血栓调节蛋白水平与结肠直肠癌预后的关系

目的检测结肠直肠癌病人血浆和结肠直肠癌组织中血栓调节蛋白(thrombomodulin,TM)的含量,探讨TM与结肠直肠癌临床病理特征的关系。方法用酶联免疫吸附夹心法检测62例结肠直肠癌病人手术前后的血浆TM水平;免疫组织化学(SP)法检测结肠直肠癌组织、正常肠管组织中的TM蛋白表达水平。结果术前结肠直肠癌组血浆TM水平(8.26±1.36)ng/ml明显高于术后(4.86±0.60)ng/ml和正常对照组(P<0.05);结肠直肠癌组织中TM蛋白表达阳性的病人术前血浆TM水平明显高于结肠直肠癌组织中TM表达阴性者(P<0.05);结肠直肠癌组织中TM蛋白表达阴性的病人手术前后血浆TM水平则无显著性差异(P>0.05);癌组织中TM的阳性表达明显高于癌旁组织以及远端正常肠管组织;TM的表达与临床分期有关(P<0.05),与组织学分级、肌层浸润程度及病人年龄无明显关系(P>0.05)。结论TM表达水平与结肠直肠癌的转移有关,有望成为判断结肠直肠癌病人病情发展和预后的一项新指标。     

Anchor Attachment蛋白在结直肠癌中的表达及临床意义

目的 探讨Anchor Attachment蛋白(AAP)的表达与结直肠癌浸润和转移的关系及临床意义.方法 采用免疫组织化学方法检测83例结直肠癌患者的正常肠黏膜、癌原发灶、转移淋巴结及肝转移灶中AAP的表达,并分析AAP表达水平与肿瘤临床病理特征之间的关系.结果 结直肠正常肠黏膜、癌原发灶、淋巴结和肝转移灶中AAP的表达阳性率分别为20.5%、53.0%、69.8%和80.0%;癌原发灶、转移淋巴结和肝转移灶中AAP表达阳性率均显著高于正常肠黏膜组织(x2=42.349,P<0.01),转移淋巴结和肝转移灶中AAP阳性率又高于癌原发灶(x2=6.666,P<0.05);淋巴结转移患者和肝转移患者的原发灶AAP阳性率显著高于无转移者(x2=10.056,7.705,P<0.01);Dukes分期A、B、c、D期患者AAP阳性率逐渐增高,各分期之间差异有统计学意义(x2=12.313,P<0.01).83例结直肠癌患者血清AAP水平为(6.3±2.8)ng/ml,30例志愿者AAP水平为(2.2±0.9)ng/m1,两者差异有统计学意义(t=6.97,P<0.01);Dukes分期A、B期患者血清AAP水平为(5 2±2.6)ng/ml,C、D期患者AAP水平为(7.1±2.9)ng/ml,两者差异有统计学意义(t=2.028,P<0.05).结论 AAP增强表达与结直肠癌浸润和转移密切相关,检测外周静脉血AAP水平对预测和判断结直肠癌局部复发和肝转移有重要意义.     

血清肝细胞生长因子与结直肠癌肝转移的关系

目的研究结直肠癌患者血清中肝细胞生长因子(hepatocyte growth factor,HGF)的表达水平及其与结直肠癌肝转移的关系。方法收集我院2006年9月至2009年1月期间手术治疗并经病理证实为结直肠癌患者35例,应用夹心ELISA法检测血清中HGF表达水平。结果血清中HGF表达在结直肠癌有远处转移者中为(0.37±0.11)ng/ml,明显高于无转移者的(0.20±0.06)ng/ml(P0.05);T3、T4期者为(0.32±0.29)ng/ml,亦明显高于T1、T2期者的(0.20±0.14)ng/ml(P0.05);肝转移者为(0.43±0.10)ng/ml,明显高于其他部位转移者的(0.31±0.09)ng/ml(P0.05)。结论血清HGF水平与结直肠癌发展及肝转移发生有密切关系,血清HGF水平有望作为监测结直肠癌转移的临床指标。     

血浆内脂素水平和组织表达状况与结直肠癌相关性研究

目的检测结直肠癌患者血浆内脂素水平和组织表达状况,并观察不同严重程度患者内脂素在血浆和组织中的表达,分析内脂素与结直肠癌的相关性。方法选择2014年1月至2016年9月结直肠癌患者约50例(研究组),同时选取50例健康成年人(正常组)及50例结直肠腺瘤患者(对照组),采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)方法测定血浆内脂素水平,应用免疫组化法检测组织中内脂素的表达,检测光密度OD值。结果研究组患者血浆内脂素为(16.38±1.06)μg/L,高于对照组(11.56±0.90)μg/L和正常组(5.93±0.84)μg/L,且对照组高于正常组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。研究组患者组织内脂素OD值为(44.59±7.19),高于对照组(31.24±6.30),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。Dukes分期C期和D期、低分化血浆组织内脂素及OD值分别为(19.24±1.17)μg/L、(20.19±0.98)μg/L和(48.22±7.06)、(47.23±6.34),均高于A期和B期及中、高分化组(13.15±1.05)μg/L、(12.46±1.12)μg/L和(35.07±6.92)、(34.81±6.50),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论结直肠癌、结直肠腺瘤患者血浆和组织内脂素水平均显著增高,且随着肿瘤分期增加、分化程度的降低而出现增高趋势,机体内脂素水平与结直肠癌呈现正相关。     

