16层CT冠状动脉成像与选择性冠状动脉造影的对比研究

目的:探讨16层CT对冠状动脉粥样硬化病变的显示情况及临床价值。方法:39例患者进行16层CT冠状动脉造影检查(疑似冠心病者31例,PTCA术后8例)及选择性冠状动脉造影。分析16层CT对冠状动脉各节段的显示情况。以管腔直径减小>50%为标准,判定冠状动脉狭窄。分析16层CT诊断冠状动脉狭窄的敏感性、特异性及符合率,及对病变性质的显示情况。结果:16层CT对冠状动脉的总体显示率为94.8%(333/351)。评价冠状动脉病变的总体敏感性为82.2%,特异性为94.7%,符合率为86.0%。16层CT显示钙化及非钙化斑块混合存在致血管狭窄21处,高估3处;中间密度斑块致狭窄8处,高估3处;软斑块3处,无显著狭窄。16层CT能清晰显示支架位置、形态及远端血流,1例再狭窄,1例闭塞,余通畅,其结果与选择性冠状动脉造影一致。另外,16层CT显示冠状动脉起源变异2例,前降支冠状动脉瘤1例,室壁瘤1例,房间隔缺损1例。结论:16层CT冠状动脉成像是一种颇具潜力的无创性检查方法,能够较为准确、全面的评价冠状动脉病变。     

8层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像的价值

目的探讨8层螺旋CT对冠状动脉疾病的诊断价值。方法32例患者进行冠状动脉8层螺旋CT成像(CT an-giography,CTA)检查(PTCA术后8例,疑似冠心病者24例),同时对这些患者进行冠状动脉造影(coronary angiography,CAG)检查。以冠状动脉主要节段管腔直径减少>50%作为诊断冠心病的标准。结果8层螺旋CT对冠状动脉的总体显示率为88.2%,评价冠状动脉狭窄的敏感性64.7%,特异性为86.2%,显示钙化以及非钙化斑块混合存在导致血管狭窄19处,其中高估3处,可以显示冠状动脉内支架位置、形态以及远段血流,但难以准确显示支架内再狭窄和闭塞。结论8层螺旋CT对诊断冠状动脉疾病的意义有限。     

冠状动脉桥血管的多层螺旋CT和造影评价

目的:评价多层螺旋CT在显示冠状动脉桥血管中的临床应用价值。方法:21例冠状动脉血管旁路移植术后患者行多层螺旋CT血管成像及常规造影检查,分析CT诊断桥血管通畅性和狭窄的可靠性。结果:多层螺旋CT血管成像成功检测出21例患者共45支桥血管,15支桥血管闭塞,30支桥血管通畅,10支共16处狭窄,5支桥血管明显狭窄(>50%)8处,5支桥血管显示轻度狭窄(<50%)病变8处,MSCT评价桥血管闭塞和明显狭窄和导管造影完全符合。结论:多层螺旋CT尤其是64层CT能够准确地评价冠状动脉桥血管及吻合口的通畅性和狭窄情况,可以作为临床上对冠状动脉桥血管可疑病变的一种常规的无创性检查手段。     

16层螺旋CT对冠状动脉疾病筛选价值评估

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT对于冠状动脉疾病的筛选价值.方法 对70例(包括61例拟诊冠心病患者,9例PTCA术后患者)行16层螺旋CT冠状动脉血管造影(16SCTCA)检查,对16SCTCA显示的冠状动脉情况进行评估,其中18例冠状动脉有病变者进行冠状动脉造影(CAG)对比分析,评估16SCTCA对于冠状动脉疾病的检出情况.结果 每例对冠状动脉的18段血管进行分析,70例患者共显示可用于诊断的图像1083段,占应显示血管86.0%;其中显示钙化27例70段血管,检出冠状动脉发育异常17例,其中检出心肌桥-壁冠状动脉(MB-MCA)7例,检出冠状动脉有临床意叉狭窄18例30段.16SCTCA诊断≥50%狭窄敏感度为93.8%,特异度为98.3%,阳性预测值为86.7%,阴性预测值为99.3%.结论 16SCTCA对于冠状动脉疾病具有较高的敏感性和特异性,评价病变程度较可靠,可发现冠状动脉发育异常,是适合于筛选冠状动脉疾病的无创性检查方法.     

8层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像的价值

目的探讨8层螺旋CT对冠状动脉疾病的诊断价值。方法32例患者进行冠状动脉8层螺旋CT成像（CT angiography，CTA）检查（PTCA术后8例，疑似冠心病者24例），同时对这些患者进行冠状动脉造影（coronary angiography，CAG）检查。以冠状动脉主要节段管腔直径减少〉50％作为诊断冠心病的标准。结果8层螺旋CT对冠状动脉的总体显示率为88．2％，评价冠状动脉狭窄的敏感性64．7％，特异性为86．2％，显示钙化以及非钙化斑块混合存在导致血管狭窄19处，其中高估3处，可以显示冠状动脉内支架位置、形态以及远段血流，但难以准确显示支架内再狭窄和闭塞。结论8层螺旋CT对诊断冠状动脉疾病的意义有限。     

