蛋白表达水平在致痫后3个时间段(1h、24h、48h)之间无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论大鼠海马区钾通道Kv1.2表达的减少与全身强直阵挛发作大鼠癫痫发病密切相关。     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Investigating the construct validity of the SPAI-C: comparing the sensitivity and specificity of the SPAI-C and the SAS-A

Investigates the construct validity of the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children (SPAI-C) by comparing its sensitivity and specificity with another self-report measure of social anxiety, the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (SAS-A). Participants were 252 adolescents (124 males and 128 females) 13-17 years old. Adolescents completed the SPAI-C and the SAS-A and were interviewed using the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV: Child Version (ADIS-IV:C). Parents were also interviewed and composite diagnoses were formed. Youth were classified as socially phobic or non-anxious based on these composite diagnoses. By comparing clinical cutoff scores with diagnostic group classification, the sensitivity and the specificity of the SPAI-C and SAS-A were compared. Results indicated that the SPAI-C was a more sensitive measure than the SAS-A (61.5% vs. 43.6%) providing evidence of the scale's construct validity. The two measures were similar with regard to specificity (82.7% for both). Implications of these results for assessment and research are discussed.     

Afferent and sympathetic innervation of the dome and the base of the urinary bladder of the female rat.

The afferent and sympathetic innervation of different regions of the urinary bladder (bladder dome vs. bladder base) was examined in the female rat using simultaneous injections of two fluorescent tracers. Retrogradely labeled cells were found in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG; L1-L3 and L6-S1), the sympathetic chain (SC; T12-L6), the inferior mesenteric ganglia (IMG) and the major pelvic ganglia (MPG). There were very few double-labeled cells, indicating that the dome and the base of the bladder receive innervation (afferent or sympathetic) from separate and distinct neuronal populations. Most of the sympathetic innervation of the bladder arose from the SC (dome: 77%; base: 89%) and it was carried equally by the hypogastric and pelvic nerves. The distributions of SC postganglionic neurons innervating the dome and the base of the bladder were very similar. In contrast, the contribution of IMG neurons was almost entirely restricted to the dome of the bladder (22%), with less than 1% innervating the base. Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH) neurons in the MPG displayed a strong sexual dimorphism. Many TH neurons were found in the male MPG, but very few in the female MPG. In the female, these TH neurons projected almost exclusively to the bladder base of the female rat and were responsible for 10% of the sympathetic innervation of the base. Less than 1% innervated the dome. Therefore, prevertebral ganglia (IMG and MPG) show a strong regional selectivity in the innervation of the bladder of the female rat. The possible functional implications of this organization are discussed.     

Fibrous xanthomas and xanthosarcomas of the meninges and the brain

Summary Three cases of intracranial fibrous xanthomas and a case of multicentric cerebral xanthosarcoma are reported. All three fibrous xanthomas developed in the temporal area of boys in their early teens, one was within the leptomeninges (without dural attachment), the other two involved meninges and the superficial portions of the temporal lobe itself. These tumors were characterized by mono- and multinucleated cells with morphological features of histiocytes, Touton type giant cells and a storiform pattern in areas of spindleshaped tumor cells.Because of cellular atypism, giant cells and mitotic figures such tumors may suggest the diagnosis of glioblastoma multiforme but the absence of glial fibers, negative Cajal impregnation, presence of reticulin fibers in close proximity to tumor cells and the morphological similarity to the bizarre cells found in atypical xanthofibromas of the skin and soft tissues help to establish the diagnosis. Since the menigeal forms are probably derived from local meningeal mesenchyme, occasional abortive whorls and pseudopsammoma bodies may be encountered, the overall picture, however, is very different from meningiomas. Two patients had a 2.5 and a 12 year long symptomfree survival, respectively. The third boy had a local recurrence 14 months after initial removal which was excised and the patient is presently doing well.The xanthosarcoma first developed in the right frontal lobe of a 26 year old woman. This tumor was almost exclusively made up of various sized anaplastic cells filled with birefringent lipids. It is suggested that this tumor which had a diffuse network of reticulin, had originated from primitive adventitial cells. It was histologically more malignant than the first three and the patient died within a year after removal of the frontal lobe tumor, from a second mass in the cerebellum. The relationship of this tumor to glioblastomas and to other types of giant cell sarcomas is discussed.This paper was presented in part at the 6th International Congress of Neuropathology in Paris, France, on August 31, 1970.