结直肠癌患者血清半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C水平检测及临床意义

目的探讨半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C(Cystatin C)水平在结直肠癌患者血清中的表达水平,以及比较结直肠癌患者手术前后血清Cystatin C表达水平的变化。方法收集2014年5月至2020年9月广东医科大学附属医院收治的60例结直肠癌患者和30例正常健康查体者的血清,采用颗粒增强散射免疫比浊法(PENIA)检测血清Cystatin C水平,比较40例结直肠癌患者手术前后血清Cystatin C水平,并结合临床资料进行方差分析或配对t检验统计学分析。结果结直肠癌患者血清Cystatin C水平(2.988±0.976)mg/L明显高于正常对照组(0.867±0.072)mg/L,差异有统计学意义(t=11.850、P<0.01)。Ⅳ期结直肠癌血清Cystatin C水平(4.121±0.381)mg/L明显高于Ⅲ期(3.572±0.288)mg/L、Ⅲ期明显高于Ⅱ期(2.732±0.216)mg/L、Ⅱ期明显高于Ⅰ期(1.621±0.144)mg/L、Ⅰ期明显高于正常对照组(0.867±0.072)mg/L、差异有统计学意义(t=55.336,P<0.01)。肿瘤细胞分化程度较差(黏液腺癌、印戒细胞癌、低分化腺癌)结直肠癌患者血清Cystatin水平(3.298±0.858)mg/L明显高于肿瘤细胞分化程度较好(高分化腺癌、中分化腺癌)结直肠癌患者血清Cystatin水平(2.554±0.982)mg/L,两组比较差异有统计学意义(t=3.117,P<0.05)。结直肠癌患者术后血清患者Cystatin水平(1.642±0.689)mg/L明显低于术前(2.500±0.794)mg/L,差异有统计学意义(t=33.089,P<0.01)。结论结直肠癌患者血清Cystatin C水平显著升高,Cystatin C可能在一定程度上参与结直肠癌的发生发展过程。     

肿瘤 M2型丙酮酸激酶在胃肠道恶性肿瘤诊断中的临床价值

目的评估一种新的肿瘤标志物———肿瘤M2型丙酮酸激酶(TumorM2-PK)对于胃肠道恶性肿瘤的诊断价值。方法采集54例胃癌和54例结直肠癌患者以及20例正常健康对照者的外周血,将予以依地酸(EDTA)处理后的血浆,用酶结合免疫吸附测定(ELISA)法检测其血浆中TumorM2-PK值,并进行比较分析。结果血浆TumorM2-PK平均值:胃癌组为26.937U/ml,结直肠癌组为30.588U/ml,对照组为10.965U/ml;胃癌组与对照组之间比较,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05);结直肠癌组与对照组之间比较,差异有显著性意义(P<0.01)。TumorM2-PK对胃癌诊断的敏感性(50.47%)比传统肿瘤标志物CA72-4(35.37%)高,而对结直肠癌诊断的敏感性(68.52%)比癌胚抗原(CEA)(43.12%)高。结论TumorM2-PK对于胃肠道恶性肿瘤的诊断有临床意义,且敏感性高于CEA和CA72-4。     

基质金属蛋白酶-1、-9基因多态性与慢性静脉功能不全易感性关系的研究

目的 探讨基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-1、MMP-9血浆浓度及其基因启动子区多态性与下肢慢性静脉功能不全(CVI)遗传易感性的关系.方法 采用限制性片段长度多态性聚合酶链反应分析MMP-1、MMP-9的基因型,以酶联免疫吸附法测定MMP-1、MMP-9血浆水平.结果 CVI组MMP-1等位基因频率、基因型频率在CVI组和正常对照中,两组比较无显著差异(P>0.05);CVI组MMP-9 CC基因型频率(80.1%)高于对照组(44.7%),两组比较有显著差异(x2=30.4,P<0.01);MMP-1血浆浓度在CVI组和对照组分别为(106.18±29.94)ng/ml和(98.57±28.86)ng/ml,两组间比较无显著差异(P>0.05).MMP-9血浆浓度在CVI组和对照组分别为(127.2±36.97)ng/ml和(107.83±27.1)ng/ml,两组间比较有显著差异(P<0.01).结论 MMP-1的1G/2G基因多态性及与CVI的遗传易感性无关,MMP-9基因1562C/T基因多态性可能是CVI遗传易感性的基因标记之一;MMP-9循环水平与CVI发病密切相关,与CVI临床严重程度呈正相关.     

