HPLC法测定不同产地贯叶连翘不同部位中金丝桃素的含量

目的:建立以高效液相色谱法测定贯叶连翘中金丝桃素含量的方法,并对不同产地贯叶连翘不同部位中金丝桃素的含量进行比较。方法:色谱柱为Boston pHlex ODSC18(150mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水(85:15,氨水调pH9.5),检测波长为588nm,流速为1.0mL·min-1。结果:金丝桃素检测浓度在0.14～3.60μg·mL-1范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好线性关系(r=0.9997);平均回收率为100.7%,RSD=1.98%(n=6)。不同产地贯叶连翘不同部位中金丝桃素的含量在0.005～0.562mg·g-1之间。结论:不同产地贯叶连翘药材不同部位中金丝桃素含量均不同。本方法简便、准确、重现性好,可用于贯叶连翘的质量控制。     

HPLC测定贯叶金丝桃中黄酮的含量（英文）

目的建立同时测定贯叶金丝桃中4种黄酮芦丁、金丝桃苷、扁蓄苷和槲皮素的HPLC分析方法.方法 C18柱;流动相A:水(磷酸调pH 3.1～3.5),B:乙腈,梯度洗脱;流速1.0 mL*min-1;检测波长254 nm.结果线性范围为芦丁1.376～8.256 μg*mL-1(γ=0.9999),金丝桃苷3.160～18.960 μg*mL-1(γ=0.9996),扁蓄苷0.968～5.808 μg*mL-1(γ=0.9998),槲皮素0.776～4.656 μg*mL-1(γ=0.9993).平均加样回收率为芦丁97.8%,RSD(n=3) 4.8%;金丝桃苷100.7%,RSD(n=3) 4.1%;扁蓄苷97.3%,RSD(n=3) 0.7%;槲皮素100.5%,RSD(n=3) 4.4%.4个化合物的精密度RSD(n=5)均<2%,重现性RSD(n=5)均<3%.结论本方法简单、有效、可行,可用于贯叶金丝桃黄酮的含量测定.     

秦岭三种金丝桃属植物药中金丝桃甙的含量测定

用薄层一紫外分光光度法测定了秦岭地区三种金丝桃属植物药贯叶连翘、红旱莲、大对经草中金丝桃甙的含量。结果以红旱莲含金丝桃甙为最高，达１．１７２％。     

HPLC测定不同产地和不同部位贯叶金丝桃中的金丝桃素

目的 测定自四川、湖北、甘肃、陕西等4省48个样地的贯叶金丝桃中金丝桃素的含量,为评价药材质量提供依据.方法 采用HPLC方法,色谱柱为Agilent zorbax extend-C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-6 mmol·L-1磷酸氢二钠(87.5∶12.5,用磷酸调pH6.5),检测波长为590 nm,柱温30℃,流速1 mL· min-,进样量10 μL.结果 金丝桃素4.04～252.5 ng与峰面积之间的线性良好(r2 =0.9996);回收率为99.69％,RSD=1.28％ (n =9).不同产地贯叶金丝桃中金丝桃素的含量为0.186 ～0.382 mg·g-1,不同部位中的含量为花＞叶＞茎;光照在提取过程中对金丝桃素检测结果的影响较大.结论 不同产地贯叶金丝桃的不同部位中金丝桃素的含量均不同.     

HPLC法测定导赤丸中芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚的含量

目的制定测定导赤丸中芦荟大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚、大黄素和大黄素甲醚5种活性成分含量的方法。方法利用高效液相色谱法进行测定,采用流动相A:100%乙腈-0.1%磷酸,B:10%乙腈-0.1%磷酸以梯度浓度洗脱;流速控制在1mL/min;波长设定为254nm;柱温30℃。结果芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚质量浓度与峰面积均呈良好的线性关系,平均回收率分别为99.7%(RSD为1.28%n=5),99.1%(RSD为1.68%n=5),99.6%(RSD为0.90%n=5),98.8%(RSD为0.89%n=5),99.7%(RSD为1.04%n=5)。结论本法结果准确,操作简便,可靠,重复性好,可用于导赤丸的质量控制。     

RP-HPLC法测定不同产地不同部位贯叶金丝桃中金丝桃苷的含量

目的：建立测定贯叶金丝桃中金丝桃苷含量的方法,并测定不同产地不同部位贯叶金丝桃中金丝桃苷的含量。方法：采用反相高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Boston Breeze-C18（250mm×4.6mm,5μm）,流动相为甲醇-0.1%磷酸水溶液（40∶60,V/V）,检测波长为360nm,流速为1.0mL·min-1。结果：金丝桃苷进样浓度在0.14～2.80μg·mL-1范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系（r=0.9994）,平均加样回收率为95.97%,RSD=1.16%（n=6）。四川产地贯叶金丝桃花、叶中的金丝桃苷含量最高。结论：本方法简便、准确、重复性好,可用于贯叶金丝桃的质量控制。     

不同产地贯叶连翘中贯叶金丝桃素含量分析比较

目的：比较不同产地贯叶连翘中贯叶金丝桃素的含量。方法：采用反相高效液相法（RP－HPLC）测定贯叶金丝桃素含量。结果与结论：不同产地贯叶连翘中贯叶金丝桃素含量有差异，以陕西汉中产含量最高。     

不同产地贯叶连翘中金丝桃素和伪金丝桃素的含量分析

目的比较不同产地贯叶连翘中金丝桃素和伪金丝桃素的含量。方法样品经甲醇超声波提取,采用KromasilC18柱(200mm×4.6mm,5μm)分离测定,以甲醇-0.006mol/L磷酸氢二钠(87.5∶12.5,V/V,用磷酸调节pH值至6.5)为流动相,检测波长为590nm,流速为1.0mL/min。结果不同产地贯叶连翘中金丝桃素和伪金丝桃素的含量存在一定差异。结论该方法为制订贯叶连翘药材质量控制标准提供了重要依据。     

黔产3种金丝桃属植物药中金丝桃苷的含量测定

目的:测定贵州地区3种金丝桃属植物药贯叶连翘、地耳草、贵州金丝桃中金丝桃苷的含量。方法:采用高效液相色谱法,选用岛津Shim-packVP-ODS(5μm,250mm×4.6mm)柱,流动相:甲醇-0.5％磷酸(45:55,用三乙胺调pH为3.0),流速1.1mL·min~(-1),检测波长为360 nm。结果:金丝桃苷在0.114～0.684μg范围内线性关系良好,r=0.999 9(n=6)。平均回收率为96.05％～103.3％,检测限为5 ng·mL~(-1)。结论:本方法便捷、灵敏、准确、重现性好。     

HPLC测定新疆贯叶金丝桃中金丝桃素的含量

目的　建立测定新疆贯叶金丝桃中金丝桃素含量的测定方法。方法　采用HPLC法 ,KromasilODS - 1色谱柱 (4 .6mm× 2 0 0mm ,5 μm) ,流动相为甲醇 -pH 6 .5磷酸盐缓冲液 (90∶10 ) ,流速 1ml·min- 1 ,柱温 4 0℃ ,检测波长 5 88nm。结果　金丝桃素和其他组分可达基线分离 ,线性范围为 0 .0 16 5～ 0 .0 82 5 μg(r=0 .9999) ,平均回收率为 10 1.1% ,RSD =3.7% (n =9)。 结论　本法操作简便快速 ,灵敏准确。新疆贯叶金丝桃药材中金丝桃素的含量略高于美国药典的要求。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.