螺旋CT评估冠状动脉狭窄与钙化的价值

选择2004-10/2005-07在徐州医学院附属医院心内科住院的临床诊断或疑诊冠心病的患者33例作16层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像。男14例,女19例;年龄范围43～81岁。采用回顾性心电门控、0.4s/周扫描,其结果与冠状动脉造影对照。共评价33例患者的396个冠状动脉节段,可用于诊断者344个节段,约占86.9%。对符合评价条件的冠状动脉节段16层螺旋CT诊断≥50%狭窄的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为:87.7%,94.3%,78.0%,97.0%。根据冠状动脉造影结果,冠心病26例,非冠心病7例,16层螺旋CT发现冠心病患者含钙化节段59个,无钙化节段215个,非冠心病受检者中检出含钙化节段3个,无钙化节段67个。两者比较差异显著(P<0.005)。16层螺旋CT显示冠状动脉狭窄具有较高的敏感性、特异性和准确性,可以作为筛选冠状动脉病变的影像学诊断方法。16层螺旋CT可发现冠心病与非冠心病冠状动脉钙化的差异,钙化广泛者应建议冠状动脉造影检查。     

多层螺旋CT冠状动脉造影重建技术的比较

的:比较多层螺旋CT冠状动脉造影时各种重建技术评价冠状动脉疾病的准确性。材料和方法:20例患者做16层螺旋CT冠状动脉造影(回顾性心电门控、0.42s螺旋扫描),进行容积再现技术(VRT)、最大密度投影(MIP)、曲面重建(CPR)、仿真内窥镜(CTVE)等图像后处理,并与常规冠状动脉造影对照。结果:在20例患者的136节段(血管直径≥2mm)中,CT图像能满足诊断要求的有122节段(89.7%)。对于CT图像能满足诊断要求的冠状动脉节段,在横断位图像显示中度或中度以上狭窄的敏感度和特异度分别为81.2%和94.4%,CTVE为71.8%和84.4%,MIP为68.7%和84.4%,CPR为65.6%和87.7%,VRT为65.6%和74.4%。将5种重建技术结合后显示中度或中度以上狭窄的敏感度和特异度分别为87.5%和96.6%。结论:横断面图像显示中度或中度以上狭窄的敏感度和特异度最高。在冠状动脉中高度狭窄的诊断上,16层螺旋CT冠状动脉造影是一种有效的无创性诊断方法。     

双源CT冠状动脉成像与冠状动脉造影的对比分析

目的评价双源CT诊断冠状动脉(冠脉)狭窄的临床价值。方法选择我院临床表现为典型心绞痛(58例)及疑似心绞痛(104例)的162例,均接受双源CT冠脉成像与冠脉造影检查(CAG),以CAG为诊断标准,对其影像学图像进行对照分析。结果本组共2430段可评价的冠状动脉节段,CAG显示正常1943段,检出病变487段(20.04%)。双源CT检查示正常1925段,异常505段(20.78%),双源CT显示冠脉狭窄的敏感性为96.44%,特异性为99.18%,阳性预测值为96.82%,阴性预测值为99.07%,符合率95.93%。双源CT和CAG发现冠脉狭窄率的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论双源CT为无创性检查方法,简单、易行,可作为冠心病的筛查及冠脉病变程度的评估依据。     

多层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像的应用研究

目的探讨16层CT冠状动脉成像的应用价值.方法 146例患者行16层CT冠状动脉成像,评价图像质量及狭窄程度.其中33例行常规冠状动脉造影作对照.结果 1 262节段能满足管腔评价,270个节段不能满足管腔的评价.常规造影显示正常或轻度狭窄、中度狭窄的节段,CT有89.6%的节段与其分级一致;显示重度狭窄的节段,CT有90.9%的节段与其分级一致.结论 16层CT冠状动脉成像是一种无创、简便优良的检查方法,显示有临床意义的冠状动脉狭窄(>50%)的准确性很高,对桥血管及冠脉支架术后复查具有优良价值.     

多层CT评价冠状动脉支架段血管狭窄的临床研究

[目的]评价多层CT(MSCT)诊断冠状动脉支架段血管狭窄的价值.[方法]对62例成功经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后患者,于随访期同时行MSCT冠状动脉成像和冠状动脉造影(CAG)检查.对其中的33例患者进行了MSCT和CAG的对照研究.[结果]80枚支架的MSCT重建图像中,57枚支架CT图像可评价(占71.25%).不能评价的主要原因是移动伪影(13/23,57%)和严重钙化(8/23,35%).CAG显示33例患者的42个支架段血管,重度狭窄5例,中度狭窄3例.MSCT显示重度狭窄为11例,中度狭窄为14例.MSCT诊断重度支架内狭窄及中重度支架内狭窄的敏感度100%、100%;特异度84%、50%;准确度86%、60%;阳性预测值45%、32%;阴性预测值100%、100%.42个支架段冠状动脉直径的测量结果,MSCT和CAG比较差异有显著性(1.33±0.74 mm vs 2.28±1.05 mm,P＜0.05).[结论]①MSCT冠状动脉成像有助于排除支架内狭窄.②如果图像质量满意,MSCT诊断支架内重度狭窄有较高的准确度.③影响MSCT诊断支架段冠状动脉狭窄的主要因素是运动伪影和冠状动脉弥漫性钙化.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.