网/腹膜乳斑的巨噬细胞表型与结直肠癌分期的关系

【摘要】 目的 探讨不同分期结直肠癌网/腹膜乳斑巨噬细胞的表型及作用。 方法 收集番禺中心医院普外科2011年1月至2012年12月不同分期结直肠癌患者网/腹膜乳斑标本60例及正常人网/腹膜乳斑标本10例。分离培养巨噬细胞,通过CD68免疫荧光染色、流式细胞术(FCM)鉴定网/腹膜乳斑巨噬细胞表型,酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)检测网/腹膜乳斑巨噬细胞IL-10、IL-12的分泌情况。结果 对照组、T1-3期组网/腹膜乳斑M1型巨噬细胞数量明显高于T4期组(P均<0.01);T4期组M2型巨噬细胞数量则明显高于对照组及T1-3期组(P均<0.01)。网/腹膜M1型巨噬细胞与结直肠癌T分期呈负相关(P<0.01),而M2型巨噬细胞的表达则与结直肠癌T分期呈正相关(P<0.01)。各组不同时点网/腹膜乳斑巨噬细胞IL-10、IL-12的分泌有显著差异:对照组及T1-3期组IL-10均低于T4期组,而L-12则均高于T4期组(P均<0.05);乳斑巨噬细胞IL-12的分泌与结直肠癌T分期呈负相关(P均<0.01),而IL-10的分泌则与结直肠癌T分期呈正相关(P<0.01)。结直肠癌网/腹膜乳斑巨噬细胞表型与临床分期特别是浆膜是否受到肿瘤侵犯、淋巴结有否转移有关(P<0.05),而与肿瘤直径及分化程度无关(P>0.05)。 结论 网/腹膜乳斑巨噬细胞表型表达主要受浆膜是否受到肿瘤侵犯和淋巴结有否转移两方面因素影响;T1-3期结直肠癌患者,网/腹膜乳斑巨噬细胞以M1型为主,对肿瘤细胞起捕获和杀灭作用;T4期结直肠癌患者,网/腹膜乳斑巨噬细胞以M2型为主,对肿瘤生长起促进作用。     

全膝关节置换围手术期两种镇痛方案的比较

[目的]比较全膝关节置换围手术期两种镇痛方案的效果。[方法]60例全膝关节置换术患者,随机采用围手术期程序化多模式镇痛方案(PEPMA组)和术后多模式镇痛方案(POMA组)。两组患者均在5个时间点采末梢静脉血,测定标本中SP和IL-6的浓度。采用视觉模拟评分(VAS)记录疼痛程度,HSS评分评估膝关节功能。[结果]术后6、12、24 h的血浆SP含量,PEPMA组为[(103.38±8.25),(121.74±8.75),(101.61±6.13)]pg/ml,POMA组为[(112.87±6.02),(134.44±7.05),(108.91±6.47)]pg/ml,两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);血清IL-6含量,PEPMA组为[(48.43±10.12),(61.84±12.53),(43.31±11.13)]pg/ml,POMA组为[(67.31±12.03),(93.24±36.51),(61.21±10.39)]pg/ml,两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。两组术后6、12、24、48 h的VAS评分PEPMA组显著低于POMA组(P<0.01);术后3 d HSS评分PEPMA组显著高于POMA组(P<0.01)。[结论]围手术期程序化多模式镇痛能够更好地降低患者血浆SP及血清IL-6的水平,减轻全膝关节置换围术期疼痛,促进膝关节功能早期恢复。     

组织蛋白酶 B在结直肠癌中的表达及临床意义

目的探讨组织蛋白酶 B( CatB)的表达与结直肠癌浸润和转移的关系及临床意义.方法采用免疫组织化学(免疫组化)法检测 83例患者的结直肠癌原发灶、正常结肠黏膜、转移淋巴结和肝转移灶中 CatB表达,用酶联免疫吸附法检测患者外周静脉血 CatB水平.结果结直肠癌原发灶、正常结肠黏膜、转移淋巴结和肝转移灶中 CatB表达阳性率分别为 56.6%、 31.3%、 88.4%和 85.0%,癌原发灶、肝转移灶和转移淋巴结中 CatB表达阳性率高于正常肠黏膜组织(χ 2=45.6124, P< 0.01);转移淋巴结和肝转移灶中 CatB表达阳性率高于癌原发灶(χ 2=11.5982、 4.3747, P< 0.05). Dukes C、 D期 CatB表达阳性率高于 Dukes A、 B期(χ 2=16.9385, P< 0.01),低分化腺癌和黏液腺癌 CatB表达阳性率高于高、中分化腺癌(χ 2=14.2338, P< 0.01). 83例结直肠癌患者外周静脉血 CatB平均水平为( 5.9± 2.9) ng/ml, 30例健康志愿者 CatB平均水平为( 2.3± 1.1) ng/ml,两者差异有统计学意义( t=6.6975,P< 0.01). Dukes C、 D期结直肠癌患者外周血 CatB水平高于 Dukes A、 B期患者.结论 CatB增强表达与结直肠癌浸润转移有关,检测外周静脉血 CatB水平对临床预测和判断淋巴结和肝转移有重要意义,有助于评价和观察临床治疗效果.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.